BIOCHEM OUTLINE 7.

Cholesterol- is the most important

DEFINITIONS:
1. Lipids- is a “fat-like” substance that
may not actually be related to the fatty
acids.
sterol.
8. Glycerol- is the simplest trihydric
alcohol produced in commercial quantity
during the process of soap making.

2. Glycolipids- on hydrolysis will yield:

9. Fatty Acids- are the products in the
Sphingosine or dihyosphingosine, a fatty
hydrolysis of fats which will retain the
acid and a sugar (usually galactose or
characteristics of original lipid.
glucose).

10. Protein- is coming from the greek

3. Sphingosine- moiety provides the
word “proteus” which means
backbone for the glycolipid structure to
preeminence or first.
which is bound the fatty acid to the
amino group by an amide bond- forming
a ceramide.

4. Cerebrosides- when the ceramide

moiety is linked to a sugar
monosaccharide, such as glucose and
galactose, the compound is called
cerebrosine.

5. Gaucher's- is a congenital and

familiar disease, in which the keratin and
other lipids are deposited in large
quantity in the spleen and liver, causing
the enlargement of these organs.

6. Sterols-are monohydroxy- alcohols

belonging to compound known as
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene
which are steroids.
ENUMERATION:
Examples of Fatty Acids:
Lipids: 1. Palmitic Acid
1. Fats 2. Stearic Acid
2. Oil 3. Oleic Acid
3. Waxes
Examples of Triacylglycerol:
Non Polar Solvents or Organic 1. Simple Triacylglycerol
Solvent: 2. Mixed Triacylglycerol
1. Ether
2. Chloroform Kinds of Soaps:
3. Benzene 1. Soluble/ Soft Soaps
4. Carbon Tetrachloride 2. Insoluble/ Hard Soaps
5. Alcohol
Composition of Phospholipids:
Fat Soluble Vitamins: 1. Fatty Acids
1. Vitamin A 2. Glycerol
2. Vitamin D 3. Phosphoric Acid
3. Vitamin E 4. Nitrogenous Base
4. Vitamin K
Enzymes that act on Lecithin:
Classification of Lipids: 1. Phospholipids A2
1. Simple Lipids 2. Phospholipids A1
A. Neutral Fats 3. Phospholipase C
B. Waxes 4. Phospholipase D
a. True Waxes
b. Cholesterol esters Examples:
c. Vitamin A esters 1. Phosphatidyl Choline
d. Vitamin D esters 2. Phosphatidyl Ethgalonamine/
2. Compound Lipids Cephalic
A. Phospholipids 3. Phosphatidyl Serine
B. Glycolipids 4. Phosphatidyl Inositol
C. Sulfolipids 5. Cardiolipids
D. Lipoproteins 6. Sphingomyelins
E. Lipopolysaccharides
3. Derived Lipids Cholesterol Tests:
A. Saturated and Unsaturated fatty 1. Salkowski Test
acids 2. Liebermann- Burchard Test
B. Monoglycerides and Diglycerides
C. Alcohols Steroid Examples:
a. Straight Chain 1. Sex Hormones
b. Steroids and Sterols 2. Adrenocortical Hormones
c. Alcohols containing B-ionone 3. Bile Acids
ring 4. Cardiac Glycones
4. Miscellaneous Lipids 5. Ergosterol
A. Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Properties of Lipids: Manner of Linkage in the LIpid
A. Physical Properties: Molecule:
1. Fats are solid at room temp 1. Ester Linkage
2. Gravity is less than 1.0 2. Amide Linkage
3. Immiscible in all proportions with
water Hydrophilic Paraffin Residue:
4. When fresh, they are colourless 1. Melting point
odourless and tasteless with 2. Congealing point
neutral reaction 3. Solubility or miscibility on water
B. Chemical Properties
1. Hydrolysis Classification of Fatty Acids:
2. Saponification 1. Saturated Fatty Acids
3. Rancidity and Oxidation A. Acetic Acid
4. Metabolism B. Butyric Acid
C. Caproic Acid
Test for Identification (of Fats and D. Caprylic Acid
Oils): E. Capric Acid
1. Saponification Number F. Lauric Acid
2. Iodine Number G. Myristic Acid
3. Reichert Meissl Number H. Palmitic Acid
4. Acetyl Number I. Stearic Acid
5. Acid Number J. Arachidic Acid
K. Lignoceric Acid
Properties of Glycerol: L. Cerotic Acid
A. Physical Properties: 2. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
1. Oily Liquid A. Essential Fatty Acids
2. Colorless a. Linoleic Acid
3. Sweet Tasting b. Linolenic Acid
c. Arachidonic Acid
Ways of Expressing Concentration:
1. Molarity Elements Contained in Protein:
2. Normality 1. Carbon
3. Percentage by Weight 2. Hydrogen
4. Percentage by Volume 3. Oxygen
5. Molality 4. Nitrogen
6. Fruit 5. Sulfur
6. Phosphorus
Uses of Glycerol:
1. Used as a solvent Other Traces of Elements found in
2. Used in explosives and smokeless Protein:
powders 1. Iron
3. Potent Vasodilator 2. Copper
3. Iodine
4. Manganese
5. Zinc
Function of Proteins: 3 Classes of Protein:
1. Enzymes (Catalyctic) 1. Simple Protein
a. Sucrose 2. Conjugated Protein
b. Cytochrome C 3. Derived Protein
c. Lipase
2. Storage Proteins Percentage composition of Simple
a. Ovalbumin Protein:
b. Casein 1. C- 50%
c. Ferritin 2. H- 7%
3. Transport Proteins 3. O- 23%
a. Hemoglobin 4. N- 16%
b. Myoglobin 5. S- 3%
c. Serum Albumin
4. Protective Protein Examples of Simple Protein:
a. Antibodies 1. Albumin
b. Fibrogen 2. Glubolins
c. Thrombin 3. Glutelins
5. Contractile Proteins 4. Prolamines
a. Myosin 5. Histones
b. Actin 6. Globins
c. Troponin 7. Protamines
6. Toxins 8. Scleroproteins( Albuminoids)
a. Clostridium botulinum
b. Ricin Examples of Conjugated Proteins:
c. Gossypin 1. Nucleoproteins
7. Structural Protein 2. Glycoproteins
a. Keratin 3. Phosphoproteins
b. Lipoprotein 4. Chromoproteins
c. glycoproteins 5. Lipoproteins
8. Hormones
a. Growth hormone Derived Proteins:
b. Adrenocorticotropin 1. Primary Protein Derivatives
c. thyrotropin 2. Secondary Protein Derivatives
9. Antibiotics
a. Gramicidin, Polymyxin 2 Classes of Conformation Protein
b. Bacitracin. Capreonycin 1. Fibrous Protein
c. Furnishes Heat & Energy 2. Globular Protein

Classification of Proteins Conformation:

1. Nature of products ( combined secondary & tertiary)
2. Solubility 1. Secondary structure
3. Heat Coagulability 2. Tertiary structure
OTHER TERMS: Proteus- prominence or first

Lipids – Lipoids Protein- peptide linkage

Non polar solvents- organic solvents Lecithinase- snake venom

Fat- solid Scleroproteins- albuminoid

Oil- liquid Myosan- myosin

Glycolipids- cerebrosides Edestran- edestin

R- Radical Acid metaprotein- acid

albuminate
Soluble – soft soap
Alkali metaproteins- alkali
Insoluble - hard soap albuminate

Hydrophilic- water loving

ELEMENTS WITH LATIN NAMES:
Hydrophobic- water hating

Lecithin- Phosphatidyl choline 1. Sodium (Na – Natrium)

Phospholipids A2- cobra venom 2. Potassium (K – Kalium)

a. Lysolecithin- potent 3. Iron (Fe – Ferrum)

hemolyzing agent
4. Copper (Cu – Cuprum)
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine- cephalic
5. Silver (Ag – Argentum)
Glycolipids- cerebrosides
6. Tin (Sn – Stannum)
Gaucher’s- enlargement of liver
7. Antimony (Sb – Stibium)
Cholesterol- mother substance of
steroids 8. Tungsten (W – Wolfram)
Cardiac glycones- treatment of cardiac 9. Gold (Au – Aurum)
anomalies
10. Mercury (Hg – Hydrargyrum)
Miscible - soluble

Acrid- odor of acrid 11. Lead (Pb – Plumbum)

Saponification - process in preparation

of salt

Glycerol- simplest trihydric alcohol

Acralyn - Potassium bisulfate

Use of glycerol- solvent

Minute- more