Earth and Life Scie3nce Week 3

MODULE CODE: PASAY-G11/12-ELS-S1-Q1-W3-D1
Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Name of Teacher: _______________________________________ Date: _________________________
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION - NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY
MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

FIRST SEMESTER/QUARTER 1/ WEEK 3/ DAY 1
Learning Target
Describe the formation of different geologic features of the Earth.
Your Lesson for Today
BRIEF DISCUSSION
There are peaks, valleys, jagged edges, rolling hills. In general, we call these
geological features, which refers to any of the physical features on Earth's surface, as
landscapes, topography, and landforms.
Landforms are defined as the natural physical features found on the surface of
the earth created as a result of various forces of nature such as wind, water, ice, and
movement of tectonic plates. You might be wondering how these different geologic
features are formed.
Volcanoes form when tectonic plates collide and one plate is pushed
beneath another. Tectonic plates also move away from one another to
produce volcanoes. Hot magma rises from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges
pushing the plates apart.
Volcanoes are formed when magma at the center of the Earth

pushes its way upwards through the Earth through a long shaft. When the
magma travels through the Earth's crust and reaches the Earth's surface, it
cools and hardens into a pile of rock. Many volcanoes are mountains as a
result of this process.
Most mountains formed from Earth's tectonic

plates smashing together. Below the ground, Earth's
crust is made up of multiple tectonic plates. They've been
moving around since the beginning of time. And they still
move today as a result of geologic activity below
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

EXERCISES
On your next travel you are going to look for different landforms and analyze its process of formation.
I hope you find it more challenging. Good luck and enjoy answering.
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Practice Exercise 2
Are you ready for your last game? This will take you more time and a lot of help
from family members.
Page 3 of 20
Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Practice Exercise 3
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

GENERALIZATION
❖ Geologic features are physical feature of the earth's surface - or of the rocks exposed at the
surface - that is formed by a geologic process.
❖ Also known as Landforms found on the surface of the earth created as a result of various forces
of nature such as wind, water, ice, and movement of tectonic plates.
❖ Examples are Volcanoes, mountains, rift valleys, plateaus
❖ Volcano is formed through subduction and magma formation.
❖ Mountains are formed through convergence of two plates.
❖ Plateau is formed when magma lifts up the large, flat, impenetrable rock above it
EVALUATION
DIRECTIONS: Read the following questions carefully and answer it correctly. Refer to the choices below.
A. mountain B. volcano C. valley D. plateau E. rift
1. Which geologic feature formed when two plates collide and one plate sinks beneath the other plate?
2. Mostly formed in the Earth’s lithosphere when plates were pushed from opposite ends.
3. What happen when magma deep inside the Earth pushes toward the surface but fails to break through
the crust?
4. Which geologic feature are formed through erosion or the gradual wearing down of the land by wind and
water?
5. Which geologic feature resulted to the spreading apart of the surface, which is subsequently further
deepened by the forces of erosion?
For numbers 6 ,7 and 8 complete the process and write it in the box provided.
For numbers 9 and 10
Reference:
1. Book: Exploring Life Through Science, Earth and Life Science, Phoenix Publishing House Tarbuck Earth
Science 13th.pdf
Prepared by:
ROSEMINDA K. TAPONG
KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________



Learning Target
Describe how the layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed.
BRIEF DISCUSSION
Are these rocks stratified?
If it is a yes, your guess is correct.

If it is a no, I’ll help you discover it.
WHAT IS A
STRATIFIED ROCK?
Stratified rocks have visible bands of minerals. Bands run in lines that resemble layering.
The bands are minerals that grouped together during the extreme pressure.
SOME EXAMPLE OF
STRATIFIED ROCKS
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

HOW STRATIFIED
ROCKS FORMED?
Stratification occurs as a result of a density differential between two water layers and can arise as a
result of the differences in salinity, temperature, or a combination of both. Stratification is more likely
when the mixing forces of wind and wave action are minimal and this occurs more often in the summer
months.
Common sedimentary rocks include sandstone, limestone, and shale. These rocks often start as
sediments carried in rivers and deposited in lakes and oceans. When buried, the sediments lose water
and become cemented to form rock.
During the formation of sedimentary rocks, the sediments are deposited in waterbodies and get sorted
out according to their size. The sediments accumulate in different layers or strata arranged one above the
other ..... Therefore, sedimentary rocks are also called stratified rocks.
Stratification, the layering that occurs in most sedimentary rocks and in those igneous rocks formed at the
Earth's surface, as from lava flows and volcanic fragmental deposits. The layers range from several
millimeters to many meters in thickness and vary greatly in shape.
KNOW THE STEPS
PROCESSES
WEATHERING – physical and chemical processes that breaks down rocks on Earth’s surface.
TRANSPORT – movement of sediments from one place to another.
DEPOSITION – natural process of depositing sediments
COMPACTION - process in which sediment is squeezed and in which the size of the pore space between
sediment grains is reduced by the weight and pressure of overlying layers.
CEMENTATION - process in which sediments are glued together by minerals that are deposited by water.
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Let us have a tour.

Are you ready student, fastened your seat belt.
ALAPAD ROCK,
.
BATAN BATANES
Our first stop is located along the
coastline of Imnajbu in Batan Island,
Alapad Rock stands among the many
stunning spots that Batanes is known
for. This was formed by tectonic
movements and strong water current
The last stretch of our trip

SALTA, ARGENTINA BEDFORD, CANADA
gives new meaning to the
phrase “high desert.” When
we get to the top of the Los
Cardones National Park—
named after the giant
cacti—we’re at nearly
3,500 meters in altitude
(11,342 feet).. From here
we can see the road
winding down the
mountain, curving back and
forth through several
ecosystems until it hits a
lush jungle area.
On our second stop is somewhere in Bedford Canada. The Berea

sandstone, the surface equivalent of the Berea sand, and the
genetically related underlying Bedford shale form a wedge of
sedimentary rocks lying between two black shales, the Ohio
below and the Sunbury above. The Bedford shale was deposited
in part sub aerially upon a delta and in part sub- aqueously as
offshore beds along the delta front.
EXERCISES
Practice Exercise 1
Are you ready for your last game? This will take you more time and a lot of help
from family members.
Page 8 of 20
Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Practice Exercise 2
Practice Exercise 3
Page 9 of 20
Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

GENERALIZATION
❖ Stratification occurs as a result of a density differential between two water layers and can arise as a
result of the differences in salinity, temperature, or a combination of both. Stratification is more likely
when the mixing forces of wind and wave action are minimal and this occurs more often in the summer
months.
❖ Common sedimentary rocks include sandstone, limestone, and shale. These rocks often start as
sediments carried in rivers and deposited in lakes and oceans. When buried, the sediments lose
water and become cemented to form rock.
❖ PROCESSES INVOLVED:
❖ WEATHERING – physical and chemical processes that breaks down rocks on Earth’s surface.
❖ TRANSPORT – movement of sediments from one place to another.
❖ DEPOSITION – natural process of depositing sediments
❖ COMPACTION - process in which sediment is squeezed and in which the size of the pore space
between sediment grains is reduced by the weight and pressure of overlying layers.
❖ CEMENTATION - process in which sediments are glued together by minerals that are deposited by
water.
EVALUATION
Reference:
Science 13th.pdf
Prepared by:
ROSEMINDA K. TAPONG
Page 10 of 20
Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________



Learning Target
Describe different methods (relative/absolute dating) to describe the age of stratified rocks.
BRIEF DISCUSSION
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

PRINCIPLE OF ORIGINAL
HORIZONTALITY
Simply stated, it means that layers of
sediment are generally deposited in a
horizontal position. Thus, if we observe
rock layers that are flat, it means they
have not been disturbed and thus still
have their original horizontality. The
layers in Canyonlands National Park (see
chapter-opening photo) and the Grand
Canyon (see Figure 11.2). However, if the
layers are folded or inclined at a steep
angle, they must have been moved into
that position by crustal disturbances
sometime after their deposition (Figure
11.4)
PRINCIPLE OF CROSS-CUTTING
RELATIONSHIPS
When a fault cuts through other rocks, or when

magma intrudes and crystallizes, we can
assume that the fault or intrusion is younger
than the rocks affected. For example, in Figure
11.5, the faults and dikes clearly must have
occurred after the sedimentary layers were
deposited.
By applying the cross-cutting principle, you can
see that fault A occurred after the sandstone
layer was deposited because it “broke” the layer.
However, fault A occurred before the
conglomerate was laid down because that layer
is unbroken.
We can also state that dike B and its associated
sill are older than dike A because dike A cuts the
sill. In the same manner, we know that the
Batholith was emplaced after movement
occurred along fault B, but before dike B was
formed. This is true because the batholith cuts
across fault B, and dike B cuts across the
batholith.
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

RADIOACTIVITY
HOW DOES ABSOLUTE DATING
DESCRIBE THE AGE OF STRATIFIED The forces that bind protons and neutrons together
ROCKS? in the nucleus usually are strong. However, in some
isotopes, the nuclei are unstable because the forces
binding protons and neutrons together are not strong
enough. As a result, the nuclei spontaneously break
apart (decay), a process called radioactivity.
Certainly among the most important results of the

discovery of radioactivity is that it provided a reliable
means of calculating the ages of rocks and minerals
that contain particular radioactive isotopes, a
procedure called RADIOMETRIC DATING.
Of the many radioactive isotopes that exist in
HALF-LIFE nature, five have proved particularly useful in
The time required for one half of the nuclei in a providing radiometric ages for ancient rocks.
sample to decay is called the half-life of the isotope. Rubidium-87, thorium-232, and the two isotopes of
Half-life is a common way of expressing the rate of uranium are used only for dating rocks that are
radioactive disintegration. Figure 11.17 illustrates millions of years old, but potassium-40 is more
what occurs when a radioactive parent decays versatile. Although the half-life of potassium-40 is
directly into its stable daughter product. When the 1.3 billion years, analytical techniques make
quantities of parent and daughter are equal (ratio possible the detection of tiny amounts of its stable
1:1), we know that one half-life has transpired. daughter product, argon-40, in some rocks that are
When one-quarter of the original parent atoms younger than 100,000 years.
remain and three-quarters have decayed to the
daughter product, the parent/daughter ratio is 1:3
and we know that two half-lives have passed. After
three half-lives, the ratio of parent atoms to daughter
atoms is 1:7 (one parent for every seven daughter
atoms).
If the half-life of a radioactive isotope is known and

the parent/ daughter ratio can be measured, the
age of the sample can be calculated. For example,
assume that the half-life of a hypothetical unstable
isotope is 1 million years and the parent/daughter
ratio in a sample is 1:15. Such a ratio indicates that
four half-lives have passed and that the sample
must be 4 million years old.
DATING WITH CARBON-14
To date very recent events, carbon-14 is used. Carbon-14 is the

radioactive isotope of carbon. The process is often called
radiocarbon dating. Because the half-life of carbon-14 is only 5,730
years, it can be used for dating events from the historic past as well
as those from very recent geologic history. In some cases, carbon-14
can be used to date events as far back as 75,000 years. Carbon-14
is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere as a consequence
of cosmic-ray bombardment. Cosmic rays, which are high-energy
particles, shatter the nuclei of gas
atoms, releasing neutrons. Some of the neutrons are absorbed by

nitrogen atoms (atomic number 7), causing their nuclei to emit a
proton. As a result, the atomic number decreases by 1 (to 6), and a
different element, carbon-14, is created (Figure 11.18A). This
isotope of carbon quickly becomes incorporated into carbon dioxide,
which circulates in the atmosphere and is absorbed by living matter.
As a result, all organisms contain a small amount of carbon-14,
including you.
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

EXERCISES
Practice Exercise 1
Practice Exercise 2
Practice Exercise 3
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

GENERALIZATION
Relative dating is the science of determining the relative order of past events, without necessarily determining
their absolute age. In geology, rock or superficial deposits, fossils and lithologies can be used to correlate one
stratigraphic column with another.
• PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
• PRINCIPLE OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY
• PRINCIPLE OF CROSS-CUTTING RELATIONSHIPS
Absolute dating is the process of determining an age on a specified chronology in archaeology and geology.
Some scientists prefer the terms chronometric or calendar dating, as use of the word "absolute" implies an
unwarranted certainty of accuracy.
• RADIOACTIVITY/ RADIOMETRIC DATING
• HALF-LIFE
• DATING WITH CARBON-14
EVALUATION
Reference:
Science 13th.pdf
Prepared by:
ROSEMINDA K. TAPONG
Page 15 of 20
Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________



Learning Target
Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic
time.
BRIEF DISCUSSION
MAIN IDEA: The key to understanding the past is by understanding the present.
Most rocks are sedimentary rocks. They are

formed from older rocks that have been broken
down by water or wind. The older rocks
become sedimentary particles such as gravel,
sand and mud. These particles can also bury
dead plants and animals. As time goes by, the
particles accumulate, and those that are at the
bottom of the pile become rocks. Gravel
becomes conglomerate; sand becomes
sandstone; and mud becomes shale or
mudstone.
The animals or plants buried with them

become fossils. These series of events form
the different layers of rocks. Sedimentary
rocks provide useful information in relative
dating. WHY??????
• They are formed from fragments of other types of rocks

• New sedimentary rock layers are almost always flat
• Fossils are deposited in the sedimentary layers of rocks
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

EXERCISES
Practice Exercise 1
Research on the contributions to Earth Science of each of the following
scientists/geologists:
1. Nicholas Steno
2. Abraham Gottlob Werner
3. William “Strata” Smith
4. Charles Lyell
LET’S LEARN ABOUT IT!!!

• What is Relative Dating?
• What is Absolute Dating?
Methods to Determine the Age of Stratified Rocks:
There are two methods of determining the ages of rocks: relative dating and absolute dating.
• Relative Dating is a method of arranging geological events based on the rock sequence.
• Absolute Dating is a method that gives an actual date or age of the rock or period of an
event.
*RELATIVE DATING cannot provide actual numerical dates of rocks. It only tells that one
rock is older than the other but does not tell how old each of the rock is.
In the early mid-1600’s, a Danish scientist, Nicholas Steno, studied the relative positions of
sedimentary rocks. He discovered that they settle based on their relative weight or size in a
fluid. The largest or heaviest particles settle first, and the smallest or the lightest particles
settle last. Any slight changes in the particle size or composition may result in the formation
of layers called beds. Layering or bedding is a distinct quality of sedimentary rocks. The
layered rocks are also called strata.
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Page 18 of 20
Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

In investigating the history of the Earth, it is important to establish chronology – events in order
of occurrence in time. The Geologic Time Scale is used by scientist to describe timing and
relationship between past events in Earth’s history.
The Geologic Time Scale shows the geologic time intervals based on the geologic rock
records, which describes the relationships between the events that happened throughout the
Earth’s history. The sequence of events is based on the radiometric dating of igneous rocks
associated with the fossil-bearing sedimentary rocks.
A geologic time scale is revised as more fossil-bearing sedimentary rocks are dated.
It is calibrated by integrating results from relative and absolute dating.
HOW THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE IS CALIBRATED?

• Raw data composed of strata or layers are reviewed.
• The unique succession of events in the layer is recognized based on the laws of relative
dating leading to a chronological order of events.
• Numerical or absolute age of the events are given using absolute dating or radiometric
methods. Absolute dating provides the age for the ash layers while relative dating
provides at least six strata with relative ages- first and last occurrences of the fossils
and the volcanic eruption events.
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Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Practice Exercise 2
GENERALIZATION
The two methods of determining the age of rocks, relative dating and absolute dating are
essential tools to know the age, events or the history of Earth.
When relative ages were known, scientists also use a variety of absolute dating methods to determine
precisely when particular rocks were formed. Many different rocks from different strata around the
world have been dated this way.
The results of the relative dating and absolute dating were integrated to create a geologic time scale.
References:
1. Quipper School
2. Exploring Life Through Science Series www.pubs.usgs.gov/gip/fossils/
3. www.paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/foundation_dating2.html www.slideshow.net/mrcoyleteach/the
geological-time-scale
Prepared by:
MARIFE M. MAGDATO
PASAY CITY WEST HIGH SCHOOL
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MODULE CODE: PASAY-G11/12-ELS-S1-Q1-W3-D1

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION - NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Describe the formation of different geologic features of the Earth.

Your Lesson for Today

Volcanoes are formed when magma at the center of the Earth

Most mountains formed from Earth's tectonic

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

For numbers 9 and 10

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION - NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Describe how the layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed.

Your Lesson for Today

Are these rocks stratified?

If it is a yes, your guess is correct.

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

KNOW THE STEPS

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Let us have a tour.

The last stretch of our trip

On our second stop is somewhere in Bedford Canada. The Berea

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION - NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Your Lesson for Today

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

When a fault cuts through other rocks, or when

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Certainly among the most important results of the

If the half-life of a radioactive isotope is known and

DATING WITH CARBON-14

To date very recent events, carbon-14 is used. Carbon-14 is the

atoms, releasing neutrons. Some of the neutrons are absorbed by

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION - NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Most rocks are sedimentary rocks. They are

The animals or plants buried with them

• They are formed from fragments of other types of rocks

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

LET’S LEARN ABOUT IT!!!

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

HOW THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE IS CALIBRATED?

Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ______________________

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