Seismic Design

Methodology Document
for Precast Concrete
Diaphragms
 PCI
CPF
NSF
NEES
Seismic Design Methodology Document for Precast Concrete Diaphragms
 Rs

Low, Moderate and High

Deformability Elements or LDE, MDE, HDE
v

diaphragm reinforcement
 Rs , v
LDE, MDE, HDE

Elastic Design Option

LDE
Diaphragm Seismic Demand Levels

High
Basic Design Option

MDE

inelastic deformation opening

Reduced Design Option

HDE

Eeff, Geff

Seismic Design Methodology Document

LDE, MDE and HDE

Seismic Design Methodology Document

 o

o Fpx proposal IT06-001 2014 ASCE 7

provisions Rs

o
o

diaphragm seismic demand level

diaphragm design option

diaphragm reinforcement classification

diaphragm design forces, using ASCE 7 proposal IT06-001

diaphragm design force reduction factors Rs diaphragm design option
diaphragm required strength

v
diaphragm reinforcement classification (See Step B below)

diaphragm stiffness, effective elastic modulus Eeff shear

modulus Geff diaphragm-amplified gravity column drift

Elastic, Basic, or Reduced diaphragm seismic

demand level diaphragm reinforcement classification

Low, Moderate, or High

 SDC n
L AR
SDC

Low
Low
High
High

Commentary
 •
• Rs

•
• Rs
ASCE 7 proposal IT06-001.
•

•
• Rs

Precast Diaphragm
Reinforcement Qualification Procedure Seismic Design Methodology Document.
 x Cpx

x fx

Fp x fx Cpx wpx Rs

Fpx fx wpx

wpx x
Fp x x
Rs

Rs
See Table 12.11.5-1, IT06-001

Rs

Rs

required
Cpx

Appendix 4

fx
 Vu, Mu Nu,
Fpx

Fpx

See
Comments below

Fpx

Seismic Design
Methodology Document

•
Nu = 0
•

PCI Seismic Design Manual

Eeff Geff ,
E G .

Seismic Design
Methodology Document
Precast Diaphragm Reinforcement Qualification Procedure
Appendix 1 Prequalified Precast Diaphragm Reinforcement

kt, kv
tn , vn

Precast Diaphragm Reinforcement Qualification Procedure

Appendix 1 Prequalified Precast Diaphragm Reinforcement

Nn, Vn, Mn

Mu Nu Vu
v

f Mn f Nn vV n

Vu, Mu , and Nu,

Nn tn
Vn vn

flexural

Mn My

d
Mn My

Mn d My

My
d

My tnchrd d’ tnchrd Asfy

d’ Commentary
d Mp/My
1.0 pretopped 1.25 topped
My d
 Precast Diaphragm Reinforcement Qualification Procedure Seismic
Design Methodology Document.

secondary

My Mp

Seismic Design Methodology Document.

• Appendix 1

Commentary

o
o
Eeff
Geff Eeff Geff

Eeff Geff

Seismic Design Methodology

Document for Precast Concrete Diaphragms.
Diaphragm Seismic Design Methodology Document

”
c C cb
 FDia

Eeff Geff.

Eeff Geff

C C L AR

C r dia AR
C r dia AR
C r dia AR
AR

Seismic Design Methodology Document.

 Fdia,x Fpx .

E n AR E

D n AR D

R n AR R

n
AR AR
n

vE

vD AR

vR AR

AR
AR

x x
x

Fx

The approximate structure fundamental period Ta in ASCE 7 Section 12.8.2 shall be used to
calculate the controlling seismic response coefficient Cs
Fpn
The lower bound diaphragm design force 0.2SDSIwpx shall apply in the calculation of Fpn
(ASCE 7 Section 12.10.1.1), where terms SDS , I , wpx are defined in ASCE7-05
 n Cdia
C dia n F pn w pn
x
FDx x Cdia wpx
x diaphragm force vertical distribution factor,

FDia x FDx

Commentary Appendix 4
required

Step 5 Comm

x Appendix 4 Commentary
 Vn Mn Mn L

L’
Diaphragm seismic demand level
Diaphragm design option
Diaphragm design forces
Diaphragm required strength
Diaphragm connection design
Diaphragm stiffness
Cd,dia
Cr,dia
Eeff
Fx
Geff
h
kt, kv
L
Nu, Vu, Mu
n
tn , vn
wpx
dia
dia, el
f
v
col
dia
LFRS
V

Cdia,max
Cvc
FDia,x
FDx
x
0
 Background on the Seismic Design
Methodology.
Appendix C

Elastic Design Option

Maximum Considered Earthquake
Rs

Low Deformability Elements

Basic Design Option
Design Basis Earthquake Rs

Moderate Deformability Elements

Reduced Design Option Rs

High Deformability Elements Rs

inelastic deformation
opening

Rs < 1.0

Rs = 1.0

Rs > 1.0

E
D R

Rs
Rs
Rs

Appendix A1

Fdia dia
T

MDE HDE
a a

E D R
Rs

TyEDO

TyBDO

TyRDO
FyRDO

MDE HDE
a a
 TMCE TyEDO E TMCE tn Dx
TDBE TyBDO MCE
MDE
a D TDBE tn Dx

MCE
HDE
a R TyRDO tn Dx

Figure c-i

Figure c-i a Ftop

c-i b
Figure c-i b
T
c-i b
Fpx c-i b
Fpx ”
c-i b Fpx
” c-i b
 Fig. C-IIIa
Fig. C-IIIb Appendix A2
Commentary

Figure c-ii
c-ii

c-ii
 C

c
Low, Moderate, and High

Low, Moderate, and High

Sec 5.1 Low

Low
Moderate
High
Moderate

diaphragm seismic demand levels

Basic Design Option

Design Basis Earthquake

Maximum Considered Earthquake

moderate deformability element MDE
” See Commentary, Step 2
MDE
reinforcement Figure c-1
 Figure c-1a

Triangle ” ” efficient and safe

Square ” unsafe
Circle ” inefficient
equally

unsafe safe efficient inefficient

High Moderate Low

Figure c-1b ’
AR=1.0 high moderate
’ AR=3.0 low
moderate ’
’
’
 Elastic, Basic and
Reduced

Diaphragm Design Option

Low Moderate
High

Low Seismic Demand Level

Moderate Seismic Demand Level

Moderate Seismic Demand Level High Seismic Demand Level

High Seismic Demand Level

Diaphragm Reinforcement Classification

low deformability element moderate deformability

element high deformability element
greater

lower
Diaphragm Design Option
 High Seismic Demand Level

MDE reinforcement

elastic diaphragm response in the DBE

MCE
Figure c-1a
”

LDE, MDE and HDE

Figure c-2

Figure c-1a
High Diaphragm Seismic Demand
” Moderate Deformability Elements
with the 15% force increase

Moderate Seismic Demand Level

 Diaphragm Reinforcement Classification

Precast Diaphragm Reinforcement

Qualification Procedure Seismic Design Methodology Document for Precast
Concrete Diaphragms .
Precast Diaphragm Reinforcement Qualification
Procedure,
.
high deformability elements moderate
deformability elements low deformability elements

” HDE reinforcement ” MDE reinforcement

LDE reinforcement

” ”
high deformability element moderate deformability element
low deformability

inelastic deformation
opening

Appendix 1

Qualification Procedure

cumulative
maximum Qualification Procedure
Figure c-3 cumulative
maximum

absolute deformations ” ”
Figure c-4

’ ’
Figure c-4a Figure c-4b
 (Fpx)
diaphragm force reduction factor Rs

E D R
See Appendix 3

E D R

See PART 5: Sec. 5.4

D
See Comm., Apdx.
3 See text box below

Rs

x fx
fx fx MDD ADVE
revised procedure aligned to the based on the FMR method is the design procedure
contained in PART 1, in anticipation of the future code revisions; the original DSDM procedure is
preserved in Appendix 3 for use with current code
Figure c-5
found in Appendix 4

APPENDIX 4:

Rs

Diaphragm Force Reduction Factors (Rs)

diaphragm force reduction factor Rs

See PART 5: Sec.

5.3
Table 12.11.5-1
Rs

Rs
Rs
Table 12.11.5-1

Rs

Commentary for Appendix 3 Rs

local

global

Refer to Fig. C-II

Rs

local

global , red local

Rs Figure c-7(b)
Rs global , red
 Rs

global

Rdia- local
Rdia

Rdia local Rdia

Rs
local
Rdia- local
Figure c-6

that met the performance targets

Figure c-6

Figure c-6

Rdia AR
 Figure c-6
Rdia

Rdia
o

global - local

Figure c-7

AR
global
local Figure c-6 Figure c-7a
Rdia- global
Figure c-7a.

global local Rdia global

global local Rdia- global

Figure c-7 Rs
Diaphragm Shear Overstrength Factor ( v)

v Rs
 v

v
v Appendix A1

Vmax

Vu

Vmax Vu

Vmax Vu

Figure c-8 Vmax Vu

v v

v
Fig. c-8 (See
Commentary, Appendix 4)

v = 1.4Rs
v = 1.4Rs

Commentary Step 4

“Capacity Design Considerations for Precast Diaphragms”, Commentary to Appendix 5

 Nu, Vu, Mu

Fdiax

Horizontal Beam Analogy

wuL2/8 = FpxL/8 wuL/2 = Fpx/2

discussed later in this

Commentary step
also discussed later in this Commentary step

See Comments for Step 4 in

PART 1

wuL2/8

See Commentary Step 4

 Fpx

Rigid vs. Flexible Diaphragms

vertical
horizontal

Fpx/2

discussed later in this

Commentary step
 PCI Seismic Design Manual

Semi-Rigid Diaphragm Model

E
G

Eeff Geff.
Eeff Geff ,
E G.
cracked uncracked Ec Gc
S11

0.5Ec Ec
 Fpx

Fi
Fpx

Analysis using Design Aids

Seismic Design Methodology Document

Analysis using Rational Methods

Figure c-9
Figure C-IIIa

Fig. C-IIIa

Design Methodology

Figure c-10

Fig. c-10a

Fig. c-10b

See Commentary Step 4

 Seismic Design Methodology Document for Precast Concrete
Diaphragms. Precast Diaphragm Reinforcement Qualification Procedure

that have been prequalified

that have not been prequalified
Qualification Procedure

Qualification Procedure

Qualification Procedure
Prequalified Connections

secondary

flexural
tension deformation
 tension Fpx=wL

shear

Vu=Fpx /2

Mu=FpxL/8

text box

Figure c-11

tension tension
 Qualification Procedure

tn
vn

kt
kv

tn, vn

Figure c-12

kt k
vy
ty vy
ty

” ”
 Mu Nu vVu
Eqn. 2 from PART I
f Mn f Nn vV n

at a given joint

Nn, Vn, Mn

Nu, Vu, Mu

See text box

•

Figure c-13

Fig. c-13
not shown
tension shear

Fig. c-13
 Figure c-14

maximum
Figure c-15 inelastic

Rs v

Fig. c-14
elastic
Figure c-15

Fig. c-15a
”
Fig. c-15b
 Diaphragm Nominal Strength
Vn Mn

Nn
Mn

Mn
Mn My Eqn. 4a from PART 1

d
Mn My Eqn. 4b from PART 1

Mn d My Eqn. 4c from PART 1

My d

My Mp

Mp/My

d My

Mp= d My
My
tnchrd d’ tnchrd Asfy d’
 d 1.0)

1.0 pretopped 1.25 topped

Figure c-16
My Figure c-16a

Fig. c-16b

Mp My Mp My
shear reinforcement

Figure c-16a
 Diaphragm Strength and Stiffness Calculations

3.3 DIAPHRAGM JOINT STIFFNESS AND

STRENGTH CALCULATION” Seismic Design Methodology.

Seismic Design Methodology.

Design Aid Spreadsheet Design Methodology .
Please
refer to PART 3 Seismic Design Methodology for full details of the method and spreadsheet.
Rational Method Summary

My Mp

Rational Method Terminology

Ec
cb
d0
s0 c/3
Cconc C
s’ s c
c0
s
2/3(d-s0-c)

d s 1
2/3(d-c)

s Tconn
Ttopping
s
s0 Tchord
d0 b

Kt,chord Kv,chord Ty,chord Vy,chord y,chord K't,chord

Kt,conn Kv,conn Ty,conn Vy,conn y,conn K't,conn
Kt,topping Kv,topping Ty,topping Vy,topping y,topping K't,topping
A. Diaphragm Stiffness

c
A A AA
c
A

A E c t b K t conn s K t topping s
A K t chord K t conn s d s K t topping s d d

A K tc d d K t conn s d s K t topping s d d

c0

c c

K c chord c d K c conn s c s
c
K c chord c d K c conn s c s

c c d

K
K t conn K t topping
K E c tc c K t chord d d c d s c d c d
b s s

K
d s
K K v chord K v conn d s K v topping
s
Eeff

E c bK
E eff
bK Ec I

Geff

bGc K
Geff
bK AGc

Eeff Geff

Eeff Geff
B. Diaphragm Yield Moment

y= y,chord/(d-d0-c) y,conn/(d-s0-c) y,topping/(d-2d0-c)

K’

K’

My

My K y

C. Diaphragm Plastic Moment Mp

c d

c0

d c s d c s d c d d c d
Mp Ty chord d d c c Ty conn c Ty topping c
s s

d Mp My

Diaphragm Joint Shear Strength Calculation

Vn vn Eqn. 3b from PART 1

d s d d
Vn Vy chord Vy conn Vy topping
s s
Diaphragm Joint Axial Strength Calculation

Nn

Nn tn Eqn. 3a from PART 1

d s d d
Nn T y chord T y conn T y topping
s s

Figure c-17

Mu
 Eeff Geff

Discussion on Diaphragm Stiffness

CuTa

Background A1)
 Background
Commentary Step 4
Commentary Step 4

Drift Check Determination

Precast Diaphragm Effective Stiffness

Eeff Geff

Eeff Geff

Eeff Geff
Eeff Geff

Eeff Geff

Eeff Geff

Figure c-17
Commentary for Step 4

See text box

Appendix 2, Table A-2.3

Commentary Step 2
Appendix 2, Table A-2.2
Verification of Design Factors
A-2.3

A-2.2

See Preface to Commentary

See text box

recommended

See text box

Verification of Design Factors, Preface to Commentary

Background

See text box, Fig c-21a

Lsp
NSP
NSP

VSP
MSP
MSP

VSP
 Semi-Rigid Diaphragm Model

v Vi AGeffi
i
Vi i A
Geffi i
n

w’

Precast Diaphragm Effective Stiffness

dia dia, i dia, i-1 h dia, i dia, i-1
i i-1
h dia

See PART 5: Background

dia

col
LFRS

Cr,dia

dia dia Cr,dia h Eqn. A2-2

Cr,dia
dia dia
 dia

dia
Cd,dia
Cd,dia
See text box Cd,dia

Cd,dia

Commentary Preface Cd,dia

 baseline

n L
AR AR

Nu, Vu, Mu

MCE

DBE

MCE
high deformability element HDE ”

Original Expressions
L AR
E n AR
L AR
D n AR
L AR
R n AR

n
L
AR AR
L AR
 Appendix A1

that produced

Calibration of Design Factors Preface to the Commentary

R n

E n D n
D n n
R
E n
 n

LFRS Overstrength Factor (

Mn/Mu

See text box

Preface to the Commentary

Appendix A1.
’ ’

Design Basis Earthquake

Diaphragm Force for Long Period Structures

See text
box

Ta

0.2SDSIwpx
Appendix A1
’ ’

Ta
T T2
T1
 v

: Diaphragm Shear Overstrength Factors ( v)

v
v
Appendix A1
Vmax

Vu

Vmax Vu

Vmax Vu

v
Fig. c-
31 (See Commentary, Appendix 4)

: Appendix A1

Commentary Preface Part 5:

Background
 Commentary Step 4

Appendix 5, Capacity Design Considerations

v
v
v required
v

n
x
n
x x

x n x n x n n
n
x

x n x x n n
x n x n x n n
n x x

x
x
Fpx

x x

x
x

x
x
Preface to Commentary

Preface to Commentary Appendix A2

Appendix A2

Fpx n Fpn
Sec. 12.10.1.1
Fx Sec. 12.8.1-12.8.3
acceleration
Cdia wpn
 x FDx
acceleration
diaphragm force vertical distribution factor, x
x

Substep (4) Fx seismic response

coefficient Cs Sec. 12.8.3 approximate structure fundamental
period Ta text box
associated with Fig. c-30
Substep (5) lower bound
diaphragm design force 0.2SDSIwpx Sec. 12.10.1.1} Fpx
Commentary
0.4SDSIwpx Sec. 12.10.1.1}

Substep (6)
Fx

Cdia

Refer to text box Fig. c-30

Ta

0.2SDSIwpx
Alternate Diaphragm Design Force Procedure (basis for PART 1 procedure for )

”
”

Rdia AR MDE

AR

”
”

Fdia x Ax wx Rdia
wx x
Ax
 M/V
Background

qsw

RLFRS RLFRS

qsw

Vn Mn Mn L

L’

w w

’ ’/2
Collectors and Diaphragm to LFRS Connections

Overstrength
Demand

Actual
strength

Demand

Design force
Design moment
Seismic Design Methodology Document for Precast Concrete Diaphragms
 Prequalified Precast Diaphragm Reinforcement

”
c C cb
 Precast Diaphragm Reinforcement Qualification Procedure

Seismic Design Methodology Document for Precast Concrete Diaphragms

Tmax Vmax
 ith (i-1)th

b b

Pa P1 Pb
P2 P2a P3 a 1, b, 2, 2a 3 Ke
 P2 Pmax
Pa Pmax
a
Ke Pa / a b P2/Ke

Pb
1 P1

Pb P b
P Ke
Ke b Pb P

P3 Pmax 3

2a 2 3 P2a

2 1

Stiffness

Ke
Deformation Capacity

Deformation Category

Tension Force Capacity

P2
P1

Shear Force Capacity

P1
P1
1
P1
1
Ke
 Commentary on Precast Diaphragm Reinforcement Qualification
Protocol

An Evaluation Method for Precast Concrete Diaphragm Connectors

Based on Structural Testing

Seismic Design Methodology Document for Precast

Concrete Diaphragms

Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary (ACI 318R-08)
adequacy of connections to transfer forces between
members shall be determined by analysis or by test

PCI Design Handbook: Precast and Prestressed Concrete

PCI Connection Manual for Precast and Prestressed Concrete Construction

 Building Seismic Safety Committee TS4

Existing Experimental Methods

 Monotonic Shear

Cyclic Shear

Monotonic Tension

Cyclic Tension and Compression

Monotonic Shear with Proportional Tension

Cyclic Shear with Axial Force Control

Monotonic Shear with Proportional Tension

Cyclic Shear with Axial Force Control

F1 F2
Ft F1 F2
Ft Ft
Ft Ft
Tmax
Vmax
F
F
Ft
Pmax
Pa
Pb
P1
P2
P2a
P3
a
1
b
2
2a
3
Ke

T
Lehigh Test Database
 References
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures

PCI Journal
PCI Design Handbook: Precast and Prestressed Concrete

PCI Connection Manual for Precast and Prestressed

Concrete Construction.

PCI Journal

PCI Journal

Research Report

PCI Journal

PCI Journal

PCI Journal
PCI
Journal

Building Code Requirements for Structural

Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary (ACI 318R-08).
 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings

NEHRP Commentary on the Guidelines for

the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings
Seismic Design Methodology Document for Precast Concrete Diaphragms
 not required

R
Cd
 R Cd
C1, C2, J m

inelastic
 research
design

is not

This method is promoted for use with the diaphragm design methodology, if computer structural
analysis is desired.

This method is suggested as an alternative for use with the diaphragm design methodology, if
computer structural analysis is desired.

research capacity

This method is not necessary for the design of precast diaphragms using the design methodology.

research seismic
demands

This method is not necessary for the design of precast diaphragms using the design methodology.

Fpx
Mmax = Fpx Vmax = Fpx
bAsFy > Mmax/d nv = Vmax / vVn
 E G

Isolated Diaphragm Model

Full Structural Model

Fi
Fpx

Fpx
Eeff Geff Eeff

Eeff
 w FDx L L w FDx L

N lw w N Beam VSW wL N lw L
Vbeam VQLbeam I V w Lbeam L Q I d

x Lbeam
Nu xVbeam Lbeam
Vu Vsw wx xN beam Lbeam
Mu xVsw wx x N beam Lbeam

Lbeam x L
N u Vbeam
Vu Vsw wx N beam N lw x Lbeam
Mu xVsw wx N beam x Lbeam N lw x Lbeam

L x L

Nlw w
 w FDx L L w FDx L

N lw w N Beam wL N lw L
VSW ramp wL N lw L N beam
Vlw wL L Vbeam VQLbeam I
V W Lbeam L Q I d

x Lbeam
Nu
Vu VSW ramp wx xN beam Lbeam
Mu xVsw wx x N beam Lbeam

Lbeam x L
Nu
Vu Vsw wx N beam N lw x Lbeam
Mu xVsw wx N beam x Lbeam N lw x Lbeam x Lbeam Vlw d

L x L

Nlw w
Vlw
 n n n n n

n n n
n

n FDx L L n FDx L
n n n nL n Lbeam L Lbeam

q n q n qlw nL q q Lbeam L
Nt nd Lbeam N c nd L Lbeam

x Lbeam
Nu xq n Vu xN t Mu Nt x dxq

Lbeam x L Lbeam
N u q Lbeam qlw x Lbeam xn Vu Lbeam N t N c x Lbeam
Mu N t Lbeam x Lbeam dLbeam q d x Lbeam qlw N c x Lbeam

L Lbeam x L
N u q Lbeam qlw L q x Lbeam L Vu Lbeam N t N c x Lbeam
Mu N t Lbeam x Lbeam dLbeam q dL qlw N c x Lbeam
d x Lbean L q

q q N
N
 n

n FDx L L n FDx L

qlw ramp nL L
V beam nLbeam

x Lbeam
Nu V beam L n x Vu Mu

Lbeam x L
Nu V beam nx qlw ramp x Lbeam Vu Mu

L x L

Vlw

Nu Vu F px Mu

Nu N cb Vu qlw b Mu

Nu N beam Vu Vbeam Mu N beam Lbeam

 w FDx L L w FDx L

N lw w VSW wL N lw L

x Lbeam
Nu
Vu wx
Mu wx

Lbeam x L
Nu
Vu Vsw wx N lw x Lbeam
Mu x Lbeam Vsw wx N lw x Lbeam

L x L

Nlw w
 w FDx L L w FDx L

N lw w

VSW ramp wL N lw L Vlw wL L

VSW ramp wL N lw L Vlw wL L

x Lbeam
Nu
Vu wx
Mu wx

Lbeam x L
Nu
Vu Vsw wx N lw x Lbeam
Mu x Lbeam Vsw wx N lw x Lbeam x Lbeam Vlw d

L x L

w w
w w
 n n n n n

n n n
n

n FDx L L n FDx L
n n n nL n Lbeam L Lbeam

q n q n qlw nL q q Lbeam L
Nt nd Lbeam N c nd L Lbeam

x Lbeam
Nu xq n Vu xN t Mu Nt x dxq

Lbeam x L Lbeam
N u q Lbeam qlw x Lbeam xn Vu Lbeam N t N c x Lbeam
Mu N t Lbeam x Lbeam dLbeam q d x Lbeam qlw N c x Lbeam

L Lbeam x L
N u q Lbeam qlw L q x Lbeam L Vu Lbeam N t N c x Lbeam
Mu N t Lbeam x Lbeam dLbeam q dL qlw N c x Lbeam
d x Lbean L q

q q N
N
 n

n FDx L L n FDx L

qlw ramp nL L
V beam nLbeam

x Lbeam
Nu V beam L n x Vu Mu

Lbeam x L
Nu V beam nx qlw ramp x Lbeam Vu Mu

L x L

Vlw

Nu Vu Vsw wLbeam Mu wLbeam

Nu N cb Vu qlw b Mu

Nu N t Lbeam Vu nLbeam Mu
 w FDx L

RLFRS wL

x L free
Nu Vu wx Mu wx

L free x L
Nu Vu RLFRS wx
Mu x Lbeam RLFRS wx

L x L

V Vu Qb I b Q I d

Nu Vu R LFRS wL free Mu wL free

 n F px L

q nL LLFRS

x L
Nu nx Vu Mu

L x L
Nu nx q x L
Vu Mu

L x L

Nu Vu nL Mu nLd
 w FDx L

R LFRS wL q SW wL LLFRS

x L
Nu Vu RLFRS wx Mu RLFRS x wx
L x L LLFRS
Nu Vu RLFRS wx
Mu x Lbeam RLFRS wx q sw x L d
L LLFRS x L
Nu Vu RLFRS wx
Mu x Lbeam RLFRS wx q sw LLFRS d
L x L

V Vu Qb I b Q I d

Nu Vu RLFRS Mu

qsw
 n FDx L

q nL LLFRS

x L
N u nx Vu Mu
L x L LLFRS
N u nx q x L
Vu Mu
L LLFRS x L
N u nx qLLFRS
Vu Mu

L x L

Nu Vu qLLFRS Mu
d
b
t

d0
n
s0
s
s’

Kt,chord Kv,chord Ty,chord Vy,chord dy,chord K't,chord

Kt,conn Kv,conn Ty,conn Vy,conn dy,conn K't,conn
Kt,topping Kv,topping Ty,topping Vy,topping dy,topping K't,topping
 1
c

C conc Ec c t c

c=c 1/b c

C conc Ec t b c

C
C C conc

Tchord K tc d d c

Tconn K t conn s d s c

Ttopping K t topping s d c d

T
T Tchord Tconn Ttopping

C=T c
Ac Ac A

A E c t b K t conn s K t topping s
A K t chord K t conn s d s K t topping s d d

A K tc d d K t conn s d s K t topping s d d

A A AA
c
A
 cb
d0
s0 c/3
Cconc C
s’ s c
c0
s

2/3(d-s0-c)
d s 1

2/3(d-c)
s

s Tconn
Ttopping
s
s0 Tchord
d0 b

c0

C
c c

co

K c chord c d K c conn s c s
c
K c chord c d K c conn s c s

Kc,chord Kc,conn

c c d

Eeff Geff

K
K =M/ 1

M C c Tchord d d c Tconn d s c Ttopping d c d

 K t conn K t topping
K E c tc c K t chord d d c d s c d c d
b s s

1 2

2=Mb/(EcI)

Eeff
Mb
t
E eff I
Eeff

Mb Mb M
E eff I Ec I K

E c bK
E eff
bK Ec I

K 1

V K

K K v chord nK v conn d s K v topping

2
V
Gc A

Geff
V
t
Geff A
Geff

V V V
Geff A Gc A K
 bGc K
Geff
bK AGc

d s d d
Nn T y chord T y conn T y topping
s s

d s d d
Vn V y chord V y conn V y topping
s s

1y

1y= y,chord/(d-d0-c) y,conn/(d-s0-c) y,topping/(d-2d0-c)

K’

c
c0 c
 K’

K’
My K y

c d

d c s d c s d c d d c d
Mp Ty chord d d c c Ty conn c Ty topping c
s s

Mn My
d
Mn My

Mn d My

My
d
Mp/My 1.0
pretopped 1.25 topped d

Nn nt n
 Vn nv n
nt n L J
Mn

v Vi AGeffi
i
Vi i A
Geffi i
n

w’
s
Seismic Design Methodology Document for Precast Concrete Diaphragms
’ ’ ’ ’ ’
’
’
Determine the Diaphragm Seismic Demand Level

Select Diaphragm Design Option and Appropriate Diaphragm Reinforcement Classification

Determine Diaphragm Design Force

x Cpx
Ta Ct H n T C u Ta

m zs n
m zs n

Cs n I e S DS
Cs I e S DS
Cs I e S DS n

Cp I e S DS

S DS SD
CS CS CS
R IE R IE T

C pi S DS I e
C pi m CS

C pn m CS m Cs

S DS SD
CS CS CS
R IE R IE T

C pi S DS I e
C pi m CS

C pn m CS m Cs

x fx

fx MDD ADVE

fx

Fpx fx Cpx wpx Rs

Fpx fx wpx

Rs
 Determine Diaphragm Internal Forces

Option 8b

Free Body Diagrams for Typical Precast Parking Structures

Design Aids for
Diaphragm Design: Spreadsheet Program
* Symmetric design will be applied although loading is not symmetric. The most critical diaphragm internal forces
are shown in the table for each symmetric joint.

Note: Critical force demand is marked as bond.

* Symmetric design will be applied although loading is not symmetric. The most critical diaphragm internal forces
are shown in the table for each symmetric joint.

Note: Critical force demand is marked as bond.

* Symmetric design will be applied although loading is not symmetric. The most critical diaphragm internal forces
are shown in the table for each symmetric joint.

Note: Critical force demand is marked as bond.

Design diaphragm reinforcement for required strength.

See Step 2
 Mu Nu Vu
M N V
f Mn f Nn vV n
Note: Symmetric design is applied. The chord bar cut-off and shear reinforcement space varying are conducted at
every three joint. Therefore not all joints are designed against the required diaphragm joint strength, i.e. M-N-V =
1.0
Note: Symmetric design is applied. The chord bar cut-off and shear reinforcement space varying are conducted at
every three joint. Therefore not all joints are designed against the required diaphragm joint strength, i.e. M-N-V =
1.0
Note: Symmetric design is applied. The chord bar cut-off and shear reinforcement space varying are conducted at
every three joint. Therefore not all joints are designed against the required diaphragm joint strength, i.e. M-N-V =
1.0
As Vu fy

As Vu fy
As Vu fy
Determine diaphragm stiffness and check gravity system drifts if applicable
’ ’ ’ ’ ’
’
’
Determine the Diaphragm Seismic Baseline Design Forces as per ASCE 7-05

Ta Ct H n T C u Ta

S DS SD
CS CS CS
R IE R IE T

S DS SD
CS CS CS
R IE R IE T

Cdia
FDx C
x dia wx

x x

x
 x

Determine the Diaphragm Seismic Demand Level

Select Diaphragm Design Option

Determine Required Diaphragm Reinforcement Classification

Determine Diaphragm Force Amplification Factor

 AR

Determine Diaphragm Shear Overstrength Factor

vE

vB AR

vR AR

Determine Diaphragm Design Force

 Determine Diaphragm Internal Forces

Option 8b

Free Body Diagrams for Typical Precast Parking Structures

Design Aids for
Diaphragm Design: Spreadsheet Program
* Symmetric design will be applied although loading is not symmetric. The most critical diaphragm internal forces
are shown in the table for each symmetric joint.

Note: Critical force demand is marked as bond.

* Symmetric design will be applied although loading is not symmetric. The most critical diaphragm internal forces
are shown in the table for each symmetric joint.

Note: Critical force demand is marked as bond.

* Symmetric design will be applied although loading is not symmetric. The most critical diaphragm internal forces
are shown in the table for each symmetric joint.

Note: Critical force demand is marked as bond.

 Select Diaphragm Reinforcement

See Step 4

Determine Diaphragm Reinforcement Properties:

Design the Diaphragm Reinforcement at Joints

Mu Nu Vu
M N V
f Mn f Nn vV n
Note: Symmetric design is applied. The chord bar cut-off and shear reinforcement space varying are conducted at
every three joint. Therefore not all joints are designed against the required diaphragm joint strength, i.e. M-N-V =
1.0
’

’
Note: Symmetric design is applied. The chord bar cut-off and shear reinforcement space varying are conducted at
every three joint. Therefore not all joints are designed against the required diaphragm joint strength, i.e. M-N-V =
1.0
Note: Symmetric design is applied. The chord bar cut-off and shear reinforcement space varying are conducted at
every three joint. Therefore not all joints are designed against the required diaphragm joint strength, i.e. M-N-V =
1.0
As Vu fy

As Vu fy
As Vu fy
Determine the diaphragm effective elastic modulus and shear modulus
Check the diaphragm induced gravity column drift
 ’ ’
’ ’ ’
’ ’
Determine the Diaphragm Seismic Baseline Design Forces as per ASCE 7-05

Ta Ct H n T C u Ta

S DS SD
CS CS CS
R IE R IE T

S DS SD
CS CS CS
R IE R IE T

Cdia
FDx x Cdia wx

x x
 x

Determine the Diaphragm Seismic Demand Level

Select Diaphragm Design Option

Determine Required Diaphragm Reinforcement Classification

Determine Diaphragm Force Amplification Factor

Determine Diaphragm Shear/Anchorage Overstrength Factor

vE

vR AR

Determine Diaphragm Design Force

 Determine Diaphragm Internal Forces

Option 8b

Free Body Diagrams for Typical Precast Parking Structures

Design Aids for
Diaphragm Design: Spreadsheet Program
* Symmetric design will be applied although loading is not symmetric. The most critical diaphragm internal forces
are shown in the table for each symmetric joint.

Note: Critical force demand is marked as bond.

* Symmetric design will be applied although loading is not symmetric. The most critical diaphragm internal forces
are shown in the table for each symmetric joint.

Note: Critical force demand is marked as bond.

Select Diaphragm Reinforcement Type Based on DRC

See Step 4
Determine Diaphragm Reinforcement Properties:

Design the Diaphragm Reinforcement at Joints

Mu Nu Vu
M N V
f Mn f Nn vV n
Note: Symmetric design is applied. The shear reinforcement space varying are conducted at every three joint.
Therefore not all joints are designed against the required diaphragm joint strength, i.e. M-N-V = 1.0
Note: Symmetric design is applied. The shear reinforcement space varying are conducted at every three joint.
Therefore not all joints are designed against the required diaphragm joint strength, i.e. M-N-V = 1.0
As Vu fy

As Vu fy
Determine the diaphragm effective elastic modulus and shear modulus
Check the diaphragm induced gravity column drift
 ’ ’ ’
’

”
Determine the Diaphragm Seismic Baseline Design Forces as per ASCE 7-05

Ta Ct H n T C u Ta
S DS SD
CS CS CS
R IE R IE T

Cdia
FDx C
x dia wx

x
Ta Ct H n T C u Ta
S DS SD
CS CS CS
R IE R IE T

Cdia
FDx x Cdia wx

x
Determine the Diaphragm Seismic Demand Level

Select Diaphragm Design Option

Determine Required Diaphragm Reinforcement Classification

Determine Diaphragm Force Amplification Factor

E
 R

Determine Diaphragm Shear/Anchorage Overstrength Factor

vE

vR AR

Determine Diaphragm Design Force

Determine Diaphragm Internal Forces

Option 8b

Free Body Diagrams for Typical Precast Parking Structures

Design Aids for
Diaphragm Design: Spreadsheet Program
Note: Critical force demand is marked as bond.
 Note: Critical force demand is marked as bond.

Select Diaphragm Reinforcement Type Based on DRC

See Step 4

Determine Diaphragm Reinforcement Properties:

:
Design the Diaphragm Reinforcement at Joints

Mu Nu Vu
M N V
f Mn f Nn vV n
 ” ”

” ”

” ”
Determine the diaphragm effective elastic modulus and shear modulus
Check the diaphragm induced gravity column drift
 ’ ’ ’
’

”
Determine the Diaphragm Seismic Baseline Design Forces as per ASCE 7-05

Ta Ct H n T C u Ta

S DS SD
CS CS CS
R IE R IE T

S DS SD
CS CS CS
R IE R IE T

Cdia
FDx x Cdia wx

x
x

x
Ta Ct H n T C u Ta

S DS SD
CS CS CS
R IE R IE T

S DS SD
CS CS CS
R IE R IE T

Cdia
FDx x Cdia wx

x
Determine the Diaphragm Seismic Demand Level

Select Diaphragm Design Option

Determine Required Diaphragm Reinforcement Classification

Determine Diaphragm Force Amplification Factor

R
 Determine Diaphragm Shear/Anchorage Overstrength Factor

vE

vR AR

Determine Diaphragm Design Force

Determine Diaphragm Internal Forces

Option 8b

Free Body Diagrams for Typical Precast Parking Structures

Design Aids for
Diaphragm Design: Spreadsheet Program
Note: Critical force demand is marked as bond.
 Note: Critical force demand is marked as bond.

Select Diaphragm Reinforcement Type Based on DRC

See Step 4

Determine Diaphragm Reinforcement Properties:

:
Design the Diaphragm Reinforcement at Joints

Mu Nu Vu
M N V
f Mn f Nn vV n
 ” ”

” ”

” ”
As Vu fy

As Vu fy
Determine the diaphragm effective elastic modulus and shear modulus

Check the diaphragm induced gravity column drift

 Step 1 in Design Methodology PART 1

Design
Methodology PART 3
Seismic Design Methodology Document for Precast Concrete Diaphragms
 Fp

Cd,dia Cr,dia

Sections 5.3: Rationale for

Design Approach 5.5: Background on Diaphragm Seismic Behavior
 low deformability
element moderate deformability element high deformability element

M/V

shear

Basic Design Option

Elastic Design Option in the MCE

 F

F
F

Background Appendix C
Background Appendix B

Background Appendix A

Background Background-Appendix A1 A2 B
C
 Section 5.4

ultimate
elastic
 Sec. 5.4

Section 5.4: Seismic Design Forces

after

Sec. 5.4:
Diaphragm Internal Forces
 ”

deformation
Vn > 2Mp/h

M/V Sec 5.4:

Diaphragm Controlling Mechanism Background -Appendix Sec. A2.4.4

R R
 wdia vert
F px Fx (Eqn. B-1)
dia
Fx wdia
vert dia
dia = 1.0

wdia vert Commentary

Step 3 dia

wdia vert dia

Section 5.4

Background Appendices A and B

 Background -Appendix A2

Section 5.2
Background
Appendices
yielded

R
 An
Sa1 R
An
Sa r
q
An n q n S aq Eqn. B-2
R q
q
q q n q n Saq
q R R
R

An

Ch T
An g n C ho Eqn. B-3a
R

Ch T
An g n C ho Eqn. B-3b
R
1
C
Cho

Eqn. B-3a

F pn w pn o Cs n IS DS Eqn. B-4

wpn n 1
o Cs SDS
I

F pi w pi i S DS I Eqn. B-5

i
F pn
i hi hn
w pn S DS I
hi F pn
i hi hn
hn w pn S DS I
 x

Eqn. B-3a
Ch T
An g k C ho Eqn. B-6
R
1

k n

Eqns. 3-5
Eqns. B-3a, B-3b, and B-6

Eqn. 9

Eqns. 3-5

Eqn. B-4 or B-3a

Eqn. B-3b
Eqn. B-6
 Eqn. 4

Background Appendices A1, A2

x
Eqn. 2

x
 Fpx

Fpx=wL

Vu=Fpx /2

Mu=FpxL/8

Asfy = T = Mu/d
 Section 3.3, PART 3

Background -Appendix A2

strong

compliant
 ductile

Deformation Capacity

Commentary Step 5

Background -Appendix A2

shear

Background -
Appendix A2
 ”
”
 Background -
Appendix A2

qsw

RLFRS RLFRS

qsw
 tension

See Commentary Step 5

Lsp
NSP
NSP

VSP
MSP
MSP

VSP

Commentary Step 6
Comm-Appendix A2

Sec. 5.5
Sec 3.3 of Design Methodology PART 3
Fpx
Diaphragm-to-LFRS connections, anchorages and collector systems
Diaphragm design at interior beam lines

VQ/I

Indeterminate LFRS Systems:

Topped Hollowcore, and Topped Double Tee Systems

Distributed reinforcement systems, high tension-stiffness and/or strong shear connectors

 See Commentary on Step 6

Background -Appendix A2

Bond between topping and precast units

Seating of precast units

Background Appendix B.4)

” ”

Diaphragm force vertical distribution factor x

Background

15% penalty factor

Commentary Step 2

Statistically Significance of Connector Test Data

Interior LFRS Layouts

LFRS overstrength

Moment Frames

Seismic Design Category

Background Appendix B.4

Different column density, spandrel length, precast panel width ’

’
’

Gravity System Stability

Primary Diaphragm Reinforcement

Background
Appendix B.2
Secondary Diaphragm Reinforcement

Diaphragm-to-LFRS Connections

Further notes on Connections

Background Step 4
 Precast Units

Out-of-Plane Action

Gravity Load Effects

Seating:

Uncertainty

Asymmetry
LFRS Nonlinear Response

Vertical Elements

Background
Background
Background See Sections A1.0,
A2.0
’ ’

’
 Background Appendix B.1
Background Appendix B.2

Background Appendix B.3.1

Chord deformation distribution

Joint Opening Profiles

3. Diaphragm bending spans:

potential for
Diaphragm End Conditions

Diaphragm force amplification for Moment Frames

Coupling of Axial and Shear Actions in Connectors

Lack of a reliable dry chord connector

Collector systems

Distributed reinforcement systems, high tension-stiffness and/or strong shear connectors

Seismic Design Methodology Document for Precast Concrete Diaphragms
 Design Procedure Development Phase

Design
Procedure Development Phase
 Design Procedure Development Phase
trial design factors
diaphragm design procedure

listed in Sec 5.1

Design Procedure Development Phase
 ’ ’
’ ’ ”
’ ’
”

Diaphragm Controlling Mechanism

 ’

F Dx

R o Cd

FDx

FDx

It is noted that on the basis of the

analytical results from this research phase, a varying diaphragm force vertical profile (controlled by the
x factor) is now included in the design procedure (See Section A.1.5.3).
 Mu Vu

More accurate methods for determining the internal forces are presented in PART 3 based
on the results of the prototype structure analytical results
Mn

Vn

’ ’

’ ’

w Cs Vb Mb FDx

Mu Mn Mn Mu
Lw tw

D D FDx Mu Mn Vu Vn v

Vn Vu

L
N d
 See Step 3c below

tension

Cr

Cdia
s
C
”
”
UP
FOR

UP
FOR

UP
FOR

UP
FOR

UP
FOR
local
 coincident locations

maximum response

dynamic
capacity
”
 T FE Ty base

T
Ty
FDx
Ty base FDx L d chord
dchord

Ty

HDE R R R
R R R R ALL FE FE FE

Ri T yi T y base

Ty

V V FE FDx
E D R
R
 L AR
E n AR
L AR
D n AR
L AR
R n AR

R n

E n D n
D n R n
E n

vE

vB AR
vR AR
Fpx
n x
n

x n x n x n n

x n x n x n n
n

x n x x n n
x n x n x n n

x n x x n n
x n x n x n n
n x x

x
 x

”
” ” ”

” ”

”
 ”

cumulative
maximum

i
i

i
 C C L AR

Cd dia C Cd dia C Cd dia C

 h

C r dia AR
C r dia AR
C r dia AR

e
d
r
 ACI committee 318

ASCE

NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions

PCI Journal

Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics

PCI journal

ASCE Journal of Structure Engineering

PCI
Journal

Structures and
Materials Test Laboratory Report
PCI Journal

Structural Engineering Association of California Convention

PCI Journal

ASCE Journal of Structure Engineering.

PCI Journal

PCI Journal
Design Procedure Development Phase

Design Methodology
 ’ ’
’ ’
”
 The average of the SRSS 5%
damping spectra does not fall below 1.3 times the corresponding ordinate of the design response
spectrum by more than 10% for each period between 0.2T and 1.5T, where T is the fundamental period of
structure.

maximum
 M FE N FE VFE
M N V
Mn Nn Vn
overestimates
 Tr
Lg
 Mu Nu Vu
M N V DES
f Mn f Nn vV n

deformation opening sliding

 ”

” )

Sec. A2-2
 ”
”
 Section A2.4.5

x/L

x/L

” ”
” ”
 ”

sliding deformation
”

”
”

sliding deformation
”
interior
”
”

Section A2.4.5
x/L
 ”

x/L
”

sliding deformation
”
”
”

sliding deformation
”

”
”
 opening
sliding
interior exterior

opening

sliding
along
 ”

”
 ”

”
Vmax = 2Mmax/L

”
” ”
 qsw

qsw

RLFRS RLFRS

qsw
x/L
 ’

w w

’ ’/2

x/L

Overstrength
Demand

Actual
strength

Demand

Design force
Design moment
’
” ”
 Mu Nu Vu
M N V
Mn Nn Vn
 research

2D-FE 3D-FE discrete models

diaphragm

structure

design
discrete
research
discrete

Appendix B1

Appendix B2.

F px
 See Appendix B.2

B1.10 PRECAST CONNECTOR ELEMENT MODEL FORMULATION.….…….....…...p. C-A-123

B1.11 COUPLED LINK RESPONSE TO GENERAL LOAD TRAJECTORIES….....…...p. C-A-125

U
P
FO
R
 Section B2.1

KiT KiV TY VY K2T K2V uT

uV

KiT TY K2T uT

KiV VY K2V uV

VYC

VYVT, TYVT
 KiT TY K2T
uT
KiV VY K2V uV

( = T / V
k , ny
V
1= - V 1= T

T
2= V
2= T

n2= -n1= n= k V n2= n1= n= k T

V= 2n = 2k V T= 2n = 2k T

KiV= V/ V= 2k KiT= T/ T= 2k
 k ny
k
kivs kits
vy ty k2vs k2ts

(Eqn. 5)

t = ty / TY
v = vy / VY

b
deff
Ki
Ku Cu

Ki Ec deff t b
 Ku Ecu deff t b
C u fc’ deff t

Ec Ecu
fc’ 0 Ecu fc’ 0 t Ku
’.
Kf
Ku

ke
kc
kics kc ke kics ke

kucs kfcs

ke Ki
ke kc kics Ki
ke kc kucs Ku
ke kc kfcs Kf

Cu Kf

Cu Ku

Ki

s
s

s VYC VY C
VYC C
t v
ny
k
k2
u

kits
ty
k2ts
ut

kivs
vy
k2vs
uv
k k2L
k
k
k2ts k2vs
kits kivs
n
ny
T
TY
ty
V
VY
VY C
vy
 T V
uT uV
uT,red uV,red

u
ut uv

PCI Journal

EERI Professional Fellowship

B1.10 PRECAST CONNECTOR ELEMENT MODEL FORMULATION
Coupled Link Formulation
The coupled behavior is modeled through the inclined link components. It will be instructive to
consider first a pair of angled links acting alone, with geometry as shown in Fig B1-8(a). The
relationships are derived here for single displacement components as would be applied in the
Qualification Protocol tests listed in Table B1-1.
The relationship between the connector global stiffness and strength characteristics {KiT KiV TY
VY } and the properties of the individual links (axial stiffness k, strength ny, and deformation capacity )
are obtained through contragradient laws [see Fig. B1-8(b) and B1-8(c)]:
KiT = 2k sin2 TY =2 ny sin uT u sin (Eqn. 1a,b,c)
KiV = 2k cos2 VY =2 ny cos uV u cos (Eqn. 2a,b,c)
Note that symmetry dictates that k1=k2=k; etc. Parameters and k, needed to establish the
elastic properties of the coupled link element, can be obtained by combining Eqns. 1a and 2a, and setting
the connector characteristics to the corresponding measured values in the Qualification Protocol tests
described in Table 1:
= tan-1 [(KiT / KiV)½] (Eqn. 3a)
k = KiT /2sin2 (Eqn. 3b)
In this way, a single value of k in the links will produce the desired connector shear and tension
stiffness via the parameter , an approach that is adequate for elastic models. However an over-
constrained solution exists for nonlinear connector models regarding strength (Eqn. 1b, 2b) and ductility
(Eqn. 1c, 2c), since there is no certainty that the selected will also fulfill:
= tan-1 [(TY / VY)] (Eqn. 4a)
= tan-1 [( uV / uT)] (Eqn. 4b)
Many precast connectors resemble the two link assemblage shown in Fig. B1-8(a) (e.g refer to
Fig. B1-1), and thus it might be first thought that the strength and deformation capacity of the connector
may be well approximated by Eqn. 4. However, the precast connector tension and shear response can be
quite different because the presence of the surrounding concrete creates boundary conditions due to
bearing, local concrete crushing, debonding etc., that produces quite dissimilar gage lengths for tension
and shear, and these conditions can differ in the elastic, yielded and near ultimate state (Naito et al.
2006). Thus, for a determined using Eqn. 3a, parameters ny and can typically only accurately specify
an element strength and deformation capacity for one of the two force components (e.g., tension), and
will produce inaccurate measures for the other (e.g., shear). Alternately, can be determined using Eqn.
4a instead of Eqn. 3a thereby enforcing an accurate connector strength, at the expense of accurate initial
connector stiffness. These limitations render a directly proportional coupled precast connector element as
not practical for the pushover analyses. A partially-coupled formulation is instead adopted.

Partially-Coupled Formulation
The partially coupled formation is achieved through the addition of uncoupled inelastic shear
and axial tension springs to the coupled link elements as shown in Fig. B1-6. In this approach, three
parameters are available to be adjusted to match the individual tension and shear test results: (1) the
angle ; (2) a tension strength ratio for the uncoupled tension spring ( t = ty / TY); and (3) a shear
strength ratio for the uncoupled shear spring ( v = vy / VY).
The orientation of the links can be selected to match stiffness, strength or yield deformation
capacity. For the precast elements, the latter was found to be most straightforward and produced
sufficiently accurate results for use in the modeling (See Sec. B1.7). The derivation that follows is for
bilinear uncoupled springs with yield deformation aligned to the yield point of inclined links. Multi-linear
springs have been used to improve the accuracy (Fleischman and Wan 2007) (Zhang et al. 2011).
The angle is determined by aligning the tension and shear yield deformation of the bilinear
springs to that of the link element:
= tan-1 [(VY Ki,T / TY Ki,V)] (Eqn. 5)
The parameters t and v are selected to match the strength reductions under tension-shear coupling
load observed in the supplemental tests (See Sec. B1.7) or an assumed level of coupling in the absence of
supplemental testing. To produce an accurate total strength between the coupled and uncoupled
components, the ratio of t and v has to meet:
(1- v)/ (1- t) = TY cos / VY sin (Eqn. 6)
Then the input properties of the coupled link element (yield strength ny and elastic stiffness k) can be
determined:
ny =(1- t) TY / 2sin = (1- v) VY / 2cos (Eqn. 7a)
k = (1- t)KiT / 2sin2 =(1- v) KiV / 2cos2 (Eqn. 7b)
The input properties of the uncoupled springs are straightforwardly calculated as:
ty = tTY kits = t KiT (Eqn. 8a, b)
vy = v VY kivs = v KiV (Eqn. 8c, d)
For the typical diaphragm connector response (refer to Fig. B1-12), the post-yield tension
response exhibits strain hardening behavior while the post-yield shear response typical involves strength
degradation (negative stiffness). For this reason, the secondary stiffness and deformation capacity of link
element was selected to mimic the tension response (Eqn. 9a and 9b), and the descending branch
behavior was captured in the uncoupled shear spring (Eqn. 9d):
k2L =(1- t) K2T / 2sin2 (Eqn. 9a)
u = uT /sin (Eqn. 9b)
k2ts = t K2T (Eqn. 9c)
k2vs = K2V - 2k2L cos2 (Eqn. 9d)
ut = uT (Eqn. 9e)
uv = uV (Eqn. 9f)
Note that for the condition shown in Fig. B1-4, K2V is negative and Eqn. 9a produces a positive k2L, thus
Eqn. 9d returns negative stiffness.

B1.11 COUPLED LINK RESPONSE TO GENERAL LOAD TRAJECTORIES

1< y 1= y

V V

T V =
T T

V
2= y 2> y
n1
T

n2

The connector element response to combined loading is derived. This response can be used to
calibrate the model. Consider the mechanics of the inclined links alone subjected to a trajectory of
combined shear and tension (see Fig. B1-14a).
Equations 10-12 express the equilibrium, constitutive and kinematic transformation relationships
under small deformation for the individual link elements with respect to the global connector DOFs. Note
the forces in the link elements are no longer equal and are designated n1 and n2.
Equilibrium:
(-n1 + n2) cos = V (Eqn. 10a)
(n1 + n2) sin = T (Eqn. 10b)
Constitutive:
n1 = k1 1 = k 1 (Eqn. 11a)
n2 = k2 2 = k 2 (Eqn. 11b)
Kinematic:
1 = T sin - V cos (Eqn. 12a)
2 = T sin + V cos (Eqn. 12b)

Strength Reduction
The derivation of response under combined loads first focuses on strength reduction. Note
classical virtual work solutions imply no reduction in elastic stiffness due to combined loading, an
assumption supported by experimental evidence (Naito et al. 2006). Considering first the force
interaction, solving Eqn. 10a and 10b for n1 and n2 provides:
n1 = ½ T/sin - ½ V/cos (Eqn. 13a)
n2 = ½ T/sin + ½ V/cos (Eqn. 13b)
Equation 13 indicates that for positive values of both force components (V > 0, T > 0) link 2 will
yield first. Accordingly, substituting the tension-to-shear force ratio into Eqn. 13b and rearranging
provides the relationship between global and local force:
V = 2n2 [(sin cos cos sin ) (Eqn. 14)
Introducing the constant C = 1 cos sin , substituting n2 = ny (n1 < ny), based on the yielding of
link 2, and finally normalizing by the direct (unreduced) yield loads (Eqn. 1b and 2b) provides the
reduced tension and shear strength ratios:
 VY, red / VY = C sin (Eqn. 15a)
TY, red / TY = C cos (Eqn. 15b)
The resulting strength reduction is shown in Fig. B1-15(a) for different connector element link
angles. Note that this plot indicates that a steeper angle can be used for connectors whose response
exhibits a higher reduction in tension strength due to the presence of shear load and a shallower angle
for those whose response exhibits a higher reduction in shear strength due to the presence of tension load.
The relationship in Fig. B1-15 can be adjusted relative to by the introduction of the uncoupled
shear and axial springs. For this case, Eqns. 15a and 15b become:
VY, red / VY = (1- v) C sin v (Eqn. 15c)
TY, red / TY = (1- t) C cos t (Eqn. 15d)

Fig. B1-15. Strength reduction: (a) for with v= t =0; (b) for v and t with =45º.

Figure B1-15b shows these relationships for = 45º with v and t varying from 0 (fully coupled)
to 1 (fully uncoupled). As seen, the relative strength reduction in shear and tension can be adjusted using
v and t.

Post Yield Behavior

In the post-yield regime, where characteristics such as yield deformation and secondary stiffness
are of interest, it is more useful to define the coupled response in terms of the displacement ratio . Note
that for any trajectory other than outside of the bounding cases of pure shear ( ) or tension ( )
where the link elements yield simultaneously, one link will yield prior to the other, thus a distinction is
made between a “softening” state [one link yielded, refer to Fig. B1-14(b)] and the fully yielded state
[both links yielded, refer to Fig. B1-14(c)]. For the fully coupled case shown in Fig. B1-14(a) with
positive deformation component values ( V > 0, T > 0), Eqns. 11 and 12 indicate that link 2 will yield
first. Inserting Eqn. 11b into Eqn. 12b, setting n2=nY, and substituting the trajectory parameter ,
provides the following “softening” deformations which have been normalized by the unreduced yield
deformations ( VY = VY / KiV and TY = TY / KiT):
VYs / VY = cos / ( sin + cos (Eqn. 16a)
TYs / TY = sin / ( sin + cos (Eqn. 16b)
The same process used to create Eqn. 16 can be repeated for link 1 by instead using Eqn. 11a and 12a,
thereby providing the normalized “fully” yielded condition:
VYf / VY = cos / ( sin - cos (Eqn.17a)
TYf / TY = sin / ( sin - cos (Eqn.17b)
 The normalized softening and fully-yielded deformations of Eqn. 16 and 17 are shown in Fig. B1-
16a for =45º. It is seen that the shear softening deformation decreases and tension softening
deformation increases with , and both are less than the unreduced yield deformations. The total
resultant yield deformation y TOT V T is seen to be reduced slightly for trajectories with
similar tension and shear components.
The region between the softening and fully-yielded deformation is characterized by a secondary
(reduced) stiffness, even for link elements provided with elastic-perfectly plastic material response.
Relationships are written in incremental form to determine the secondary slope. Consider a positive
increment of deformation components ( V > 0, T > 0), with a perfectly plastic link 2 yielding first,
producing the state (k1 = k; k2 = 0):
Equilibrium:
(- n1 + n2) cos = V (Eqn. 18a)
( n1 + n2) sin = T (Eqn. 18b)
Constitutive:
n1 = k1 1 = k 1 (Eqn. 19a)
n2 = k2 2 = 0 (Eqn. 19b)
Kinematic:
1= T sin - V cos (Eqn. 20a)
2= T sin + Vcos (Eqn. 20b)
Substituting the values in Eqn. 19 into Eqn. 18, and in turn combining with Eqn. 20 provides the
secondary stiffness of the connector element:
K2V = V / V = -k ( sin cos - cos2 ) (Eqn. 21a)
2
K2T = T / T = k (sin - sin cos ) (Eqn. 21b)
Normalizing these values by the original elastic stiffness provided by the links (Eqn. 1a and 2a)
provides the softening stiffness ratios v, t , as plotted in Fig. B1-16b:
v = K2V / KiV = - ( tan - 1 ) / 2 (Eqn. 22a)
t = K2T / KiT = (1 - cot )/2 (Eqn. 22b)
The ratio between the fully-yielded and softening deformations ( = VYs / VYf) is also shown in
Fig. B1-16b. It is noted that deformation trajectory exists ( =tan ) in which a “fully” yielded condition
is not reached ( =1.0 in Fig. B1-16), but this coincides with the trajectory in which the secondary
softening slope possesses a zero value, thus not creating a performance issue for the connector element.

Fig. B1-16. Staged yielding condition: (a) normalized yield deformation; (b) softening stiffness.
 For a trajectory with non-zero shear and tension deformation components, link 2 will reach
ultimate deformation prior to the link 1 similar as the yield deformation discussed above. Defining the
ultimate deformation state of the connector element as one of link reaches its ultimate deformation, the
ultimate tension and shear deformation will be reduced following the same trend as the “softening”
deformation. Replacing the y by u in Eqn. 16 obtain:
uV,red= u / ( sin + cos (Eqn. 23a)
uT,red = u / ( sin + cos (Eqn. 23b)
Appendix B.1
Appendices A1 A2
Sec. B2-4
Appendix B1
 1 N+1
N
Ftj
Ti ti i R
j i tj
 i
n nj
j

Fvi Vi
vi vai

vi ve
 Sec B2.3.1

Sec B2.3.2

Sec B2.2.3

Sec B2.3.3
Sec. B2.3.4 Sec. B2.3.3
 Appendix A2

NEHRP Recommended Sesimic Provisions

Cy
F
Fv
M
N
n
R
T
Ty Tu
t
V
Vy

va
vc
v
va
0

’
3D NLTDA
 L d

a
d
b
L Ld n h
w

h L a d b w Fpx d Mu
 b

d a

x
L
L
L

hx wx wxhxk cvx Fx
 Mu x
rFpxd/a

Mu x r d a F px L x d a F px L x L

Vu x d a r F px x L
 Mu r d a F px L L

Vr Q I
Vu L Vr Q I a d L Vr a d d a

x Vu Mu

N V Vu
M Mu rFpx

Mu r d a F px L L

Vu Vn

vn Vn ,con vn Vn,ch
Vu Vn

v
 Mu Mn
tn Mn tn Mn

3D NLTDA Model Description

Appendix B2
Selection of Ground Motion

r v

Dynamic Analysis Parameters

Sequence of Loading
d F px
Global Response
Local Response: Critical Flexure Joint
 ”

PDH Generation

'
 3
F3
2
F2
”

U
P
FO
R
UP
F
OR
U
P
FO
R
U
P
FO
R
U
P
FO
R

1
F1
 ’

1 2 3 F1 F2 F3

Control Algorithm

” ”
”

” ”

Transformations of PDH

C PDH xt Ux Ux
C PDH xb Ux Ux
D PDH y Uy Uy
C c d
C c d
D b e
C C d
a C C
v D
U F
y
F
U e c
d T
T T y
V V T y
y
d a T y
N y
M T
T y y
y
T T y
d
c
F F
F F
 M F F c d d F b e
N F F
V F

Ttop y t T ji y i Tbot y b Fi y Fi F b e
i i

Ttop T ji Tbot Fi
i i

Vmid F
T ji t c yi yt b Ttop bot

PDH Test Input

 Control Algorithm

PDH Test Prediction

MVN
M Mn N Nn V Vn
M N V
Chord Connector

JVI Vector

”
”

PDH test input

N V

NV
 K

K
K

Kt Kc K Kv
 K

”
 Section B3.1

’ ’
’ ’ ’ ’

’
d

Ss S1
R o Cd
Cs T
hx wx wxhxk cvx Fx
 Mu x R F px L x F px L x L
Vu x R F px x L

x Vu Mu

Vu Vn
vn Vn ,con vn Vn,ch
Vu Vn
Mu Mn
tn Mn tn Mn
 full structure superstructure

full structure
superstructure
physical substructure

Section B3.2.1
See Section B3.1.2
 ’

Appendix B4
 i i
Teff Tchord d chd TJVI d JVI d chd
i
 full
structure
Global Response
full structure

Fi
Local Response
 F
b e c

T d a

d
V
c
F
T
F

superstructure static

superstructure Uxi Uyi i=1-6

Ux Ux
Ux Ux Uy Uy

”
 Ttop Tbot
V
Ttop F c d d F c d F b e d d
Tbot F c d d F c d F b e d d
V F

full
structure

Global Response
Local Response
Troubleshooting
”
MNV
 ”

”
’ ’

transverse
Ss S1
R o Cd
 ”

”
R v
 v Vu
n
v vn
end end Lwall
 fr fc
f crack f r Atrib

Atrib t slab d eff Achordsteel Amesh

f crack f r Atrib f grout t grout d eff

”
ASCE
 Fpx=wL

Vu=Fpx /2

U
P
FO
R

Mu=FpxL/8
Los Angeles Times
 v

F px / w px
PCI Journal
Fpx
KV
L
Mu, Vu
V
T
ATLSS Report

ATLSS Report

ATLSS Report
 ATLSS Report

ATLSSReport

ATLSS,Report

ATLSS Report

ATLSS Report

ATLSS
Report