DC Generators and Motors (continue)

In the figure When the switch is closed:

• i= ………………………………..(i)

• at this moment (i.e. during starting), i = VB/R

because eind= 0
• Current flows thru’ the rotor loop, producing torque:
𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝜋2 ∅𝑖
• Torque turns the machine with angular acceleration, w,
thus inducing voltage of:
eind = ……………………………………..(ii)

• From (i) and (ii), current falls, hence induced torque;

𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝜋2 ∅𝑖
• Hence: Internal induced voltage, eind = VB - iR
 • Hence:

Internal induced voltage, eind = VB + iR

• Note:
• Whether the machine behaves as a motor or generator, both the
induced torque (motor action) and the induced voltage (generator
action) are present at all times

• The machine moves in the same direction whether it’s a motor or

generator;
• The difference is that it moves slowly when operating as a motor and moves
faster when operating as a generator
DC Generators
• Equivalent circuit
• Field circuit:
• Radj – adjustable external resistor to control field current
• RF - Resistor and inductor representing field coils which
produces flux in the generator
• LF
• Armature circuit
• EA – ideal voltage source
• RA – Resistance in armature
circuit EA
• VBrush – brush voltage drop
• Simplified equivalent circuit
• RF,adj - combining both (RF and Radj)
• VBrush - left out if not too critical, otherwise
is approximated and added to RA
• Magnetization curve of a DC generator:
• EA = K∅𝑤, ֜ EA ∝ ∅𝑤
• Field current, IF, produces mmf, F = NFIF,
(NFIF which in turn produces flux , ∅, in the machine)
• Since, IF ∝ NFIF ∝ ∅; and EA ∝ ∅,
• Then: Magnetization curve of a generator is normally
plotted as: EA versus IF
Types of DC generators (Excitation
methods od DC Generators)
• DC Generators are generally classified according to method
of excitation:
• Separately excited
• Self excited
• Shunt
• Series
• Compound (cumulatively) and Compound (differentially)
• There is also permanent magnet type
• (i) Separately excited – DC generator
• Field flux is derived from separate power source independent
of the generator

VT

▪ IA = IL ; VT = EA – IARA ; IF = 𝑹𝑽𝑭
𝑭
▪ Therefore, terminal characteristics:
▪ VT versus IL = straight line, coz EA is independent of IA

VT
EA
IARA drop
Armature reaction drop, if
machine doesn’t have
compensating windings

IL
(ii) Shunt– DC generator
• Field flux is derived by connecting field circuit
across the generator terminals
• IA = IF + IL ;
• VT = EA – IARA ;
• IF = 𝑉𝑅𝑇
𝐹

• Since the generator does not have the external power

source to provide field flux, this is how voltage is built up
in it:
• Voltage build-up depends on residual flux in the poles;
• When prime-mover/turbine starts turning the rotor, voltage is
generated, EA = K∅𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑤, (though small, and it appears
at at the terminals as VT)
If no voltage builds up it might be due to the following:
• No residual magnetic flux: ‘solution’ – do ‘flashing the
field’ . That is,
• disconnect field circuit from armature circuit, and
• Connect it directly to external power source.
• Current from the source will leave residual flux hence allowing
normal starting