TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF TYPES OF PROCESS IN THE

JAKARTA POST NEWS ON THE TOPIC OF FLOOD IN

SULAWESI

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By

Angela Natalia Winda Cahyani

Student Number: 171214121

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF TYPES OF PROCESS IN THE JAKARTA
POST NEWS ON THE TOPIC OF FLOOD IN SULAWESI

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By

Angela Natalia Winda Cahyani

Student Number: 171214121

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2021

i
 A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on

TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF TYPES OF PROCESS IN THE

JAKARTA POST NEWS ON THE TOPIC OF FLOOD IN
SULAWESI

By

Angela Natalia Winda Cahyani

Student Number: 171214121

Approved by

Advisor

Date
Priyatno Ardi, S.Pd., M.Hum. 15 November 2021

ii
 A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on

TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN TYPE OF PROCESS IN

JAKARTA POST NEWS ON THE TOPIC OF FLOOD IN
SULAWESI

By

Angela Natalia Winda Cahyani

Student Number: 171214121

Defended before the Board of Examiners

on 3 December 2021
and Declared Acceptable

Board of Examiners

Chairperson : Veronica Triprihatmini, M.Hum., M.A. ..........................

Secretary : Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., Ph.D. ..........................

Member : Priyatno Ardi, S.Pd., M.Hum. ............ ..............

Member : ..........................
Maria Vincentia Eka Mulatsih., S.S., M.A.
Member : ..........................
Yohana Veniranda, M.hum., Ph.D.

Yogyakarta, 3 December 2021

Faculty of Teachers Training and
Education
Sanata Dharma University
Dean,

Dr. Yohanes Harsoyo, S.Pd., M.Si.

iii
I dedicate this thesis to:

My parents, lecturer and friends, for their support and endless love.

iv
 STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work

or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the

references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 15 November 2021

The Writer

Angela Natalia Winda Cahyani

171214121

v
 LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI
KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama : Angela Natalia Winda Cahyani
Nomor Mahasiswa :171214121
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF TYPES OF PROCESS IN THE

JAKARTA POST NEWS ON THE TOPIC OF FLOOD IN
SULAWESI

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,
mendistribusikannya secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin dari saya maupun
memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya,

Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 15 November 2021

Yang menyatakan,

Angela Natalia Winda Cahyani

vi
 ABSTRACT

Cahyani, Angela Natalia Winda (2021). Transitivity Analysis of Type of process in

the Jakarta Post news on the topic of Floods in Sulawesi. Yogyakarta: English
Language Education Study Program. Department of Language and Arts Education,
Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This research investigates the types of process found in Jakarta post news
on floods in Sulawesi. The language used in a newspaper impacts the reader because
it can manipulate messages. Transitivity analysis is used to analyze this news,
aiming to avoid manipulating messages for the reader.
This study focuses on two research questions. The first question is to find
out the types of processes in the Jakarta Post news on floods in Sulawesi. The second
one examines the dominant process type found in the news of floods in Sulawesi.
This study was taken from the Jakarta Post on Floods in Sulawesi, from January 23,
2019, to September 15, 2020. This study used a qualitative method. The researcher
selected the data type of process based on the transitivity system. The analysis
aimed to prove the dominant process found in the Jakarta Post news. The researcher
gave the argumentation to compare the data and theory.
The study found four types of processes found in the Jakarta post news. The
processes were mental (2.6%), material (48.7%), relational (6.6%), and verbal
(42.1%). The dominant process found was material. It implies that the news of
floods in Sulawesi was primarily concerned with the experience of human physical
activities, external worlds, things, events, characteristics, and issues of what
humans did and what occurred in the world.
Based on the findings, the researcher found six types of process imply that
information found is concerned with the experience of human physical activity, the
external world, things, events, and qualities, and the question of what humans did
and what happened in the world. The researcher hopes this study will benefit
students by helping them create well-written texts and choosing the proper clauses
through transitivity analysis.

Keywords: Transitivity Analysis, Type of Process, News Items

vii
 ABSTRAK

Cahyani, Angela Natalia Winda (2021). Transitivity Analysis of Type of process in

the Jakarta Post news on the topic of Floods in Sulawesi. Yogyakarta: Program
Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas
Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Penelitian ini menyelidiki jenis proses yang ditemukan di Jakarta pasca

berita banjir di Sulawesi. Bahasa yang digunakan dalam surat kabar berdampak
pada pembaca karena dapat memanipulasi pesan. Analisis transitivitas digunakan
untuk menganalisis berita ini, bertujuan untuk menghindari manipulasi pesan bagi
pembaca.
Penelitian ini berfokus pada dua pertanyaan penelitian. Pertanyaan pertama
adalah untuk mengetahui jenis proses dalam pemberitaan Jakarta Post tentang banjir
di Sulawesi. Kedua, mengkaji jenis proses yang dominan ditemukan dalam
pemberitaan banjir di Sulawesi. Penelitian ini diambil dari Jakarta Post tentang
Banjir di Sulawesi, dari tanggal 23 Januari 2019 sampai dengan 15 September 2020.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Peneliti memilih tipe data
proses berdasarkan sistem transitivitas. Analisis tersebut bertujuan untuk
membuktikan proses dominan yang ditemukan dalam pemberitaan Jakarta Post.
Peneliti memberikan argumentasi untuk membandingkan data dan teori.
Studi ini menemukan empat jenis proses yang ditemukan di Jakarta post
news. Prosesnya adalah mental (2,6%), material (48,7%), relasional (6,6%), dan
verbal (42,1%). Proses dominan yang ditemukan adalah material. Ini menyiratkan
bahwa berita banjir di Sulawesi terutama berkaitan dengan pengalaman aktivitas
fisik manusia, dunia luar, benda, peristiwa, karakteristik, dan isu-isu tentang apa
yang dilakukan manusia dan apa yang terjadi di dunia.
Berdasarkan temuan, peneliti menemukan enam jenis proses menyiratkan
bahwa informasi yang ditemukan berkaitan dengan pengalaman aktivitas fisik
manusia, dunia luar, benda, peristiwa, dan kualitas, dan pertanyaan tentang apa
yang dilakukan manusia dan apa yang terjadi di dunia. . Peneliti berharap penelitian
ini akan bermanfaat bagi siswa dengan membantu mereka membuat teks yang
ditulis dengan baik dan memilih klausa yang tepat melalui analisis transitivitas.

Keywords: Transitivity Analysis, Type of Process, News Items.

viii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I want to express my thankfulness to Jesus Christ for His love and

direction in helping me complete my studies. His blessing has accompanied me

during this time and shaped me into the person I am today.

Second, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Pak Priyatno Ardi, S.Pd.,

M.Hum., for his assistance and effort spent on my thesis. His compassion and

suggestions aided me in completing my thesis. I want to express my gratitude to my

validator, Pak Thomas Wahyu Prabowo Mukti, S.Pd., M.Pd., for rectifying my

thesis data. I wish to thank Sanata Dharma University, particularly to all of the

lecturers and staff in the English Language Education Study Program, for their

wisdom, understanding, and willingness to learn and share anything with me over

the previous four years.

Thirdly, I want to thank my beloved family, who always supported me

morally and financially, especially Bapak, Pakde, Ibu, Mas Edo, Mas Kunil, and

Mas Leo. I also thank my best friends, Kety, Na, Indah, who have always helped

me, accompanied me, and completed my university life. I want to express my

heartfelt gratitude to Edo for what he has done and his time accompanying me in

my writing.

Angela Natalia Winda Cahyani

ix
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE OF PAGE…………………………………………………………………...i
APPROVAL PAGE………………………………………………………………..ii
DEDICATION PAGE……………………………………………………………..iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY……………………………………..v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN…………………………………………….vi
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………vii
ABSTRAK………………………………………………………………………………….viii
ACKNOWLEDGE………………………………………………….……………..xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... .x
LIST OF APPENDICES………………….……………………………………....xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……………………………………...…………1
A. Background of the Study…………………………..……………..……….1
B. Research Questions………………………………………………………..4
C. Significance of the Study ......................................................................... 5
D. Definitions of Terms ................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………..8
A. Theoretical Description………………………………………….………..8
B. Theoretical Framework .......................................................................... 17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................... 18
A. Research Method ................................................................................... 18
B. Types and Data Source .......................................................................... 18
C. Data Gathering Technique ..................................................................... 20
D. Data Analysis Technique ....................................................................... 21
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...................... 24
A. Types of processes found in the Jakarta Post news on the topic of floods
in Sulawesi ................................................................................................ 24
x
 B. The Dominant Process Type Found in The News of Floods in Sulawesi 37
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................. 40
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. Conclusions ........................................................................................... 40
B. Implications for English Language Teaching ......................................... 41
C. Recommendations ................................................................................. 42
REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 43
APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 46

xi
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Page
APPENDIX I The type of process found in Jakarta post news on the topic of
flood in Sulawesi ............................................................................................... 47
APPENDIX II The six news of Jakarta post on the topic of flood in Sulawesi
................................................................................................................................52

xii
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is divided consists of four parts, namely research background,

research questions, research significance, and definition. The first chapter discussed

why the researcher picked the subject. The second part discusses the research

questions that the researcher wants to address. The next part examines the study's

advantages for teachers and future researchers. The fourth part is to provide a more

in-depth grasp of the study's terms and concepts.

A. Background of the Study

Language is used not only for communicating, but also for conveying a

message. According to Webster (1990), individuals use language to communicate

and express meaning via signs, sounds, and gestures. Words change not only in

terms of who is talking to the user—but also in the context in which the language is

used. Language is also a means of communication that can express both meaning

and facts. Of course, everyone can use and create communication media. There are

two media, namely broadcast media and print media. Broadcast media include radio

and television. Newspapers, letters, and articles are the examples of print media. In

this analysis, the researcher will focus on print media, namely the Jakarta Post

News.

1
 2

The print media that focus on this research is news items. News items have

a significant role in influencing readers. News items are available in newspapers.

Newspapers are widely regarded as the quickest and most reliable source of news.

Newspaper language is essential for developing the social construction of society.

Writers often give opinions that can influence readers to agree with their

perspective.

There are some news which contains a mismatch between what the writer

intends and what the readers receive through written media. According to

Mineshima (2009), even if a writer's work is not excessively biased, readers may be

unaware of embracing some of the author's points of view on facts. Knowledge of

the procedures for using language is essential for readers to minimize

misunderstandings in using communication media. Therefore, the readers need to

understand how the text works to make sense of it.

Systemic Functional Linguistics may be used to examine news articles that

contribute to the formation of ideologies or views and are addressed to readers.

According to Ruddick (2004), transitivity is a part of Halliday's SFL, which reveals

the attributing of agent to textual participants. He said, "It is an analytical instrument

that emphasizes agency and "who does what to whom". White (2006) stated that

perspective prejudice could develop as a result of the language choices employed to

portray individuals as verbs or as influenced. Thus, the degree of agency allocated

to one individual may affect the amount of responsibility assigned to another. The

data are analyzed using transitivity analysis that may expose the many
 3

perspectives of the news by breaking down the sentences that indicate the

participants, process and circumstances involved. At the end of this research it

illustrates how the variation in utilization of participants, method and conditions

develops diverse perspectives of the writer. For that reason, this research will utilize

transitivity analysis in order to determine the writers' perspectives.

This study uses transitivity analysis to examine the text in the Jakarta Post

newspaper so that the readers will understand the meaning of the text, showing how

linguistics may play a significant part in constructing a text and avoiding message

manipulation. (Halliday, 1985) states that the process of transitivity is analyzed

because of the importance of grammar for developing texts. Gerot and Wignell

(1994) state that language is viewed as a source of meaning as functional grammar.

Additionally, the researcher is interested in transitivity analysis, especially

regarding the types of processes that exist in the Jakarta Post newspaper, and also

researchers want to analyze the types of processes that are most contained in the

news

The researcher uses transitivity analysis to determine the text producers'

motivations and biases by examining how the writer presents the author's primary

actors using the process as an analysis method. Thus, the framing of news items

may be understood by identifying the most influential players and processes

involved since circumstances reveal information about the location of the clause,

when, how, why, and with whom it happens.

 4

Cunanan (2011) states that transitivity is a component of ideational

functions or experiences related to the transfer of ideas. A transitivity system is a

general term that refers to a wide range of processes. It comprises three components,

namely the process itself, the process participants (e.g., actors, goals, and

beneficiaries), and the process's environment. Thus, transitivity may illuminate how

writers employ processes, actors, and situations to tell stories and produce divergent

points of view among news article authors, emphasizing tales in various ways

depending on how the writers employ them: individuals and the mechanism via

which the phenomenon was reported.

This study will prove that linguistic choice plays a vital role in constructing

text and the choice of words can avoid manipulating messages for the readers. The

results of this study will show the use of process types and participant functions in

the transitivity process by Halliday.

B. Research Questions

Based on the research background, this researcher formulates two research

questions:

1. What types of processes are found in the Jakarta Post news on the topic of

floods in Sulawesi?

2. What is the dominant process type found in the news of floods in Sulawesi?
 5

C. Significance of the Study

The researcher hopes that this research can give advantages directly and

indirectly to other future researchers, teachers, students, and readers.

1. For English Teachers

This study can be implemented in the teaching process. English teachers can

introduce students to the choices of words for making meaning in English clauses,

and transitivity analysis can extend the understanding of the process in the

transitivity system. Moreover, analyzing text in transitivity systems can guide

students to have an awareness of the purpose of the text they want to create.

2. For Future Researchers

This study will be beneficial to those interested in transitivity analysis.

Furthermore, this study will give an enriching linguistic theory about transitivity

analysis in the newspaper. This analysis can be used as a resource when studying

the translation of idiomatic expressions in literary works. This study also presents

the potential of translation strategy and accuracy analysis.

D. Definitions of Terms

The purpose of this section is to minimize misunderstandings and to

clarify terminology; some terminologies used in this research require explanation.

There are transitivity analysis, type of process, and news.

1. Transitivity analysis

Transitivity analysis explains how the writer assigns processes to the text's

many participants. According to Simpson (1993), the term transitivity is employed

more nuanced than in traditional grammar. It demonstrates how meaning is

 6

expressed in a sentence in this situation. Halliday & Mathiessen (2004) said that

transitivity analysis is a clause of a system, the verb, participants, and circumstances

that influence it. Transitivity shows concern with the ideas and the ideational

function of language's part. In this study, transitivity analysis identifies the purpose,

benefit, and impact of understanding and using specific text in some sentences.

2. Type of process

A process type is a vocal group within a clause that states the process and

mid-sentence from an ideational perspective. According to Halliday in Gerot and

Wignell. (1994), they divide seven process types: behavioral, mental, material,

verbal, relational, existential, and meteorological processes. Behavioral is a term

that refers to psychological and physiological behavior and mental concern in one's

experience of the world of awareness, according to Halliday& Matthiessen. (2004)

stated that the range expresses the domain is where it takes place to express the

clause itself. Verbal concerns about the different modes of saying, relational

represent relational clauses construe being. Existential refers to participants

involved in the process of being. The meteorological process is used primarily for

forecasting weather. In this study, the type of process concerned how the researcher

analyzes the sentence of a news item.

3. News Items

News items supply information or events, which are an essential issue of

newsworthiness. Gerot and Wignell. (1994) said the media tells readers that

information is the function of news items; it is considered newsworthy or essential;

it means news is a genre that retells important and past events. Moreover, the news
 7

is information which is provided by print, broadcast, and the internet. The function

of news items is to tell stories about the event in chronological order. News items

are applied in newspapers, and it includes main events. The Jakarta Post is included

in news items because it consists of up-to-date information. This research will

analyze transitivity in the types of processes found in Jakarta Post news on the topic

of floods in Sulawesi.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into two parts, namely theoretical description and

theoretical framework. Theoretical descriptions outline the ideas that will be used

to address the issues in this investigation. The second part is a theoretical description

in which the necessary theory for doing this study is presented.

A. Theoretical Description

1. Transitivity System

Halliday (1994) argues that textual, interpersonal, and ideational are three

functions of language. The textual language as a representation of language, the

textual language's function as language, and the textual language's interpersonal

language as Interpersonal communication serves as an interpreter of language in its

exchange function. This section will discuss the ideational function in further detail.

The ideational role of information is to explain its content. Then the information

will be transparent with the emphasis of the information; then, the reader will

understand the content easily. The ideational function is divided into two systems;

there are transitivity systems and ergativity systems. A transitivity system is a

system that is concerned with the content represented through language. In this

study, researchers will analyze the news using transitivity.

8
 9

The transitivity system makes readers more understand the clause because

this specific process will be known by readers and happens in this clause. Research

by Halliday (1981) supports the structural unit of the clause in transitivity works to

deliver a specific range of ideational meanings. In this system, circumstances are as

participants who attend the process. According to Downing and Locke (2006), some

circumstances are used in the transitivity system. Those are place, time, manner,

accompaniment, matter, modality, and degree.

According to Simpson (1993), Transitivity is employed in a much broader

sense than in standard grammars; it relates to the whole way meaning is expressed

in a phrase. It elucidates that speakers encode their visual representation of

existence and explain their views of the surrounding world through language. On

the other hand, transitivity is concerned with the transmission of ideas and is a

component of language's ideational function. Transitivity is dependent on both the

ideational notion of semantics and the region of the context of a circumstance.

According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), the transitivity process

comprises three components: the process itself, the participant within the process,

and the circumstance from around the process. The circumstance will answer the

question when, where, how, many, and as what. The vocal group in the clause is

usually used to convey or realize the process. A nominal group is usually realized

as a participant. According to Gerot and Wignell. (1994) the importance of

processes intransitivity cannot be overstated. From this current perspective, it is

evident that various processes result in a variation in the sequence of meaning. To

create a humorous tale, tell a humorous story, and listen to a humorous story are
 10

three separate orders of sense. Conformity between common perceptions of what is

occurring might be used to classify various types of processes. Thompson (1996)

argues that the nominal group represents the players in a grammatical process. A

participant might be a living being, a physical location, or an object. In a

grammatical system, adverbial groups or prepositional phrases specify the

conditions. Circumstances significantly influence how the process is altered in any

way. They can be used to pinpoint a specific time or location for a process, to

describe how the process occurs, or to provide information about the process's

cause.

2. Process of Type

People show what happens in various processes from their experiences.

Halliday. (1985) linguistically classified the various processes into six types: the

process types of the transitivity. The process types are categorized into six

categories: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential.

However, verbs can convey the condition of being or possessing.

a. Material Process

Research by Gerot and Wignell. (1995) supports material processes that

reveal that an entity physically does something to some other entity, and This

process is visible. The actor is the participant in this process; the range is the

participant who sets the scope of what is occurring. The third participant is the

beneficiary. Gerot and Wignell. (1994) stated beneficiary is the process to take

place. In this process, the beneficiary is the one to whom goods are given. Fourth,

participants' goals, according to Gerot and Wignell. (1994) is a unit of the process.
 11

It means that goals participants have an impact on doing something. According to

Gerot and Wignell. (1994), the material process has two types: creative type and

dispositive type, creative type is the process that produces the goal, and dispositive

types are doing and happening in the sentence.

Example of Material Process:

1 James Played Basketball

Actor Material Goal

2 Tourist Was caught By the tiger

Goal Material Actor

b. Mental Process

The process of sensing is a mental process, according to Lock. (1996), there

are five types of this process, affection (the process of loving, hating, admiring),

volition (the process of hoping, desiring, wishing, and needing), cognition (the

process of understanding, thinking, knowing to believe) and perception (the process

of smelling, feeling, loving and liking). The participants of this process are

Phenomenon and Senser, Phenomenon presents the content of sense, and the clause

separates the content. The second participant is senser, the participant who is

involved in the process of consciousness.

 12

For example:

James Understand The content

Senser Process of cognitive Phenomenon

c. Relational Process

Relational processes consist of the state of being and having. Martin,

Matthiessen, and Painter. (1997) stated that relational clauses are divided into two

types, namely attribute clauses and identifying clauses. Attribute clauses are clauses

that have an attribute and carrier. Identifying clauses is a clause that has a token and

value. The reversible process is how to distinguish attribute clauses and identify

clauses.

For example:

1.) Attribute clauses

Maxim Is Clever

Carrier Process (attributive) Attribute

2.) Identifying clauses

Maxim Is The goalie

Token Process (Identifying) Value

 13

d. Behavioral Process

According to Halliday (1994), Behavioral processing is psychological

behavior, like smiling, dreaming, breathing, and coughing. This process has one

participant; the participant is behaved. This process is like senser, but the function

of this process is the one of doing something. There is another participant that occurs

in some clauses, and the function of this participant is as a compliment. The

participants is range.

For example:

He Smiles For you

Behaver Behavioral process Circumstance

James Waved Her hands

Behaver Behavioral Range

e. Verbal Process

The process of how to speak and say something is verbal. Halliday (1994)

states that a verbal process is represented by verbs such as tell, inquire, respond,

speak, propose, insult, and praise. The first participant of this process is named

sayer, who is doing the process. The second participants are a receiver, verbiage,

and target. The receiver is the one who acts as the addressee in spoken interaction.

Verbiage is a phrase that refers to categorizing it according to its characteristics as

 14

an expression. It can be seen in many expressions such as speaking English, telling

the facts, asking questions, and stating a case. The process of saying is targeted. The

target includes explaining something, praising blame, condemning, and flattering.

For example:

James tell George a rude joke

Sayer Verbal Receiver Verbiage

f. Existential Process

The existential process is the process that conveys something that happens

and exists. This process typically has the verb be. Gerot and Wignell (1994) stated

that the process of existence is the existential process. This process has one

participant, namely the existent. The verbs mean existing or happening, such as

occur, happen, take place, or arise.

For Example:

There was a woman in front of the school

Existential Process of Existential Existent circumstances of place

3. News Item

News is information about events that happen everywhere in this world. This

information is essential for readers, and news items can affect the lives of a large
 15

group. According to Gerot and Wignell (1994), news items aim to give information

to readers about important information, which is considered newsworthy or

essential. It means news is a genre that retells important and past events, moreover

news is information, which is provided by print, broadcast, internet. News is

delivered in a text which is called a news item. The media use news items to share

information. It means that news items are essential information that the public must

know.

News is difficult to define, and no satisfactory definition has ever existed or

will ever exist. Complex news articles are a type of text that differs from other types

of news, such as editorials and opinion pieces, in that they focus on facts rather than

opinions. It generates hierarchical narratives for social events based on

newsworthiness, with the most important "facts" appearing in the headline and first

paragraph of the article. It is not uncommon for terms to address a particular cultural

feature or political situation to appear throughout news items written in English in

various regions of the world and understood only by people who deal with the

language and culture of the nation where the news was published.

Newspapers have a great deal of power over the reader's perception.

Language may be used to enhance and influence a public statement in a variety of

ways. According to Halliday (1994), a language is a set of meanings supported by

the form that allows the meanings to be realized and offers answers to those

questions "how are these ideas conveyed?". The stylistic choices made by

journalists in terms of word choices and syntactic patterns can reveal different

points of view. Individual reporter styles are frequently subordinated to or merged

 16

with the newspaper's institutional style, which is aimed to fit the expectations of a

particular target audience. Historical studies sometimes involve the challenge of

recreating past events in order to make sense of the present.

The news item has many characteristics. Gerot and Wignell (1994) write news

characteristics, among others are first, news items consist of short news. However,

it has in-depth information; the second news item uses the material to retell the

event, the third news item focuses on circumstances around, and the fourth, in the

source of the stage, is used processing verbal. Past tense is the language feature of

news items.

News items have three elements, namely main events, background events, and

sources. The main event is the main event that recounts the event in summary form.

The second element is background events; it elaborates what happened and to

whom. The third element is the source; it strengthens the news of the main event.

4. Previous Studies on Transitivity Analysis

Several researchers have done previous studies utilizing transitivity

analysis. Those who read newspaper stories, on the other hand, are rarely

discovered. Several have been undertaken to evaluate news stories, media coverage,

speeches, and literary works. Iwamoto's The Analysis of Wartime Reporting:

Transitivity is one of them (1995). Iwamoto (1995) asserts that transitivity analysis

demonstrates how language users employ linguistic structures to portray Japan as

patients in response to societal demand.

Then, Naz, Alvi, and Baseer's Benazir Bhutto's Political Language: A

Transitivity Analysis of Her Speech Additionally, "Democratization in Pakistan ''

 17

(2012) corroborates Halliday's SFL that language may be used to demonstrate

authority. In Bhutto's speeches, the findings on material processes' dominance

demonstrate her steadfast commitment to reinstating democratic government.

Although previous studies have led to transitivity analysis of newspapers

conducted to evaluate speech and others, including pointing out the problem and

investigating methodologies, tactics, and approaches for translating idioms and

fixed expressions, several studies have not yet discussed how transitivity analysis

functions to describe what and how the transitivity process occurs in news texts.

The author focuses on formulating the problem of what types of transitivity

processes are contained in news texts.

B. Theoretical Framework

This section of the chapter examines the theoretical frameworks that support

the researcher's work. Two research concerns are addressed in this work. The first

research question enquires about the method described in the Jakarta Post news

article concerning Sulawesi's floods. The second study question concerns the

primary process type identified in news reports on Sulawesi's floods.

The first is the theory of types of processes by Gerot and Wignell (1994).

There are six processes used as a basis in this analysis: material process, mental

process, relational process, behavioral process, verbal process, an existential

process. Following that, Halliday's (1994) theory of transitivity analysis is used to

 18

address the second study question, which is to determine the dominating process

type shown in news reports on floods in Sulawesi.

 19

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the method used in the study. This section describes

the research method, types and data source, data gathering techniques, and data

analysis techniques.

A. Research Method

The researcher chose qualitative research as a method for gathering answers

to research questions. Qualitative research is used to determine the current state of

phenomena. It aimed at establishing the actual state of affairs at the time of the

research. The objective is to provide a qualitative description of the outcome of an

examination of a particular condition or scenario. In other words, it is not testing a

theory; instead, it is gathering data to aid in decision-making. A case study is the

most appropriate form of research for this approach. A case study is an in-depth

analysis of a particular aspect of the social sciences, such as education. The

investigation is limited to a single instance. The data source was documented. It was

the Jakarta Post News, a daily newspaper in Indonesia. Qualitative research employs

a qualitative approach to the facts and investigation. This type of analysis makes

use of language to express the findings.

B. Types and Data Source

The data of this analysis was type of process found in Jakarta Post news.

The Jakarta Post is a newspaper that publishes online news that can be accessed at
 20

any time. The researcher used some news on the website. The researcher accessed

the website page on February 15, 2021. There were six news stories about floods in

Sulawesi. It was inducted into the appendices. The online address of the website

was www. Jakarta post. News. The news was published on January 23, 2019 to

September 15, 2020. The Jakarta Post is a website that provides up-to-date news to

give important news to the readers.

C. Data Gathering Technique

The researcher used a documentation strategy to collect the data. Patton

(2002) defines documents as "written materials and other records deriving from

organizational, clinical, or program records." Personal diaries, letters, creative

works, pictures, souvenirs, and written responses to open-ended questionnaires. "

The data collection procedure was as follows. First, the researcher collected

news on floods in Sulawesi from the Jakarta Post website. It contains five news

items. Second, the news was read to comprehend and understand its meaning, with

the researcher focusing on clauses containing transitivity. Thirdly, the researcher

marked the verb sentences in the news that included transitivity. Then, the data that

had been marked were numbered. Fourth, the researcher input the data into Table

3.1. The Transitivity Analysis found in Jakarta Post News on the Topic of Floods

in Sulawesi can be found in Appendix A.

 21

Table 3.1. The Transitivity Analysis founded in Jakarta Post News in The
Topic of Floods in Sulawesi

Code Sentence The kind of process

D. Data Analysis Technique

As defined by Lodico et al. (2010), qualitative research entails continuous

data analysis and interpretation throughout the study. The insights gained during

early data analysis can be used to drive subsequent data gathering. Additionally,

Ary et al (2010) state that a qualitative researcher must arrange, categorize, or code

a massive volume of data to describe and comprehend it. Qualitative research

involves three distinct activity flows: data reduction, data display, and conclusion

drawing or verification. It is a constant process that occurs throughout any

qualitatively focused undertaking until a definitive and verifiable conclusion may

be drawn. Miles and Huberman (1994) argued that analysis could be explained as

reducing data, displaying data, and drawing/verifying conclusions. Because the

researcher is assessing the data using Miles and Huberman's hypothesis, there are

some steps to take, such as:

1.) Exposing

In this step, the researcher provided some data categorized by the kind of

procedure and transitivity system. The researcher used coding to segment clauses.
 22

Each sentence was separated into constituent clauses because a sentence may have

multiple clauses, and each clause was assigned a number.

2.) Explaining

The researcher categorized each clause according to the type of transitivity

system involved. The researcher defined the process as material, mental, relational,

linguistic, existential, and behavioral by studying the verb in the phrase. Then, the

researcher identified the clauses that were involved in each sentence. Each clause is

named according to the sort of procedure described in that clause. The example of

the table is below:

V.P.1
She Also said The latest flood was the most severe as it hit
Radda.

Sayer Verbal Verbiage

According to the table above, the clause's code was "V.P.1." The letter "V"

stood for verbal. The letter "P" stood for "process. The number "1" marks the

number of clauses. Thus, "V.P.1" indicated that this phrase was classified as a

relational process of attributive type and was the initial clause. In another code,

"Ma" denoted material process, "Me" denoted mental process, "V" denoted verbal

process, "B" denoted behavioral process, and "E" denoted existential process. The

code must be explained to ensure that the researcher and the reader have the same

perspective.
 23

Additionally, it prompted the researcher and readers to refer to a code used

throughout the discussion of the sentence in question. The data was classified based

on the type of transitivity process in the form of a table. Each process had its table.

3.) Tallying

Tallying was used to correlate the types of processes to determine the most

prevalent process in the news.

4.) Comparing

The researcher investigated ideas and studies to see whether a dominating

method is used to develop a specific genre.

5.) Arguing

Arguing entails constructing arguments based on concept comparison and

knowledge of how a specific dominating process leads to a particular genre.

To validate the data, the researcher obtained the assistance of a validator. Thomas

Wahyu Prabowo Mukti, S.Pd M.Pd served as the validator. The researcher chose

Mr. Thomas since he is one of the teachers at Santa Dharma University who teaches

linguistics.
 CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter is divided into two sections. In the first section, researchers report
the data analysis findings of the several sorts of processes discovered in the Jakarta
Post's news coverage of Sulawesi's floods. The second section discusses the second
question, the dominant process type identified in news reports concerning
Sulawesi's floods.

A. Types of processes found in the Jakarta Post news on the topic of floods

in Sulawesi.

After analyzing, the Jakarta Post on the topic of Tsunami published on January

23, 2019, until July 15, 2000. These analyzes found five processes that build news.

There are mental, material, existential, relational, and verbal processes. The part

below presents the results of the kind of process found in the news.

1. Material Process

According to Gerot and Wignell (1994), material processes represent the

concept that some entity performs an action that may be performed on another

entity. The material clause refers to changes in the physical world, such as spatial

awareness and physical form. The material process was composed of two

participants: the actor and the process. According to Halliday (1994), the actor is

also the one who acts or effectuates change. Typically, the actor was also the topic

of the phrase. If the Actor was not explicitly named in the clause. The clause could

occur as a result of the usage of a passive clause. As defined by Gerot and Wignell

(1994:55), the Goal is an object toward which the process is extended or directed.

There were 36

24
 25

clauses in the Jakarta Post about the flood in Sulawesi. The following table

summarizes the participants in the material process:

Table 4.1 The Summary of Participants in Material Process founded in Jakarta

Post News in The Topic of Floods in Sulawesi

Participants The Data

Actor Hundreds of houses and public facilities, Public kitchens and

Evacuation posts, Access to the villages of Masamba and Radda, The
local disaster mitigation agency (BPBD), Floods, the floods, BPBD, A
4-month old baby, Floods in three provinces in Sulawesi, Seventy-two
houses, It, Hundreds of hectares of rice fields, cornfields, and fish ponds,
flood, 3,676 hectares of rice fields, Floodwaters, the floods and mud,
Severe flooding, The number [of victims], Me and other residents, The
six people were from Gowa district, rising water levels in the Jeneberang
River, torrential rainfall hit, dozens of houses and several bridges,
landslides, The landslide, The family members, the flash flood, heavy
rain, 200 houses, A resident of Soppeng resident.

Process Are buried, have been prepared, is also blocked, has documented,
damaged, had been affected, was caused, died, have forced, have been
washed away, had cut off, have been damaged, hit, destroyed, damaged,
were either damaged or carried away, hit, increase, are being evacuated,
hitting, was inundated, are continuing, were buried, were destroyed, still
searching, has also cut, has forced, were sleeping, has been postponed,
had been inundated, was inundated

Goal Under 3-5 meters of mud, Access to the villages of Masamba and Radda,
public facilities such as bridges, roads, houses of prayer and health
facilities, a bridge, 45 houses, 1,452 families, The death, thousands of
people to flee their houses for higher ground, connecting roads to several
villages in the regency, 438 houses, 3,276 people, North Luwu Regency,
South Sulawesi, at least 15 people dead and dozens more missing, to the
mosque, the backs of residential houses and reaching heights as high as
some roofs, 65 schools, 13,000 hectares of rice fields and 34 bridges,
The six people were from Gowa district, Others, some road links,
including the main road connecting Tana Toraja regency and North
Toraja Regency, at least 20 families out of their homes, the floodwater,
the search.

Circumstances On New Year's Day, on Monday, The previous day, in South

Sulawesi.
 26

Some examples of material processes found in the news with the explanation

can be seen below:

Datum Ma.P.24 The floods hit Takalar, Jeneponto, Maros, Pangkep and Barru

regencies.

The floods Hit Takalar, Jeneponto, Maros, Pangkep and Barru

regencies.

Actor Material Process Goal

In the example above, including the material process because those belong

underneath the material category was chosen because "Material categories are

processes of doing that mirror the processes of the external," which accurately

characterizes the current state of affairs around the match Plemenitas stated (2004).

The clause is encoded with Ma.P.24. Through this clause, the researcher showed

that natural disasters destroy some areas in Sulawesi. The flood was the actor

because the actor is doing material deeds; as quoted by Gerot and Wignel (1994), a

hit was the material process because it shows doing, and Takalar, Jeneponto, Maros,

Pangkep, and Barru regencies was the goal.

Datum Ma.P.34 They were buried by the landslide

They Were buried By the landslide

Goal Material Process Actor

There were material clauses that use passive clauses, like in the example

above. The clause encoded with Ma.P.34, the material process in the word were
 27

"Were buried," and it as a passive clause. The actor in this process was "By the

landslide." It was placed at the end of the sentence. "They" were the goal-persons

who are affected by the actor.

Datum Ma.P., 36 Public kitchens, and Evacuation posts have been prepared.

Public kitchens and Evacuation posts Have been prepared.

Goal Material Process

The example above was encoded with Ma.P.36. "Public kitchens and

evacuation posts" was the goal because it undergoes the process. The material

process in that clause was "Have been prepared." It showed the process of doing,

but the actor does not exit.

Datum Ma.P.23 The disaster damaged 65 schools, 13,000 hectares of rice fields and

34 bridges.

The Damaged 65 schools, 13,000 hectares of rice

disaster fields, and 34 bridges.

Actor Material Process Goal

The material process in the example above is "Damaged" because it showed the

process of doing by the actor. The actor in the clause above was "The disaster"

because the material process was realized by "damaged." The goal was “65 schools,

13,000 hectares of rice fields and 34 bridges" because the actor impacted it.
 28

2. Verbal Process

According to Gerot and Wignell (1994), the verbal processes are ways of

communicating, or more precisely, of signaling symbolically. The "Content" of a

statement may be expressed as a distinct sentence that quotes or reports what was

said. There were four participants in this process: the sayer, target, receiver, and

verbiage or range. First was Sayer, who was doing the process. The second

participant was the receiver, the one to whom the verbalization is addressed. Third,

there was the target, which is one called upon verbally. The fourth, verbiage, or

range, was the name of the verbalization itself. There were 33 clauses found in the

Jakarta post on the topic of tsunami in Sulawesi. Some of them are as follows:

Table 4.2 The Summary of Participants in Verbal Process founded in Jakarta Post
News in The Topic of Floods in Sulawesi
Participants The Data

Sayer She, Indah, The National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB), Indah,
North Luwu Regent Indah Putri Indriani, Gowa Regent Adnan
Purichta Ichsan, He, The regent, South Sulawesi BPBD head Nimal
Lahamang, Sutopo, Jihadul Arifin, a resident of the Antang housing
complex, Tana Toraja Disaster Mitigation Agency (BPBD) head
Alfian Andi Lolo, Barru BPBD disaster preparedness head Abdul
Muhaemin, Nimal, Hanafi Hamzah, the data and information head of
the Makassar Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency
(BMKG),

Process Said, said adding, reported, told, added, has warned.

Receiver To the Jakarta Post

Verbiage The latest flood was the most severe as it hit Radda; Floods and
landslides that hit 12 regencies and one city across South Sulawesi last
week have killed at least 68 people and displaced about 6,700 others,
the flooding affected 4,930 families across six districts, namely
Masamba, Sabang, Baebunta, South Baebunta, Malangke, and West
Malangke, Now we're focusing on opening the access to continue to
search and rescue efforts, as well as distributing aid, especially clothes,
Asera district is the worst affected, with 13 of its villages inundated.
 29

Seventy two houses have been washed away, while thousands of other
houses are inundated and hundreds of hectares of rice fields, corn
fields and fish ponds have been damaged, 1,452 families had been
affected by the floods and 200 houses had been inundated in South
Sulawesi, with 3,676 hectares of rice fields destroyed in 15 villages,
some of the victims died, as quoted by Antara, the flood had displaced
at least 2,121 people, We have not had the chance to secure it because
the water was immediately high, We need clothes, blankets and public
kitchens, the flood was not like the previous year's floods, The height
of the water is still fluctuating, 1,452 families had been affected by the
floods and 200 houses had been inundated in South Sulawesi, with
3,676 hectares of rice fields destroyed in 15 villages, the potential for
heavy rainfall, the floods that began at the beginning of June following
torrential downpours had also left villages, Gowa, Janeponto,
Makassar, Maros and Majo were the most affected by the floods, he
did not have time to secure his valuable belongings because the floods
came quickly and inundated the area, three of the deceased were
members of the same family, five out of seven districts in the regency
were flooded and that one village, Balusu, and its 121 families had
been isolated by floodwaters 2 meters high, no residents were
displaced by the disaster, as most of the affected homes were rumah
panggung, or traditional stilt houses, BPBDs in the regencies and the
city went out to the field early to warn the public, while the floodwater
was less than 50 centimeters in several locations, the current was very
strong and it had cut off connecting roads to several villages, the
flooding was caused by the "extreme rainfall" that occurred in the
region, that wind speeds reached 30 to 40 kilometers per hour and
formed puting beliung (waterspouts), as well as caused coastal waves
off Makassar to rise and reach up to 2 meters in height, The public
should be vigilant up to Jan. 15.

Circumstances Monday, on Sunday, in May and June, on Tuesday, Wednesday

morning, on Wednesday, in South Sulawesi, in Sumatra, Kalimantan,
Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua between June 11 and 15, in South
Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi underwater, in Makassar City, in
Randan Batu village, in the regency, on Saturday and Sunday.
 30

Some examples of the verbal process in the Jakarta Post on the topic of

Tsunami in Sulawesi with the explanation can be seen below:

Datum V.P.9 Gowa Regent Adnan Purichta Ichsan said some of the victims died

Gowa Regent Adnan Purichta Ichsan Said Some of the victims

died.

Sayer Verbal Process Verbiage

In the example above, the first participant was the sayer. In the example

above, the sayer was "Gowa Regent Adnan Purichta Ichsan," who did the process

of saying. The sayer delivered a message about "some of the victims died." This

message was called "Verbiage." It means the content of what is said. The verbal

process was "Said," and this clause was encoded with V.P.9.

Datum V.P.7 "Asera district is the worst affected, with 13 of its villages inundated.

Seventy-two houses have been washed away, while thousands of other houses are

inundated, and hundreds of hectares of rice fields, cornfields, and fish ponds have

been damaged," Sutopo said in a press release made available to The Jakarta Post

Monday.

"As the district is the worst Sutopo Said In a press Monday

affected, with 13 of its villages release made
inundated. Seventy-two houses available
have been washed away, while to The Jakarta
thousands of other houses are Post
inundated, and hundreds of
hectares of rice fields,
cornfields, and fish ponds have
been damaged,"
 31

Verbiage Sayer Verbal Receiver Circumsta

Process nce

There were five elements in the data: verbiage, sayer, verbal process, receiver,

and circumstances. The sayer was "Sutopo" because he delivers the message. The

message was, "Asera district is the worst affected, with 13 of its villages inundated.

Seventy-two houses have been washed away, while thousands of other houses are

inundated, and hundreds of hectares of rice fields, cornfields, and fish ponds have

been damaged”. This message is called "Verbiage." It means the content of what is

said. The receiver in the clause above was "The Jakarta Post Monday." it was the

one to whom the saying was directed, and the verbal process was "Said." The

circumstance was "Monday."

Datum V.P.21 Floods and landslides that hit 12 regencies and one city across South

Sulawesi last week have killed at least 68 people and displaced about 6,700 others, the

National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) said on Sunday.

Floods and landslides that hit 12 The National Said On Sunday.

regencies and one city across South Disaster
Sulawesi last week have killed at Mitigation
least 68 people and displaced about Agency (BNPB)
6,700 others,

Verbiage Sayer Verbal The

Process circumstance
of location:
time
 32

There were four elements in the example above: verbiage, sayer, verbal

process, and circumstantial location, especially in time. The verbiage was "Floods

and landslides that hit 12 regencies and one city across South Sulawesi last week

have killed at least 68 people and displaced about 6,700 others", the verbiage was

informed by "The National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB)" as the sayer, the

verbal process in this data realized by the word "Said" and this sentence complete

with a circumstance of time, the circumstance shows the background which the

process takes place.

3. Relational Process

According to Halliday (1994), relational clauses characterize and identify

clauses. It means relational clauses involve states of being. The clause can be

categorized according to its role in determining something. Martin, Matthiessen,

and Painter (1997) stated that relational clauses were divided into two types, namely

attribute clauses and identifying clauses. In this data, the researcher only found

attribute clauses of the relational process. It has 2 participants, which are the carrier

and the attribute. Five clauses were found in the Jakarta Post on Tsunami in

Sulawesi. Some of them are as follows:

Table 4.3 The Summary of Participants in Relational Process founded in Jakarta

Post News in The Topic of Floods in Sulawesi

Participants Data

Carrier As a district, The current priority, The recent flood, The five
affected regions, one fatality.

Process Is, are.

Attribute The worst effected, with 13 of its villages inundated, was to

clean the mud and debris blocking houses and road access, the
 33

fourth this year, Parepare city and the regencies of Barru,

Soppeng Pinrang, and Sidenreng Rappang, Rantetayo district
has yet to be identified.

Some examples of relational processes in the Jakarta Post on the topic of

Tsunami in Sulawesi with the explanation can be seen below:

Datum R.P.1 Asera district is the worst affected, with 13 of its villages inundated.

As district Is The worst affected, with 13 of its

villages inundated.

Carrier Relational Process Attribute

There were three elements in the example above: carrier, relational process,

and attribute. The carrier was "Asera district," which refers to an area in Sulawesi.

The Relational Process was encoded in the word "Is." The attribute was realized by

"The worst affected, with 13 of its villages inundated".

Datum R.P.2 The current priority is to clean the mud and debris that are blocking

houses and road access

The current priority Is To clean the mud and debris that are
blocking houses and road access

Carrier Relational Attribute

Process

There were three elements in the clause above; the first was Carrier which is

encoded with "The current priority," which means things to do after a disaster. The
 34

second was a relational process encoded with "Is" and "To clean the mud and debris

that are blocking houses and road access" as Attribute.

Datum R.P.3 The recent flood is the fourth this year

The recent flood Is The fourth this year

Carrier Relational Process Attribute

In the example above, there were three elements: carrier, relational process,

and attribute. The first element of the relational process was "The recent flood" as

a carrier, the second element in the relational process was encoded with the word

"is" and "The fourth this year" as an attribute.

Datum R.P.5 one fatality is Rantetayo district has yet to be identified

One fatality Is Rantetayo district has yet to be

identified.

Carrier Relational Process Attribute

The first participant was a carrier; the carrier is encoded with the word "One

fatality," the second participant was a relational process, the relational process was

realized by the word "is" and "Rantetayo district has yet to be identified." as an

attribute, which refers to an area in Sulawesi.

For instance, all of the clauses above include the attribute process because the

sentence cannot be reserved. For instance, R.P.4 one fatality is Rantetayo district

has yet to be identified. If the sentence is changed to Rantetayo district has yet to
 35

be identified, is one fatality, is unacceptable. This clause was likewise valid for the

remaining attributive relational process clauses.

4. Mental Process

A mental process is the process of sensing. Gerot and Wignell (1994) divide

mental processes into three categories: cognition (the act of thinking, knowing, and

comprehending), attachment (the act of connecting and fearing), and perception

(verbs of seeing and hearing). In this data, the researcher found the cognition mental

process. Additionally, Eggins (1994) argued that mental processes must always

involve two participants, which are the sensor and the phenomenon.

Two clauses are found in the Jakarta Post on the topic of Tsunami in Sulawesi.

all of them were as follows:

Table 4.4 The Summary of Participants in Mental Process founded in Jakarta Post
News in The Topic of Floods in Sulawesi

Participants Data

Senser We’re, The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency

(BMKG)

Process Focusing has predicted

Phenomenon On opening the access to continue search and rescue efforts, the rain
will continue to fall in the region until Thursday and urged residents
to watch out for more flooding.
 36

Some examples of mental processes in the Jakarta post on the topic of tsunami

in Sulawesi with the explanation can be seen below:

Datum Me.P.1 We’re focusing on opening the access to continue search and rescue

efforts

We’re Focusing On opening the access to continue

search and rescue efforts

Senser Mental Process Phenomenon

In the clause above, the sensor was "We're ''; it refers to the government.

Senser is by definition a conscious being, for only those who was conscious can

feel, think or see, as quoted by Gerot and Wignell (1994). In this text, the

government thought about opening the access. Then, the phenomenon was "On

opening the access to continue search and rescue efforts''. The mental process above

expresses cognition mental process because this process emphasizes more about

thinking on opening the access to continue search and rescue efforts.

Datum Me.P.2 The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) has

predicted rain will continue to fall in the region until Thursday and urged residents

to watch out for more flooding.

The Meteorology, Has predicted Rain will continue to fall in the region
Climatology and until Thursday and urged residents to
Geophysics Agency watch out for more flooding.
(BMKG)

Senser Mental Process Phenomenon

 37

In the clause above, the sensor was "The Meteorology, Climatology, and

Geophysics Agency (BMKG)." The phenomenon was that "rain will continue to

fall in the region until Thursday and urged residents to watch out for more flooding."

This process expresses the cognition mental process because the word "has

predicted" emphasizes more the prediction that rain will continue to fall in the

region.

B. The Dominant Process Type Found in The News of Floods in Sulawesi

This section explains the most dominant finding in the analysis of the news of

the floods in Sulawesi. After analyzing the data, the researcher found 75 processes,

clearly seen in the appendices and below. The processes that were most commonly

found in the analysis of process types are material. The total of the first rank was 36

clauses, with 48.7%. The second rank was the verbal process; the total number of

clauses was 32, with 42.1%. The third rank was relational; the total number of

clauses was 5, with 6.6%. The fourth rank was mental. The total number of clauses

was 2, with 2.6%. Additionally, the following table summarizes the overall number

and percentages of process types.

Table 4.5 The Summary of Transitivity Analysis founded in Jakarta Post News in
The Topic of Floods in Sulawesi

No Process Frequency Percentage Verbs

type
 38

1. Material 36 48 % Are buried, have been prepared, is

also blocked, has documented,
damaged, had been affected, was
caused, died, have forced, have
been washed away, had cut off,
have been damaged, hit,
destroyed, damaged, were either
damaged or carried away, hit,
increase, are being evacuated,
hitting, was inundated, are
continuing, were buried, were
destroyed, still searching, has also
cut, has forced, were sleeping, has
been postponed, had been
inundated, was inundated.

2. Verbal 32 42,7 % Said, said adding, reported, told,

added, has warned.

3. Relational 5 6,7 % Is, are.

4. Mental 2 3,7 % Are focusing, has predicted

Total 75 100 %

The data above shows that all texts emphasize the material process more than

the other processes. This process was dominant among all readers. This data could

be compared with the results of the previous study about transitivity analysis in

football match reports online newspapers by Agustinus (2015). The most dominant

process in his research was the material process, with 65,4% of the total. It proves

that the analysis of transitivity in newspapers produces the most dominating

material since it accurately describes what was being done and by whom.
 39

According to Halliday (1994),' material' clauses are doing-and-happening

clauses: they interpret an amount of change in the flow of events as occurring due

to some material input. It implied that the news of floods in Sulawesi is primarily

concerned with the experience of human physical activity, the external world,

things, events, and characteristics, and the issue of what humans did and what

occurred in the world. Halliday (1994) previously stated that transitivity is also a

characteristic of the causality of the process. As a result, evaluating the kind of the

participant is inextricably linked to the sort of process being assessed. According to

Plemenitas (2004), "Agents or participants are regarded as the function that

generally can determine whether or not a process occurs; in other words, it is the

process's controller" (p.35). As a result, evaluating the types of participants is

inextricably linked to the type of process being assessed.

 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

This chapter is organized into three sections, namely conclusions,

implications, and recommendations. The first part deals with this analysis. The

second part discusses the study's implications for English language teaching. The

final part is a recommendation for readers who will use this study as a reference.

A. Conclusions

This study examines two research issues. To begin, what sorts of processes

are discovered in the Jakarta Post's news coverage of the Sulawesi flood, and what

is the most dominant process typically found in the news of the Sulawesi flood?

There are 75 types of processes, taken from Jakarta post news on the floods in

Sulawesi. Afterward, the data were classified into types of processes by Gerot and

Wignell (1994). They found four types of processes, which are material processes

of 36 clauses with 48.7%, mental processes with a total of 2 clauses and 2.6%,

relational processes with a total of 5 clauses, and 6.6%, and verbal processes of 32

clauses with 42.1%. This chapter describes the findings.

Researchers used the theory by Halliday (1994) to find the most dominant

process in the Jakarta Post's news on the floods in Sulawesi, which is the material

40
 41

process, with 36 clauses with a percentage of 48.7%. The material process is

represented in the past tense. It means the text is retelling about a process of

happening or informing something. The researcher also found that there was a news

item genre instead of recount, which dominated the flood topic. Finally, the

researcher found six types of process imply that information found is concerned

with the experience of human physical activity, the external world, things, events,

and qualities, and the question of what humans did and what happened in the world.

B. Implications

The research results may be used in language teaching in several ways. The

research findings used in language teaching in several ways: The teacher will

benefit from the researcher's understanding of how the news item is produced. With

this understanding, teachers can help students make well-written texts and

determine the proper clauses through transitivity analysis.

Teachers can assist students in developing their ability to choose

vocabulary, tenses, and the art of language by helping them create news texts.

Teachers understand experiential grammar because it enables them to educate

students to respond to texts. In other words, the transitivity system is utilized to

teach students how to write well-written texts. Students who understand transitivity

analysis will write a practical news text. Students can improve their ability to select

vocabulary, tenses, and parts of speech.

 42

C. Recommendations

Some of the advice in this part is aimed towards students interested in doing

the same study; they must pay attention to the distinctive structure of genres to

distinguish distinct genres. Additionally, the researcher recommends analyzing the

same issue to increase learners' and teachers' attention to transitivity analysis of

written texts. The other researchers interested in doing the same study are expected

to conduct further transitivity analysis in various media other than news, such as

novels or English textbooks, to find various research results based on transitivity

analysis.
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37-69
APPENDICES

46
 47

APPENDIX I
THE TYPE OF PROCESS FOUNDED IN JAKARTA POST NEWS IN
THE TOPIC OF FLOOD IN SULAWESI

Code Sentence The kind of

process

Ma.P.1 Hundreds of houses and public facilities are buried under Material
3-5 meters of mud

Ma.P.2 Public kitchens and Evacuation posts have been prepared. Material

Ma.P.3 Access to the villages of Masamba and Radda is also Material

blocked by mud to a depth of 2 meters
Ma.P.4 The local disaster mitigation agency (BPBD) has Material
documented damages to public facilities such as bridges,
roads, houses of prayer and health facilities.
Ma.P.5 Floods damaged a bridge and inundated 45 houses. Material

Ma.P.6 1,452 families had been affected by the floods Material

Ma.P.7 The death was caused by the flood. Material

Ma.P.8 BPBD is still investigating whether the death was caused Material
by the flood.
Ma.P.9 A 4-month-old baby died during the flood. Material

Ma.P.10 Floods in three provinces in Sulawesi have forced Material

thousands of people to flee their houses for higher ground
Ma.P.11 Seventy-two houses have been washed away Material

Ma.P.12 It had cut off connecting roads to several villages in the Material
regency.
Ma.P.13 Hundreds of hectares of rice fields, corn fields and fish Material
ponds have been damaged
Ma.P.14 The disaster comes less than two weeks after the Material
widespread flooding that hit Greater Jakarta and Banten
on New Year's Day.
Ma.P.15 3,676 hectares of rice fields destroyed in 15 villages Material

Ma.P.16 Floodwaters damaged 438 houses, swept away 32 others Material

and displaced 3,276 people.
Ma.P.17 A total of 550 houses were either damaged or carried Material
away by the floods and mud
 48

Ma.P.18 Severe flooding that hit North Luwu regency, South Material
Sulawesi, on Monday,
Ma.P.19 The number [of victims] may increase because some Material
villages are still not accessible,”
Ma.P.20 Severe flooding that hit North Luwu regency, South Material
Sulawesi, on Monday, has left at least 15 people dead and
dozens more missing.
Ma.P.21 Me and other residents are being evacuated to the Material
mosque.
Ma.P.22 It came suddenly, hitting the backs of residential houses Material
and reaching heights as high as some roofs.
Ma.P.23 The disaster damaged 65 schools, 13,000 hectares of rice Material
fields and 34 bridges.
Ma.P.24 The floods hit Takalar, Jeneponto, Maros, Pangkep and Material
Barru regencies.
Ma.P.25 The six people were from Gowa district, which was Material
inundated because of rising water levels in the Jeneberang
River
Ma.P.26 The previous day, dozens of houses and several bridges Material
were destroyed hours after torrential rainfall hit.
Ma.P.27 We are continuing to evacuate and assist residents Material
affected by the flood,
Ma.P.28 Others were buried by landslides Material

Ma.P.29 A resident of Soppeng resident who allegedly slipped and Material

fell into the floodwater
Ma.P.30 The landslide has also cut some road links, including the Material
main road connecting Tana Toraja regency and North
Toraja regency.
Ma.P.31 The disaster has forced at least 20 families out of their Material
homes.
Ma.P.32 The family members were sleeping when the flash flood Material
hit their home causing it to cave in
Ma.P.33 The flash flood hit their home causing it to cave in Material

Ma.P.34 They were buried by the landslide Material

Ma.P.35 [The search] has been postponed due to heavy rain. Material

V.P.1 She also said the latest flood was the most severe as it hit Verbal
Radda
V.P.2 Indah said adding that a total of 2,650 residents had been Verbal
displaced
V.P.3 The National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) Verbal
reported on Tuesday that the flooding affected 4,930
families across six districts, namely Masamba, Sabbang,
Baebunta, South Baebunta, Malangke and West
Malangke.
 49

V.P.4 Previous floods occurred in May and June said Indah. Verbal

V.P.5 North Luwu Regent Indah Putri Indriani told Verbal

The Jakarta Post on Tuesday.
V.P.6 Now we’re focusing on opening the access to continue Verbal
search and rescue efforts, as well as distributing aid,
especially clothes,” Indah said
V.P.7 “Asera district is the worst effected, with 13 of its villages Verbal
inundated. Seventy two houses have been washed away,
while thousands of other houses are inundated and
hundreds of hectares of rice fields, corn fields and fish
ponds have been damaged," Sutopo said in a press release
made available to The Jakarta Post Monday.
V.P.8 The BNPB also said 1,452 families had been affected by Verbal
the floods and 200 houses had been inundated in South
Sulawesi, with 3,676 hectares of rice fields destroyed in
15 villages.
V.P.9 Gowa Regent Adnan Purichta Ichsan said some of the Verbal
victims died
V.P.10 He said as quoted by Antara. Verbal

V.P.11 The regent said as of Wednesday morning that the flood Verbal
had displaced at least 2,121 people.
V.P.12 He said the flood was a result of an overflow of Verbal
water in Gowa regency after the opening of Bili-Bili
Dam's sluice gate
V.P.13 We have not had the chance to secure it because the water Verbal
was immediately high," he said on Wednesday.
V.P.14 He added that the flood was not like the previous year’s Verbal
floods

V.P.15 We need clothes, blankets and public kitchens, he said. Verbal

V.P.16 "The height of the water is still fluctuating," South Verbal

Sulawesi BPBD head Nimal Lahamang said on Sunday.
V.P.17 Seventy two houses have been washed away, while Verbal
thousands of other houses are inundated and hundreds of
hectares of rice fields, corn fields and fish ponds have
been damaged," Sutopo said in a press release made
available to The Jakarta Post Monday.
V.P.18 Meanwhile, the BNPB also said 1,452 families had been Verbal
affected by the floods and 200 houses had been inundated
in South Sulawesi, with 3,676 hectares of rice fields
destroyed in 15 villages.
V.P.19 The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency Verbal
(BMKG) has warned of the potential for heavy rainfall in
Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua
between June 11 and 15.
 50

V.P.20 He said the floods that began at the beginning of June Verbal
following torrential downpours had also left villages in
South Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi under water.
V.P.21 Floods and landslides that hit 12 regencies and one city Verbal
across South Sulawesi last week have killed at least 68
people and displaced about 6,700 others, the National
Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) said on Sunday.

V.P.22 “Gowa, Janeponto, Makassar, Maros and Majo were the Verbal
most affected by the floods,” Sutopo said.
V.P.23 Jihadul Arifin, a resident of the Antang housing complex Verbal
in Makassar City, said he did not have time to secure his
valuable belongings because the floods came quickly and
inundated the area.
V.P.24 Tana Toraja Disaster Mitigation Agency (BPBD) head Verbal
Alfian Andi Lolo reported that three of the deceased were
members of the same family in Randan Batu village
V.P.25 Barru BPBD disaster preparedness head Abdul Verbal
Muhaemin said that five out of seven districts in the
regency were flooded and that one village, Balusu, and its
121 families had been isolated by floodwaters 2 meters
high.
V.P.26 He said that no residents were displaced by the disaster, as Verbal
most of the affected homes were rumah panggung, or
traditional stilt houses.
V.P.27 BPBDs in the regencies and the city went out to the field Verbal
early to warn the public," Nimal added.
V.P.28 Muhaemin said, "but two families have asked to be Verbal
evacuated because their houses are at risk of collapsing."
V.P.29 He added that while the floodwater was less than 50 Verbal
centimeters in several locations, the current was very
strong and it had cut off connecting roads to several
villages in the regency.
V.P.30 Hanafi Hamzah, the data and information head of the Verbal
Makassar Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics
Agency (BMKG), said that the flooding was caused by
the "extreme rainfall" that occurred in the region on
Saturday and Sunday.
V.P.31 Hanafi said that wind speeds reached 30 to 40 kilometers Verbal
per hour and formed puting beliung (waterspouts), as well
as caused coastal waves off Makassar to rise and reach up
to 2 meters in height.
R.P.1 Asera district is the worst effected, with 13 of its villages Relational
inundated. Process
R.P.2 The current priority is to clean the mud and debris that are Relational
blocking houses and road access Process
R.P.3 The recent flood is the fourth this year Relational
Process
 51

R.P.4 The five affected regions are Parepare city and the Relational
regencies of Barru, Soppeng, Pinrang, and Sidenreng Process
Rappang.
Me.P.1 We’re focusing on opening the access to continue search Mental
and rescue efforts,
Me.P.2 The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency Mental
(BMKG) has predicted rain will continue to fall in the
region until Thursday and urged residents to watch out for
more flooding.
 52

APPENDIX II
THE SIX NEWS OF JAKARTA POST ON THE TOPIC OF FLOOD IN
SULAWESI

1. Title: Flood leaves at least 15 dead, dozens missing in South Sulawesi Severe

flooding that hit North Luwu regency, South Sulawesi, on Monday, has

left at least 15 people dead and dozens more missing. “The number [of victims] may

increase because some villages are still not accessible,” North Luwu Regent Indah

Putri Indriani told The Jakarta Post on Tuesday. Heavy rainfall since Sunday caused

three rivers – the Masamba, Rongkong and Mely - to overflow. The National Disaster

Mitigation Agency (BNPB) reported on Tuesday that the flooding affected 4,930

families across six districts, namely Masamba, Sabbang, Baebunta, South

Baebunta, Malangke and West Malangke.

The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) has

predicted rain will continue to fall in the region until Thursday and urged residents

to watch out for more flooding. Hundreds of houses and public facilities are buried

under 3-5 meters of mud. Access to the villages of Masamba and Radda is also

blocked by mud to a depth of 2 meters. The blocked access has not only hindered

the evacuation process but also the distribution of logistics and aid.

“Now we’re focusing on opening the access to continue search and rescue

efforts, as well as distributing aid, especially clothes,” Indah said, adding that a total

of 2,650 residents had been displaced. “February was expected to be the peak of the

rainy season but it turns out the season has been prolonged. The recent flood is the
 53

fourth this year [in North Luwu]. Previous floods occurred in May and June,” said

Indah. She also said the latest flood was the most severe as it hit Radda, an area that

had never been affected by flooding before.

2. Title: Sulawesi engulfed by floods, thousands evacuated People are

evacuated

Floods in three provinces in Sulawesi have forced thousands of people to flee

their houses for higher ground. Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, spokesperson of the

National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) revealed that 4,198 people in North

Konawe regency in Southeast Sulawesi had been evacuated to safer areas. "Asera

district is the worst effected, with 13 of its villages inundated. Seventy two houses

have been washed away, while thousands of other houses are inundated and

hundreds of hectares of rice fields, corn fields and fish ponds have been damaged,"

Sutopo said in a press release made available to The Jakarta Post Monday. Besides

areas in Southeast Sulawesi, he said the floods that began at the beginning of June

following torrential downpours had also left villages in South Sulawesi and Central

Sulawesi under water.

The local disaster mitigation agency (BPBD) has documented damages to

public facilities such as bridges, roads, houses of prayer and health facilities. In

neighboring Konawe regency, a 4-month-old baby died during the flood, although

the BPBD is still investigating whether the death was caused by the flood.

Meanwhile, the BNPB also said 1,452 families had been affected by the floods and

200 houses had been inundated in South Sulawesi, with 3,676 hectares of rice fields
 54

destroyed in 15 villages. In Central Sulawesi, 561 families in Lele and Dampala

villages were evacuated after floods damaged a bridge and inundated 45 houses.

The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) has warned of

the potential for heavy rainfall in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and

Papua between June 11 and 15.

3. Tittle: In South Sulawesi, floods, landslides displace more than 6,700

people, kill 68

Floods and landslides that hit 12 regencies and one city across South

Sulawesi last week have killed at least 68 people and displaced about 6,700 others,

the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) said on Sunday. Heavy rains that

have been hitting some parts of South Sulawesi since last Monday caused floods in

at least 71 subdistricts in 12 regencies and one city in the province, triggering

landslides and cutting off road access in several areas. Of the total 68 deaths, 45

bodies were found in Gowa, 14 in Janeponto, four in Maros and one in the provincial

capital city of Makassar, BNPB spokesman Sutopo Purwo Nugroho said on Sunday.

“Gowa, Janeponto, Makassar, Maros and Majo were the most affected by the

floods,” Sutopo said.

In Gowa, at least 604 houses were inundated, and 46 people were injured,

and 2,121 others displaced. In Jeneponto, floodwaters damaged 438 houses, swept

away 32 others and displaced 3,276 people. Heavy rains also caused rivers to

overflow in 14 areas in Makassar, inundating 477 houses and displacing about 1,000

people. While in Maros, authorities recorded 251 evacuees and 552 inundated
 55

houses. Across the province, a total of 550 houses were either damaged or carried

away by the floods and mud, and about 5,100 others were submerged under water.

The disaster damaged 65 schools, 13,000 hectares of rice fields and 34 bridges. As

floodwaters have almost completely receded on Sunday, a number of evacuees have

returned home while authorities continued emergency and relief efforts focusing on

cleaning debris and mud, as well as providing food, health services and shelter to

victims.

“The current priority is to clean the mud and debris that are blocking houses

and road access,” Sutopo said. “[In certain areas], thick mud has filled up in houses,

reaching as high as 50 centimeters. The mud is difficult to clean it as it has started

to harden.” Authorities have deployed heavy equipment to clean up the debris. As

of Sunday, search and rescue teams were still searching for seven missing people

in Gowa and Janeponto. The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency

(BMKG) previously warned of heavy rains and strong winds this week in a number

of regions, including in South Sulawesi, and said the rainy season would peak at the

end of January or beginning of February nationwide.

4. Tittle: Six killed, thousands displaced in South Sulawesi floods

Six people died and 10 went missing in a flood that hit Makassar City and

six other districts in South Sulawesi on Tuesday. The previous day, dozens of

houses and several bridges were destroyed hours after torrential rainfall hit. The six

people were from Gowa district, which was inundated because of rising water levels

in the Jenebarang River. Gowa Regent Adnan Purichta Ichsan said some of the

victims died because of electric shock while others were buried by landslides. “We
 56

are continuing to evacuate and assist residents affected by the flood," he said as

quoted by Antara.

The regent said as of Wednesday morning that the flood had displaced at

least 2,121 people. Aside from Gowa and Makassar City, the floods hit Takalar,

Jeneponto, Maros, Pangkep and Barru regencies. Jihadul Arifin, a resident of the

Antang housing complex in Makassar City, said he did not have time to secure his

valuable belongings because the floods came quickly and inundated the area. He

said the flood was a result of an overflow of water in Gowa regency after the

opening of Bili-Bili Dam's sluice gate. "We have not had the chance to secure it

because the water was immediately high," he said on Wednesday. He added that the

flood was not like the previous year’s floods because it came suddenly, hitting the

backs of residential houses and reaching heights as high as some roofs. “Me and other

residents are being evacuated to the mosque. We need clothes, blankets and public

kitchens," he said.

5. Tittle: Four die as flash floods, landslides hit South Sulawesi Heavy

rain has caused flash floods and landslides in two districts of Tana

Toraja regency in South Sulawesi, leaving at least four people dead. Tana Toraja

Disaster Mitigation Agency (BPBD) head Alfian Andi Lolo reported that three of

the deceased were members of the same family in Randanbatu village, South

Makale district, identified as Bottong, 80, Rita, 40, and Yen, 12. Meanwhile, one

fatality is Rantetayo district has yet to be identified. "The family members were

sleeping when the flash flood hit their home causing it to cave in. They were buried

by the landslide,” Alfian said, adding that the event occurred in the early hours of
 57

Sunday. "We are still searching [for more victims], but [the search] has been

postponed due to heavy rain.” The landslide has also cut some road links, including

the main road connecting Tana Toraja regency and North Toraja regency. The

disaster has forced at least 20 families out of their homes.

6. Tittle: South Sulawesi floods leaves homes cut off, at least one dead

Heavy rain over the weekend has caused flooding in four regencies and one

municipality in South Sulawesi, with at least one fatality. The disaster comes less than two

weeks after the widespread flooding that hit Greater Jakarta and Banten on New Year's Day.

The five affected regions are Parepare city and the regencies of Barru, Soppeng, Pinrang, and

Sidenreng Rappang. According to the latest data from the South Sulawesi Disaster Mitigation

Agency (BPBD), hundreds of houses and dozens of public facilities and government offices

have been inundated. "The height of the water is still fluctuating," South Sulawesi BPBD head

Nimal Lahamang said on Sunday. "But in certain locations, particularly those five regions, the

water has reached one to two meters and flooded hundreds of houses." He said that no residents

were displaced by the disaster, as most of the affected homes were rumah panggung, or

traditional stilt houses. "We are ready.

Equipment like boats for evacuating residents, public kitchens and evacuation posts

have been prepared. BPBDs in the regencies and the city went out to the field early to warn the

public," Nimal added. Nevertheless, the disaster has claimed at least one victim, identified as

65-year-old Sinar, a resident of Soppeng resident who allegedly slipped and fell into the

floodwater and was carried away by the current. According to the information The Jakarta Post

received on Sunday, Barru and Sidenreng Rappang were worst hit, with floodwaters reaching

an average height of more than 1 meter. Barru BPBD disaster preparedness head Abdul

Muhaemin said that five out of seven districts in the regency were flooded and that one village,

Balusu, and its 121 families had been isolated by floodwaters 2 meters high. "Luckily, most of
 58

the houses there are rumah panggung," Muhaemin said, "but two families have asked to be

evacuated because their houses are at risk of collapsing." He added that while the floodwater

was less than 50 centimeters in several locations, the current was very strong and it had cut off

connecting roads to several villages in the regency.

The section of the Trans-Sulawesi Highway that passed through Barru was also

flooded, slowing down traffic. Hanafi Hamzah, the data and information head of the Makassar

Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG), said that the flooding was caused

by the "extreme rainfall" that occurred in the region on Saturday and Sunday. "The public

should be vigilant up to Jan. 15," he added, pointing out that strong winds and falling trees had

damaged hundreds of houses in several regencies. Hanafi said that wind speeds reached 30 to

40 kilometers per hour and formed puting beliung (waterspouts), as well as caused coastal waves

off Makassar to rise and reach up to 2 meters in height.