Formulation of Simulator

Equations
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation
• Convective transport is used to refer to the sum of
• advection and
• diffusion

• Advection is the transport of a substance or quantity by bulk motion of a fluid

• An example of advection is the transport of pollutants or silt in a river by bulk
water flow downstream.
• Another commonly advected quantity is energy or enthalpy. Here the fluid may
be any material that contains thermal energy, such as water or air

• Coupling between advective and diffusive transport

Continuity Equation
• Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to
an area of lower concentration .
• Diffusion occurs in liquids and gases when their particles collide randomly and
spread out.
• A distinguishing feature of diffusion is that it depends on particle random walk,
and results in mixing or mass transport without requiring directed bulk motion.
Mass flux is the rate of mass flow
Darcy’s Law
−∇ · (ρv) is the divergence of the mass flux vector or net mass efflux - the
difference between the mass convected into and out of the volume element - for
the differential volume element.
where depth, D, is an
arbitrary function of position
(x, y, z), (kx, ky, kz) are
the permeabilities in the
coordinate directions, μ is the
fluid viscosity, ρ is the
fluid density, and g is the
gravitational acceleration, a
vector with components
gx, gy, gz.
Diffusivity Equation prior to inclusion of EOS
Initial Conditions
Initial condition
The initial reservoir pressure
must be specified. In almost all
cases the reservoir is initially in
hydrostatic equilibrium.

This equilibrium condition is

used to specify the initial
pressure distribution. For a
three-dimensional reservoir,
P = P(x, y, z) for t = 0
where P(x, y, z) is the spatial distribution of hydrostatic pressure.
Initial Conditions
Boundary conditions
• To illustrate the application of boundary conditions consider the two-dimensional
reservoir shown in the figure. Three different types of boundary conditions may
be specified. They are,

• No-flow condition - a closed reservoir boundary may be formed by a sealing

fault or a lithology change or pinch-out.
• Prescribed influx across a boundary - used for modeling aquifer influx or a line
of injection wells in water and gas flooding.
• Prescribed pressure at a boundary - used for modeling aquifer pressure
support or injection well pressure support.
Equation-Of-State
Case-1 Ideal Liquid of constant compressibility
Diffusivity Equation for Ideal Liquid of Constant
Compressibility
Case-2 Slightly Compressible Liquid
6
Case-3 Ideal Gas