. 15. A gaJva ?omet er. of resis t~ce G_ is c?nve rted _into a vo_ltmeter to. measu re up!

o
V ~olts by
conne ctmg a resist ance R 1 1n series with the cod. If a resist ance R2 ts conne cted 1n series with
it, then it can measu re upto V/2 volts. Find the resist ance, in terms of R and R , require
1 2 d to
be conne cted to conve rt it into a voltm eter that can read upto 2 V. Also find the resistance G
of
the galva nome ter in terms of R 1 and R 2 • !Cb,,~, 't,i ~t,HJ
ns. Let lg be the curre nt throu gh galva nome ter at full d e flectio n
To measu re V volts, V = lg (G + R 1) ...(1)
V V
2 volts,
2 = l g(G + R 2 ) ... (ii)

2 V volts, 2 V = l g (G + R 3) .. .(iii)
To measu re for conve rsion of range dividi ng (i) by (ii) ,
G +RI
2= G+R => G=R I-2R 2
2
Put.tin g the value of Gin (i), we have

I= V => V
g RI - 2R2 + RI lg = 2RI -2R2
Substi tuting the value of G and lg in equat ion (iii), we have

2l/ = 2R V
-2R (R1 - 2R 2 + R 3)
1 2

4R1 -4R 2 = R 1 -2R 2 + R 3

R3 = 3R 1 - 2R 2
 olenoid of length 1.0• m, radius ..
I cm and total turns I 000 wound on it, .
As f . . · · carnes a current of
5 A. Calculate the magnitude o the axial magnetic field inside the solen •d . If an e.1ectr-on was
.h d f 104 - I al th . f . 01
to move wit a spe~ o m~ ong e axis o this current carrying solenoid. what would
be the force expenenced by this electron? ·
Magnetic fie] d inside a sole n oid ,
AJ1S,
B = µ 0nl
n = NI = 1000 tu r ns = 1000 tu r n s/ m
I. Om

I = 5A
B =(4n x 10- 7) x 1000x f>
= 20 x :1. 14 x 10-4 J = 6.28 X 10-3 T , alo ng t he axis
f orce experienced by electr on
Fm = qvB sin 0
4
Here q = - e,v = 10 m/s. -
e = angle between v and B = 0
F171 = - evB sin 0° =0 (zero)
Q. 5. A straight wire carrying a current of 12 A is bent into a semi-
circular arc of radius 2.0 cm as shown. What is the magnetic field .
0
B at O due to (i) straight segments (ii) the semi-circular arc?
Ans. Magnetic field due to a curre nt carrying ele me nt.
- µo fol X r
dB=----
41r r3

(£) For straight segments 0 =0 or rt

- x -r =
⇒ ol ol r sin Oii = 0
B1 =0
(ii) For semicircular arc r, dl=1rr, 0= ;
- - µ n: ol sin 1r
µo Elol X r 2 A
O----
B2 = 41r r3 - 47r r2 n

µo htr A µo/
- - n =--,
= - ·
41r r2 4r
directed perpendicular to plane of paper downward.
Q. 6. A semi-circular arc of radius 20 cm carries a current of 10 A. Calculate the magnitude of
magnetic field at the centre of the arc.
Ans. The magnetic field due to a semi-circular arc of radius 'r ' carrying current ([) at centre is given
by
µ o I L\lsin 90° µo I Lil
L\B - -
- 47t r2
= 4.,.,. - ,)-
,. r-
 The net magnetic field due to whole length of arc l will he
µo I
B = ---z:,
4n r2
b.l

For semi-circular arc L Af = rcr

µ0 / t1 0 /
B = - - (rrr) = -
4n r 2 4r
Given I= 10 A, r =20m =0.20 m
7
4nX 10-7 X 10 4 X 3.14 X 10- X 10 = 1.57 X 10-ST
:· B = 4 x o 20 = 4 x O 20 . :h
· . : laced I cm away from a long stra.ig: t current"Ci.rt;,'
Q.7. A rectangular current carrymg loop is P ,~
conductor as shown. 15 A
D - - - - --- A

20 cm 10A

B
- -- - -++
C 1 cm
10cm
WiU the net force acting on the loop due to straight conductor be attractive or repulme ia
nature? Justify your answer. Calculate the magnitude of this force..
Ans. The net force acting on the loop will be repulsive in nature.
Justification: Part AB of the loop will experience a force of repulsion where~ part ClJ vi!
experience attraction. Parts BC and AD will not experience any force. Thus, the OYerall :'✓:-ce
will be a force of repulsion because AB is closer to the straight conductor th.an CD and ::rt:
force between two current carrying conductors is inversely proportional to the distance tr.:l·wi -::T
iliem. µ II
F = - 0 ~l
2n: r
Net Force
Force F 1 on AB due to~urrent in the straight conductor
F, = _O X 2 X 10 X 15 X 20 X 10-2
I 2rr 1 X 10-2

=3x 10-4 N towards left (~

,4rr
= 10-')
Force F 2 on CD due to current in the straight conductor
µO 2 X 10 X 15
F, = - X - - - - X 2 0 X 10-2
2
2n: 11 X 10-2
= 0.2725 X 10-4 N towards right
Hence, net force on the loop = 2.72 N towards left.
Q. 8.
The ~agnitude F of the force between two straight parallel current carrying ~ tt?
at a distance d apart in air is given by
µ0 1112
F=---
21td
where I and I h
•1 2 are t e currents flowing through the two wires.
Use this expressio d th .
" n, an e sign convention that the: . "'
Force of attraction is . • ed ·~e s:igP ·•
assign a negative sign and Force of repulsion is assigned a Po51 -
Draw graphs showing dependence of F on
(i) 1112 when dis kept constant
 (ii) d when the product 11 12 is maintain ed at a constant positive value.
(iii) d when the product 1 1 12 is maintain ed at a constant negative value.
I( : s ·, ' ( I I ' I , I ;

Ans. We know that Fis an attractiv e (-ve) force when the currents 1
1 and / 'i are 'like' currents i.e.
,,..rhen the product 11 12 is positive.
Sin1 ilarly Fis a repulsiv e ( +ve) force when the currents / 1 and / 2 are 'unlike' currents, i.e. when
the product / 1 / 2 is negative .
Now Foc (//2), when dis kept constant and F oc ~ when //2 is kept constant.
The required graphs, therefor e, have the forms shown below:
I

F F
I
l ..
l \
\
' ·, .___
d
d ..
/

I
(i) (ii) (iii)
 . . of Hides 25 cm and JO cm carrying a current of 15 A is pla
Q.ll . A rcctangu I.ar 1oop d . Ced w·
· · . •. , 11 ·I to . long straight con uctor 2 . 0 cm apart carrymg a current 0 f Itl\ ~
longer ~•de para e a ;. 25 A( 11
Wh~t is the net force on the loop. . ,. .. .. :'tf,~~).
' (J/~l· · . J>hccd nc,-ir a long- str,ug~ll WJJ t: as shown. 11
Ans. Jfrct;-1n_K uh1r Ioop .,.., t, , IS · £

l ::::: PU ::. HS =' 2!i cm = 0. 2!'> m

h = (, _JH = /JS = IO crn == 0. 10 rn
r, ::: ~ crn = 0.02 m, r1 ==2cm X
12 .::: t ~rn i = O.J '.l m .

r
·1·1I<· ,.,. 11 .,.cnl s ;11 f'O
._,
~,11d XY arc ;1111:Jparallcl
• ,
, so
•
/'(}., is
1qwJkd ;1 way from wire XY This repulsive force 1s F2
ttc/, /'!, I
F,

ir5cm ,
F - I ! 12= 15A
I 27r11
7
...: -1 rc X 10 X '.l!i X I !, X (UU, = ~).:-$
7!i X IO ,1 N
~7t X 0.0~
I
I

Tlw < mH' lll S in XY and US arc in th(' same dirc<.t ior1, so R Q =25A
wire l(S is all rar1ccl tow.mi s win: KY. This attractive fi,rcc is ◄ r,. =b + r1 = 12 cm
. t.t,,', 'i ,1 rc x I()
7
_x tr: x_t !i_X -~).~- = I .!it;:; X Io- '' N
/•., - ') . == 2n:X 0.1 t
~ ,"1(1'L

Th e r 111Tcnt s in J'S and (}Ji an: equal and opposit e. By symmetry they exe rt equal and opposite
li,1 n·s W:: and F1 ) a11d hence net li>r<.: c on th ese sides is zero.
N<'I f,1rn· 011 n ·,·1,,nK11l;u loop
F =- /•'1 - F'2 (n ·1nilsivc)
., ..'), 7.>
-- 11 r. X I ()_.., - I ..r., ('>':11 X I (l 1
::.:: 7. H I ~ X 1() ·I N (n:p1ilsiv(:)
Tlw 11C'f fn rn· is di rect ed away fro111 l01114 win: XY.
Q. 1i. 'fo frt crease the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer by 50%, its resistance is
incrcaPJed i;o t'hat the new resistance becomes twice its initial resistance. By what factor does
ic·s voltage 1-1 cnsitivity c hange? I' JO r,1
. .. . 0 N11n
'
,11 1' 1 (' Ill ,'iC' II Slf lVlf y
.
l'
' , >, :
. ·
I -= ( ,'

0 () s,:
V11lt ag" ~,·nsiti vit y, ,\'11 =
V II(
-::.
U
Wlin, <·11 r1c11t :w11si1 ivif y is i11 n <·astd l>y !,0%, t II(' resi stann: is mad<· t wic<' .

Nf'W ( Il l 11'111 S('flSilivit y s( ..' ~s .+ I!,()

(.
'
00 ·\: == l. !i S( :
New j'(' Sis f ;l ll ('.( ' R' ~ '!. I(

. \ :' I .:>,\ :
Ncw Volta g(' sn1 si1ivi1 )', S ' :..-, () 7r. t•
I' /' ' <11 1 . · ' ''t '
I - I
( :l,·a1ly, .\' 1 ' • . .\' 1 , i.1·. vollag-t· sc 11si 1i vit y d('( "":1scs

% <1 <•11c, ,..,< · 111 v11l1 :1~~< · st·11 si1iv it y

 A, .~,-,uu~ufu,· loop of,wi, ,. ,,., ~it.c~ I. ) > , 11' / 1 , 11,, ~,, j, ~ ,. .,,, ;,,J 11 111,, ut fil' 1 l-1 I\ 4,,,.,,;1,, wif*
Q, f l. 11,rrylr•tt, 2 A 1•111·1•,.1,1 , ,. "-'·111 111·10 fl,,. 1•11,p lib ~111,w, i, tf flu· ,,,,,,, ,.,.,1 tJ,., wu~ ~,, ,,, ,1:111111, ti,,~
•h•· (i) ,0 , •1n•· u, ting o,, f/tfu· l,,op ioul (i i) ,J,, ,,,-,.,;111f. ,,,Jv . ,,,J d,,,,_ ~,,,,,,, ,,t tJ,,, 11,,1 .r 1
,,-,., fl:1-" ''"'P
,tuc~io flu· ,·ur, ,.,., , ·ut'l'}' I.U JI, wh·,·~ ',, , o ,. , . /
Ao~- ' 1)
' J,)HflH ' ()tldl( ' ''>'>JJ 't
1
M ll 'i 1t 1 '1 - Af / ff
t 0 'll
(it) M;q.~111t11d, · ,,J foH , ,

fl ,/ 1 t_J ( I I )
I, ,1 I :~'/I ,, j'I

:~ / J , J ·; / /. / I / -1 / J I
'> .'J 'I/ JI (J 1 1
, I
i, / JlJ 'I

H, / IO
'/
/
11 II
i/'1 .!'i
'J l ,,
'~/ I; / J {) '/
,1,1,1 / J ,, / i ,
•

JJ j 1 , , 1 , 1" n O f' f"ff , • i :~ 1" w: n d ~ , , , n d ", t lJ , (a t t r ;11 , 1'I' ·)

Two id~ntiraf loop~ P •nd Q uch of radim 5 cm a.r~ lyin« in prrp,ind,cular plan~s such that
th«-'" ha~r a co~mo~ <~ntrr a• ,hOW'f'I in the- fi~re . Find fhe a fl
ma,cnit udr and d1·r tttton of the na ma«nett< fi~ld a.t the cotllm01l
, qnfr<" of th~ t'-' O c oil ~~ if th~y carry <"llTTcnu e,q\hlJ to lA and 4A
I .. I V
J.I '
\i ij.!1H lu h t ld ;.tl th ~· c f'lltH• n f A <H(ltl~u , ,.,t = p

~i.•1,r!Ot u, ftc·ld ,Inc 10 c ,,,I / ' .

'lH >
t•o x :\
I i, ~ ·1 - l 2 it .1 'I fl ' 1
2 ,Y tt ·y _ 1{ t '
\L,~IH l 11 ht 1'1 rlu c. \n ( .. ,1 (1-
0-R

, . C JH,H!lH ht twld . ,k
..
I

' ➔
\ n;.
l c I t,;r

''
,~ ;_,
>: 1O ' ·1
t
- , < l :!n >- l fl l · '1" • I b!t ~ IO ' r
- ii , 11 -1 ~ :! :,ti , l u ..,.. r = ~o:: ~ 1o ,, r
l ( 1 lh t fu ld 111., lt· .an .n,~h.- H '"' Hh the \l· tttt . t l

l :!rt ., I U (• :i -~
c. tn n - l h:': , , I tl ••
- .1 > 0= l. lH - l
Q* 8. A short bar n1agnet of 1nagnetic momen t 0.9 J/T is placed with its axis at 30° to a uniforn,
n1agnetic field. It experi ences a torque of 0.063 J.
(i) Calcul ate the magnit ude of the magne tic field.
(ii) In which orienta tion will the bar n1agnet be in stable equilib rium in the magnetic field:

-• . . ICu.,1~0 •1 .:or
Ans. (i) V\le know 1" =M x B
or t = jVJ. R sin 8
0.0<>:') = 0. 9 X B X sin 30°
or B = 0.14 'T
(ii) ~l'he posit ion of 1ninin1un1 energy corresp onds to posit.ion of stable cquilibr iurn.
'Th e energy ( U) = - Mn cos 0
\!\/hen 0 = 0° ⇒ U = - MB = Minimu 1n energy
l le11ee, wl lCn the I>ar 1nagnet is placed parallel to tJ te magnetic fieJd, it is the state ofstable equilibriu m.
Q. 9. A magne tised needle of magnetic moment 4.8 X 10-2 J T- 1 is placed at 30° with the direction
of uniform magne tic field of magnitude 3 X 10-2 T. Calculate the torque acting on the needle.

1c,:.SE I 1 ,u!:
.A.ns. \ Ve l1a , ·c, T =MB sin 0

w here -r ➔ 'Jc.>rqt1e acting on Jnagnct ic needle

J\,1 ➔ Magnet ic rnon1cnt
B ·➔ MagneLic field strengt h
,,
,) X 10-t . '' () 0
'! :.::::: 4. 8 X ]. ( J--'-> X ~J Sll l :> = .
LI nu X 1o-~x 3 x ur ,,. x l
·'-)
'!
1
== 7. '2 x 10-- N n1 -
Q ! .'L A cah anc-tmrwrr ha, a f't!MtUftC~ of J51 ) end tlK fl'M'.t~ • ..,_, fyJ! ~•M! dt!llec11on for• r.untlU
o f 1 mA . If'"' will you r.on1"t".n thf> mrtff 1n10 -At'I • m ~ of r•-rt~ 0 II) 6 A >
Ant-. I ,If f'itU l \ ( . Y n n c,f g~h .l llf!Hllf If' Hll fi ~n ~fflffi('l f" t a •hunt t ~ ~m2ln f t"._l 'tUU~t'f1 10 p:u i!tl'l€111i nh
o. c 0tt,net h d ·f ltr , ,1lor, , .f t.hon1 1 f''t. t ; t ;a flf ~ , , , Q'J'",'' In

I
•
e
\
'◄ t.
/ =' - I ' .I· ,.

t • lU
I Oe O
Q. 21. A circular coil of 20 turns and radius IO cm is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.10 l
normal to the plane of the coil. H the current in the coil is 5.0 A, what is the
(a ) total torque on the coil?
(b) total force on the coil
(c) average force on each electron in the coil due to the magnetic field.
[The coil is made of copper wire of cross-sectional area 10-5 m 2 and the free electron densi~
in copper is given to be about 1029m-3].
Ans . GiYen J\ ' =20, r = l0c1n =0. l0m, /=5.0A, B = 0. l0T
.-\rea of coil A= rrr 2 = 3.14x (0.10) 2 = 3.14x 10-2 m 2
(a) Angle benveen normal to plane of coil and magnetic field is 0° i.e., ; = NIA xB = 0
(b ) Total force on a current carrying coil in a magnetic field is always zero.
(c) .Average (n1agnetic) force on an electron Fm= evdB
I
But vd = neA

L--.
r rn
= e(/ I )B -- IB -- _5_.0_x_o_._10_
= 5x 10-25 N
neA nA 1029 x 10-s . o or!i-1
~agnetic field due to a Solenoid
1
Q, 7. A closely wound solenoid 80 cm long has 5 layers of windings of 400 turns each. The diameter
of the solenoid is 1.8 cm. If the current carried is 8.0 A, estimate the magnitude of B inside
the solenoid near its centre.
Ans. Given I = 80 cm = 0.80 m, N = 5 X 400 = 2000, I = 8.0 A
Magnetic field inside the solenoid
µON/ 4rc x I 0-7 x 2000 x 8.0
B = µo nl = l O. 80
= 81T X I 0-3 T = 2.5 X 10-2 T
Q. 8. A toroid has a core (non-ferromagne tic) of inner radius 25 cm and outer radius 26 cm, around
which 3500 turns of a wire are wound. If the current in the wire is 11 A, what is the magnetic
field (a) outside the toroid, (b) inside the core of the toroid, and (c) in the empty space
surrounded by the toroid?
1i + r2 25 + 26 _2
Ans. Mean radius of toroid r = = = 25.5 cm = 25.5 x IO m
2 2
Total number of turns N = 3500, current I= I IA
3500
Number of turns per unit length, n = N turns/metre
2 rcr 2rc X 25.5 X 10-2
(a) Magnetic field outside the toroid is zero.
 (b) Magn etic fi eld insid e the toroid =µ 0n/
3500
= 4rr x 10-
7
X( ,) X 11 = 13.0 x I o-2 T
21t X 25.5 X 10- 2
(() Magn etic field in e mpty space surro unde d by toroid is zero.

Magn etic f orce and 1brqu. e

What is the magn itude of magn etic force per unit lengt h on a wire. carry ing a currentofs A
9
Q• • and making an angle of 30owith d. · f ·s:
.
the 1rect1on o a un11.orm magn etic field of 0.15 T?
Ans. Magn etic force, F = Bil sin 0
Magn etic force per unit lengt h,
f= ~ = .B/si n0=0 .15X 8Xsi n30° =0.6 N/m
nts of 8.0 A and 5.0 A in the same
Q. Jo. Two Jong and pa;al lel straight wires A and B carry ing curre
direc tion are separated by a distan ce of 4.0 cm. Estim ate the force on a 10 cm section of wire A
2
Ans. Given 11 = 8.0 A, 12 =5.0 A, r =4.0 cm= 4.0 X 10- m
on l = IO cm = IO x 10-2 m
Curre nts in same ;airec tion attrac t each other ; so magn etic force
lengt h of wire A is·
F = µo½f 2l _ 41t X 10- X 8.0 X 5.0 X 10.0 X 10- = .0 X l0-5N
7 2
2
2nr "; 2n x 4.0x 10-2
es a curre nt of 12 A. The coil is
Q. 11. :A, squa re coiJ of _"iide 10 cm consi sts of 20 turns and carri
make s an angle of 30° with the
susp ende d verti cally and norm al to the plane of the coil
0.80 T. What is the magnitude of
direc tion of unifo rm horiz ontal magn etic field of magn itude
the torqu e expe rienc ed by the coil?
Ans. Torq ue on coil -r = NIAB sin 0 2
2
Here N = 20;A = 10 cm x 10 cm= 100 cm = 100 x 10-4 m
I = 12 A, 0 = 30°, B = 0.80 T
't = (20) X (12) X (100 X 10-4) X 0.80 sin
30°

= 24 X 0.8 X ( !) X lo-I = 0.96 Nm

s~spen::
(a) A circu lar coil of 30 turns and radiu s 8.0 cm carry
ing a curre nt of 6.0 A is
Q. 12.
1.0 T. The field Imes mtbat
verti cally in a u~o rm horiz ontal magn etic field of magn itude
itude of counter-torque
an angle of 60° with the norm al of the coil. Calcu late the magn
coil of
must be appli ed to prev ent the coil from turni ng.
were repla ced by a planar
(b) Woul d your answ er chan ge, if the circu lar coil in (a)
some irreg ular shap e that enclo ses the same area?
(All other parti cular s are also unalt ered) .
(a) Given N= 30, A =·nr = 1t x (8.0 x 10- )2 m2
Ans. 2 2

I= 6.0 A, B= 1.0 T, 0 = 60°

Torq ue -r= NIAB sjn e = 30 X 6.0 X 7t X (8.0 X 10- )2 X 1.0 X sin
2 60°

= 30 x 6. o x 3 .14 x 64 x 1o-4 x { ~ ) = 3. 13 Nm