B. A. Part-I STD Marathi Unit-5

gÌ-2 : KQ>H$ 1
AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZ
(Disaster Management)
KQ>H$ g§aMZm
1.0 C{Ôïço
1.1 n«mñVm{dH$
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1 AmnÎmr
1.2.2 ì`dñWmnZ
1.2.3 AmnÎmrMo n«H$ma
1.2.3.1 ^yH§$n
1.2.3.2 nya
1.2.3.3 XwîH$mi / Adf©U
1.2.3.4 AmJ
1.2.3.5 AnKmV
1.2.3.6 JXu
1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
1.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z n«íZm§Mr CËVao
1.5 gmam§e
1.6 gamdmgmR>r n«íZ
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.0 C{Ôïço :
1. {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmMm AmnËVr ì`dñWmnZmV n«^mdrnUo dmna hmoVmo `mMo AmH$cZ hmoB©c.
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2. AmnUm§g Z¡g{J©H$ d _mZd{Z{_©V AmnÎmtMr _m{hVr hmoB©c.
3. AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r AmnU H$moUVo n«`ËZ H$amc ho g_Ooc
4. AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZm_wio _mZdmMo H$_rV H$_r ZwH$gmZ hmoB©b ho g_Oob.
1.1 n«mñVm{dH$ :
`m KQ>H$m_Üò AmnUmg AmnÎmr åhUOo H$m` Vo g_OyZ KoD$Z Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr_Yrb ^yH§$n, nya, XwîH$mi
d AmJ Va _mZd{Z{_©V AmnÎmr_Üò AnKmV, JXu d AmJ `m AmnÎmtMr H$maU{__m§gm H$amd`mMr Amho. AmJ hr
AmnÎmr XmoÝhr àH$mam§_Üò _moS>Vo. `m AnÎmtMr OJmVrb H$m§hr CXmhaUo nwT>rb MM}V òVmVM; nU `m gd© AmnÎmr
_mZdmMr àM§S> à_mUmV {OdrV d {dÎm hmZr H$aÊ`mg H$maUr^yV R>aVmV. åhUyZ `m AmnÎmtÀ`mÛmao hmoUmao
ZwH$gmZ Am{O~mV H$go hmoUma Zmhr qH$dm Vo H$_rV H$_r H$go hmoB©b `m Ñï>rZo {Z`moOZ~Õ Aem arVrZo Cnm`
`moOZm§Mo `mo½` ì`dñWmnZ Amdí`H$ R>aVo. ho ì`dñWmnZ AmnÎmrnyd© pñWVr_Üò d AmnÎmrdoiMo Am{U
AmnÎmrZ§VaÀ`m H$mimVrb doJdoJho AgVo. _mÌ Vo Amdí`H$ Amho. `mMr g{dñVa MMm© nwT>rbà_mUo.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
1.2.1 AmnÎmr :
_yi \|«$M ^mfoVrc eãX Disaster `mMm AW© des meaning ‘bad’ and aster meaning ‘star’ åhUOo
AVH©$_` Vmam§{H$V KQ>Zm, n«{VHy$c qH$dm XwX¡dr KQ>Zm_wio n«mUr, dZñnVr d _mZdr OrdZmMr hmoUmar hmZr
åhUOo AmnÎmr hmo`.
{ZgJ© hm AZoH$ O¡{dH$ d AO¡{dH$ KQ>H$m§Zr {_iyZ ~Zcocm Amho. `m KQ>H$m§_Üò doJdoJi`m H$maUm_wio
~Xc KSy>Z òVmV. ho ~Xc _§X JVrZo qH$dm erK« JVrZo KSy>Z òVmV Voìhm n¥Ïdrda AZoH$ n«c`H$mar KQ>Zm KSy>Z
òVmV Ë`mg Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr Ago åhUVmV.
_mZdmÀ`m AZoH$ Am{W©H$ {H«$`m-n«{H«$`m§VyZ AmH$pñ_VnUo Aem KQ>Zm KS>VmV H$s Ë`m_wio n«M§S> n«_mUmV
Or{dV d {dÎm hmZr CX²^dVo `mg _mZd {Z{_©V AmnÎmr Ago åhUVmV.
AmnÎmr åhUOo AmH$pñ_H$nUo n«M§S> n«_mUmV Or{dV d {dÎm hmZr hmoUo hmo`.
_mZd Amnë`m {dH$mgmgmR>r gmVË`mZo YS>nS>V Amho. hr _mZdmMr YS>nS> nyU©V: {ZgJm©VM MmcVo
Ë`m_wio {Xdg|{Xdg {ZgJm©V _mZdmMm hñVjon dmT>V Mmccm Amho. `m dmT>Ë`m hñVjonm_wio _mZdmg Z¡g{J©H$ d
_mZd{Z{_©V AmnÎmtZm gm_moao Omdo cmJV Amho. åhUyZ AmnÎmtMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
1.2.2 ì`dñWmnZ :
AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZ åhUOo n`m©daU g§Vw{bV d gwa{jV ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cocr Cnm``moOZm hmo`. AmnÎmr
ì`dñWmnZm_wio AmnÎmr AmoT>mdUmaM Zmhr Ago Zmhr na§Vy AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZmVyZ n«ËòH$mcm H$moUË`m n«H$maÀ`m
AmnÎmrgmR>r H$moUË`m n«H$maMr H$miOr ¿`mdr ho g_OVo. `m kmZmVyZM n«ËòH$ N>moQ>çm _moR>`m AmnÎmr doir
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AmnÎmrg n«{VH$ma H$aUo hr OmUrd n«ËòH$m_Üò OmJ¥V hmoVo. `mVyZ H$mhr doiog Vr òÊ`mnydu Q>miVm òB©c Va
H$mhr doiog AmnÎmr KS>ë`mZ§Va VmVS>rMr Cnm``moOZm H$aVm òB©c. AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnmZmVyZ `moOZm~ÕarVrZo
AmnUm§g gmdY{Jar ~miJUo, AmnÎmrMm n«{VH$ma H$aUo, AmnÎmrnmgyZ cmoH$m§Zm dmM{dUo, AmnËVrMr Pi H$_r
H$aUo BË`mXr Jmoï>r AmnUmg gmÜ` H$aVm òVrc. AmnÎmrdoir VoWrc OZVm, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm,
emgZ `§ÌUm `m§À`m O~m~XmarVyZM AmnÎmrMo {ZdmaU H$aVm òVo. ì`dñWmnZ emñÌmmÀ`m ^mfoV Ago Pmco VaM
AmnÎmr {ZdmaU ho CÎm_ XOm©Mo hmoVo d Ë`mMm cm^ AmnÎmrJ«ñV cmoH$m§Zm OmñVrV OmñV hmody eH$Vmo.
AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZmg§X^m©V Imcrc VrZ Q>ßno n«^mdrnUo A§_cmV AmUmdo cmJVmV.
1) AmnÎmrnyd© Q>ßnm : AmnÎmr nyd© Q>ßß`mg nyd© V`mar åhUVm òB©c hr AdñWm gdm©V _hËdmMr AgyZ `m
Q>ßß`m_Üò `mo½` I~aXmar KodyZ `mo½` A§_c~OmdUr Ho$ë`mg AmnÎmrMr Vrd«Vm H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. AmnÎmrnyd©
Q>ßß`m_Üò gd© n«W_ AmnÎmrMm `mo½` A§XmO KoÊ`mgmR>r emñÌewX²Y[aË`m Aä`mg H$éZ {H$Vr cmoH$m§Zm AmnÎmrMr
Pi nmohMUma? ZwH$gmZrMo n«_mU {H$Vr amhrc? `m {df`r {~ZMyH$ Agm nyd© A§XmO KoVm òVmo. `mcm YmoH$m_mnZmMr
n«{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV.
n«W_ AmnÎmrnyd© Q>ßß`mV nyd© A§XmO KoVë`mZ§Va `mo½` n«H$maMr H$madmB© H$éZ YmoŠ`mMr Vrd«Vm H$_r H$aUo
eŠ` hmoVo. YmoH$m H$_r Pmcm H$s _XVrMr JaO hr H$_r hmoVo. AmnÎmrnyd©, ì`dñWmnZm_Üò AmnÎmr {ZdmaUmgmR>r
gw`mo½` g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©UH$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m g§KQ>ZoÛmao AmnÎmrnyd©, AmnÎmr Xaå`mZ d AmnÎmr Z§VaMr
H$m`©dmhr H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. `mgmR>r H|$X«gaH$ma, amÁ`gaH$ma d {Oëhm n«emgZ nmVirda ñdV§Ì g§aMZm
{Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m OmoS>rcm g¡Ý`Xc, {Z_cîH$ar Xco d Aemg{H$` gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm `m§Mr hr `m
g§X^m©V ^y{_H$m ñnï> R>acr nm{hOo. `m X¥{ï>H$moZmVyZ 2005 gmcr ^maV gaH$maZo H$m`Úm_Üò AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZ
gwg§JV H$aÊ`mgmR>r emg{H$` g§aMZm ApñVËdmV AmUcr Amho Vr nwT>rcn«_mUo -
CXm. Ho§${Ð`nmVirda - Z°eZc {S>PmñQ>a _°ZoO_|Q> Am°Wm}[aQ>r, amÁ`nmVirda - ñQo>Q> {S>PmñQ>a _°ZoO_|Q>
Am°Wm}[aQ>r, {Oëhm nmVirda - {Oëhm {S>PmñQ>a _°ZoO_|Q> Am°Wm}[aQ>r, VmcyH$m nmVirda - VmcwH$m {S>PmñQ>a,
_°ZoO_|Q> Am°Wm}[aQ>r d Jm§d nmVirda - AmnËVr ì`dñWmnZ g{_VrMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
AmnÎmrnyd© ì`dñWmnZmV gw`mo½` g§KQ>ZoÛmao {d{dY n«H$maMo {ZH$f R>a{dÊ`Mo _hËdnyU© H$m_ H$amdo cmJVo.
YmoŠ`mMo Bemao d gwMZm XoÊ`mMr `§ÌUm n«^mdrnUo am~dmdr cmJVo. H$m`©j_ g§nH©$ `§ÌUm C^m H$amdr cmJVo.
VgoM AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZmnMo n«{ejU doJdoJi`m nmVirda X`mdo cmJVo CXm. emg{H$`, gm_m{OH$ nmVirda
BË`mXr.
2) AmnÎmrH$mimVrc Q>ßnm : AmnÎmrH$mimVrc Q>ßß`m§_Üò AmnÎmr òVmM qH$dm AmnÎmrMr nyd© H$ënZm
{_iVm jUrM A§_c~OmdUrMm Q>ßnm gwé hmoVmo. `m_Üò n«W_ {OdrV hmZr H$er Q>miVm òB©c `mÑï>rZo cmoH$m§Zm
d n«mÊ`m§Zm gwa{jV {R>H$mUr hc{dÊ`mg n«mYmÝ` {Xco OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va _mc_ÎmoÀ`m gwajoH$So> ~{KVco OmVo. n«W_
100 Q>ŠHo$ {O{dV hmZr Q>miÊ`mMm n«`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo. Va _mc_ÎmoMm eŠ` VodT>m ~Mmd Ho$cm OmVmo.
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A§_c~OmdUr_Üò Or{dV d {dÎmhmZr Q>miÊ`mMm n«`ËZ Pmë`mZ§Va AmnÎmrJ«ñVm§Zm `mo½` _XV H$m`©
H$aVm `mdo `mgmR>r AmnÎmr_Üò _¥Ë`yMo n«_mU, OI_r cmoH$m§Mo n«_mU, g§nyU© _mc_Îmm Zï> hmoÊ`mMo n«_mU
BË`mXr Jmoï>rMr `mo½` gd}jUmÛmao _m{hVr KodyZM n«Ë`j _XV H$amdr cmJVo. Ë`mgmR>r doJdoJi`m nmVirdarc
g§KQ>Zm§Mr O~m~Xmar AË`§V _hËdmMr AgVo. AmnÎmrMr darc Jmoï>rVrc _m{hVr `mo½` Agë`mg _XV H$m`©
gw{Z`mo{OV d H$m`©j_nUo nyU©Ëdmg ZoUo ghO eŠ` hmoVo. CXm. Amdí`H$ gmYZg§nÎmr, ñWcm§Va H$aUo,
nwZd©gZ H$aUo BË`mXr.
3) AmnÎmrZ§VaMm Q>ßnm : `m Q>ßß`m§_Üò Aem ~è`mM H$m`mªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo {H$, Vr H$m`} EH$mM doir
H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. `m Q>ßß`m§_Üò AË`§V _hËdmMr Jmoï> åhUOo AmnÎmr J«ñVm§Mo nwZd©gZ H$aUo, `m_Üò gwadmVrcm
VmËnwaVo nwZd©gZ d H$mcm§VamZo H$m`_ñdénr, `mgmR>r OmñV H$mcmdYr cmJVmo. H$maU `m ^mJmV hmoUmè`m
H$m`m©gmR>r emgZmcm ~aoM {ZU©` KoUo H«$_n«má AgVo. {d{dY {ZH$fmZwgma H$mhr AmnÎmr J«ñVm§Zm AmWuH$ _XV
H$aUo Va H$mhr doiog Zì`mZo dgmhVr {Z_m©U H$éZ XoUo BË`mXtMm g_mdoe AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV doJdoJi`m
n[apñWVrZwgma H$m`_ñdénr nwZ©dgZmV {ZU©` ¿`mdo cmJVmV.
AmnÎmr nwZd©gZm_Üò \$ŠV nwZ{Z_m©UmMm {dMma hmody Zò Va nyÝhm AmnÎmr AmoT>mdë`mZ§Va níMmVmnmMr
nmir òUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOrnyd©H$ XjVm KoUo ho AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZmVrc `m Q>ßß`mVrc _hËdmMo H$m`© Amho.
AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZm_Üò darc VrZ Q>ßno H«$_mH«$_mZo n«^m{dnUo am~{dë`mg AmnÎmr J«ñVm§Zm `mo½` Ý`m`
{_iy eH$Vmo. d ~è`mM doim AmnÎmr_Üò hmoUmar {O{dV d {dËVhmZr Q>miÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
1.2.3 AmnÎmrMo n«H$ma :
AmnÎmrMo n«H$ma nwT>rcn«_mUo gm§JVm òVrb.
AmnÎmrMo n«H$ma
Z¡g{J©H$ _mZd{Z{_©V
1. ^yH§$n 1. AnKmV
2. nya 2. JXu
3. XwîH$mi 3. AmJ
4. AmJ
1.2.3.1 ^yH§$n :
^yH§$n hr EH$ Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr AgyZ `m AmH$pñ_VnUo hmoUmè`m Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr g§X^m©V AMyH$ nwd©
AZw_mZ dV©{dÊ`mMr ì`dñWm gÜ`mVar {dkmZmH$So> Zmhr. H$mhr R>moH$Vmi`mÀ`m AmYmao {ZgJ© AmnUm§g
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^yH§$nmMr nyd© gwMZm XoV AgVmo. ^yH§$nmMo _mnZ [aíQ>>a ñHo$c _Üò Ho$co OmVo. ho n«_mU Mmc©g E\$ [aíQ>a `m§Zr
1935 _Üò emoYco d H§$nZ _mnZ gd© n«W_ Ho$co. ^yH§$n chatMr Zm|X {gñ_moJ«m\$ `m `§ÌmZo Ho$cr OmVo d
Ë`mgmo~VM ^yH§$n AmcoI CncãY hmoVmo. ^yH§$n Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mMo hmXao {d{eï> chatÀ`m ñdénmV ^yn¥ð>mda
òdyZ nmohMVmV. `m char VrZ n«H$maÀ`m AmhoV. CXm. AZwVa§J, AdVa§J d n¥ð>Va§J `m _Üò n¥ð>Va§J char
OmñV {dZmeH$mar AgVmV.
ì`m»`m : 1) n¥ÏdrÀ`m A§VJ©V eŠVr_wio ^yn¥ð>mMo hmcUo qH$dm hmXaUo åhUOo ^yH§$n hmo`.
2) ^yH§$nmMo Va§J n¥ÏdrÀ`m n¥ð >^mJmVyZ Ooìhm n«dmg H$aVmV. Voìhm O_rZ hmXaVo `m hmXè`mcm ^yH§$n Ago
åhUVmV.
3) ^yn¥ð> H§$nm`_mZ hmoUo åhUOo ^yH§$n hmo`
^yH§$nmMr H$maUo : ^yH§$n ho nwT>rc XmoZ H$maUm§_wio KS>VmV.
(A) Z¡g{J©H$ H$maUo … {ZgJ© {Z{_©V ^yH§$n ho \$ma hm{ZH$maH$ AgVmV. {ZgJ©{Z{_©V ^yH§$n ho n«m_w»`mZo
Imcrc H$maUm§_wio hmoVmV.
1. ^«§e_wcH$ hmcMmcr : A§VJ©V d ~{hJ©V eŠVr gVV n¥ÏdrÀ`m ^yH$dMmda H$m`© H$arV AgVmV.
A§VJ©V eŠVr_wio ^yH$dMmVrc IS>H$m§da n«M§S> Xm~ d VmU nSy>Z IS>H$m§Zm VSo> OmVmV qH$dm diçm AJa
KS>`m nS>VmV. Ë`m_wio ^yH$dMmVrc IS>H$ ^«§e nmdVmV. IS>H$m§À`m `m hmcMmcr_wio ^wn¥ð>mcm hmXao ~gyZ
^yH§$n hmoVmo. `m n«H$maÀ`m ^yH§$nmg ^«§e_wcH$ ^yH§$n Ago åhUVmV.
2. Ádmcm_wIr CX«oH$ d ñ\$moQ> : Ádmcm_wIr CX«oH$mVyZ cmìhmag, dm`y, dm\$ d IS>H$m§Mo VwH$So> ~mhoa
nS>VmV. Ë`mdoir ^yH$dMmcm hmXao ~gyZ ^yH§$n hmoVmV. `m ^yH§$nmg Ádmcm_wIr ^yH§$n åhUVmV.
3. ^yn¥ð>mMo Ag§VwcZ : ~{hJ©V eŠVr_wio ^yn¥ð>mda IZZ, dhZ, d g§M`Z B. {H«$`m KS>VmV. `m {H«$`m_wio
^yn¥ð>mdarc H$mhr ^mJmMr PrO hmoVo Va H$mhr ^mJmV g§M`Z hmoVo. Ë`m_wio n¥ÏdrMm g_Vmoc T>mgiVmo. hm
g_Vmoc amIÊ`mgmR>r n¥ÏdrÀ`m A§VJ©V eŠVr H$m`©aV hmoVmV d ^yn¥ð>mda {H«$`m KSy>Z òVo. Voìhm ^yn¥ð>mcm gm¡å`
YŠHo$ ~gyZ ^yH§$n hmoVmV. Aem ^yH§$nm§Zm g§VycZ_wcH$ ^yH§$n åhUVmV.
4. ^yJ^m©Vrc IS>H$m§À`m aMZoVrc ~Xc : n¥ÏdrÀ`m A§VJ©V ^mJmVrc IS>H$m§_Üò amgm`{ZH$ ñ\$moQ>
hmodyZ qH$dm Ë`m§À`m aMZoV ~Xc hmodyZ ^yn¥ð>mcm YŠHo$ ~gVmV. Aem ^yH§$nmZm nmVmcrH$ ^yH§$n åhUVmV.
5. ^yJ^m©Vrc nmÊ`mMr dm\$ : nmdgmMo nmUr O{_ZrV Imocda _waV OmVo. `m nmÊ`mMm ^yJ^m©Vrc
A{VCîU KQ>H$m§~amo~a g§nH©$ Amë`m_wio Ë`m nmÊ`mMr dm\$ hmoVo. hr dm\$ dOZmZo hcH$s Agë`m_wio da òÊ`mMm
n«`ËZ H$aVo. Voìhm Ë`m dm\o$Mm Xm~ hm eoOmarc IS>H$m§da nS>Vmo. hm Xm~ Ooìhm Agø hmoVmo Vo§ìhm ho IS>H$
H$_Hw$dV ~ZVmV d Xw^§JVmV. Voìhm O{_Zrcm hmXao ~gyZ ^yH§$n hmoVmo.
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(~) _mZd{Z{_©V H$maUo : 1. ^y{_JV AUwMmMÊ`m§À`m doir ñ\$moQ> hmodyZ ^yn¥ð>mcm hmXao ~gVmV.
2. ImoXH$m_mgmR>r doJdoJi`m n«H$maMr ñ\$moQ>Ho$ dmnacr OmVmV. Voìhm ^wn¥ð>mcm hmXao ~gVmV.
3. OS>_mcdmhÿ dmhZm§Mr dmhVyH$ hmoVmZm ^yn¥ð>mcm hmXao ~gVmV.
4. _moR>_moR>çm YaUmVrc nmUrgmR>çm_wio Xm~ nSy>Z ^yH§$n hmoVmV. `m n«H$maMo ^yH§$n gm¡å` d A{Ve`
chmZ ñdénmMo AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ^yn¥ð>mda {deof Aem KS>m_moS>r hmoV ZmhrV.
^yH§$nmMo n[aUm_ :
^yH§$nm_wio {dYm`H$ d {dÜd§gH$ Ago XmoÝhr n«H$maMo n[aUm_ hmoVmV. na§Vy {dÜd§gH$ n[aUm_ ho OmñV
n«H$fm©Zo OmUdVmV Vo nwT>rcn«_mUo
(A) {dÜd§gH$ n[aUm_ :
1. n«mUhmZr d {dÎmhmZr : B.g. 1818 _Üò Ý`y _mX«rX òWo amÌr 2 dmOVm ^yH§$nmMm hmXam ~gcm.
Ë`mZo B_maVr T>mgië`m_wio AZoH$ comH$ PmonoVM _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>co. 1923 _Üò Q>mo{H$Amo d `mH$mohm_m ehamV
1935 _Üò Š`wgoH$ òWo, 1935 _Üò Š`w~oH$ òWo, 1934 _Üò Zonmi d {V~oQ> òWo, 1988 _Üò Xa^§Jm
ehamV, 1993 _Üò {H$„mar òWo, `m doJdoJi`m ^yH§$nm_Üò n«M§S> n«_mUmV OrdrV d {dÎmhmZr Pmcr. 2011
_Üò Q>mohHy$ òWo ^yH§$nm_Üò 1,30,000 bmoH$ _¥Ë`y nmdbo Va 1,20,000 bmoH$ ~onÎmm Pmbo.
2.^y{_nmV, n«ñVa^§J hmoUo : ^yH§$nm_wio ^y{_nmV d n«ñVa^§J hmodyZ n«M§S> ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. CXm. 1967
amoOr H$mo`Zm ^yH§$nm_wio H$mo`Zm n[agamV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr ^y{_nmV KSy>Z Amcoco AmhoV. {_{g{gnr ZXrÀ`m
_wImcJVÀ`m n«XoemV 1811, 1812 d 1813 Ago ^yH§$n Pmco d VoWo AZoH$ {R>H$mUr n«ñVa^§J Pmco.
3.ZÚm§À`m n«dmh_mJm©V ~Xc qH$dm n«dmh I§{S>V hmoUo : ZXrÀ`m nmÌmV qH$dm eoOmar ^yH§$n Pmë`mg
^y{_nmV KSy>Z òVmo. ho ^y{_nmV ZX`m§À`m n«dmh _mJm©V Pmë`mg ZXr Amncm n«dmh _mJ© ~XcVo qH$dm I§S>rV hmoVo.
4. ^y{_JV nmÊ`mÀ`m nmVirV ~Xc : ^yH§$nm_wio H$mhr doim ^y{_JV nmÊ`mMr nmVir C§Mmdcr
OmVo. Va H$mhr doim Vr Imcr OmVo.
5. ËgwZm_r cmQ>m§Mr {Z{_©Vr : gmJaVimda ^yH§$n Pmë`mg {dZmeH$mar ËgwZm_r cmQ>m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
CXm. 1883 gmcr H$mH«$mQ>modm ^yH§$nm_wio {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m ËgwZm_r cmQ>m_wio B§S>moZo{e`m d n°{g{\$H$ {H$Zmè`mdarc
dñË`m§_Yrc 36000 cmoH$m§Zm Ocg_mYr {_imcr. 26 {S>g|~a 2004 _Üò B§S>moZo{e`mOdi ^yH§$nm_wio
A§X_mZ, {ZH$mo~ma, MoÞB©, lrb§H$m, _bo{e`m, ~m§JbmXoe, Wm`b§S> {H$Zmè`mg ËgwZm{_Mm VS>mIm ~gbm.
Ë`mdoir 33 _rQ>a C§MrÀ`m bmQ>m V`ma hmoD$Z 2,30,000 bmoH$ ~m{YV Pmbo. Ë`mn¡H$s 1,68,000 bmoH$
B§S>moZo{e`mVrb hmoVo.
6. dmhVwH$sdarc n[aUm_ : ^yH§$nm_wio añË`mcm VSo> OmUo, aoëdo _mJ© CIS>Uo, dmhVyH$ _mJm©da XaS>r
H$mogiUo B. _wio dmhVyH$ ì`dñWm {dñH$irV hmoVo.
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7. XiUdiUmdarc n[aUm_ : Xyag§Xoe Q>m°da CÝ_iyZ nS>ë`m_wio ^yH§$n n«XoemMm g§nH©$ VwQ>Vmo.
8. AmJr cmJUo : ^yH§$nm_wio {dOoÀ`m Vmam VwQ>VmV, J°g nmB©ncmB©Z VwQ>VmV, em°Q©> gH$s©Q> hmoVo, B. _wio
AmJr cmJVmV.
9. nya : YaUm§À`m gm{ZÜ`mV ^yH§$n Pmë`m_wio YaUo \w$Q>VmV Ë`m_wio ZX`m§Zm nya òdyZ n«M§S> ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.
(~) {dYm`H$ n[aUm_ :
1. Ja_ nmÊ`mÀ`m Pè`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. CXm. dO«oídar
2. gamodam§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. CXm. Z¡{ZVmc, _¥VgmJa gamoda
3. Y~Yã`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
4. ImS>çm§À`m {Z{_©Vr_wio ~§Xam§Mm {dH$mg hmoVmo.
5. O{_ZrÀ`m nmoQ>mVrc I{ZOo da òVmV.
Cnm``moOZm :
^yH§$nmMo nyd©AZw_mZ d Cnm``moOZm `m X¥ï>rZo A_o[aH$m, a{e`m, MrZ, OnmZ, B. XoemV {d{dY emñÌ
emIm§Mo `m g§~§Yr g§emoYZ Mmcy Amho. VgoM {ZgJ© hr AmnUmg H$mhr g§Ho$VmìXmao nyd©gwMZm XoV AgVmo `mMr
nwT>rc Jmoï>tÀ`m AmYmao _m{hVr {_iy eH$Vo.
1. ^yH§$nmnydu VoWrc IS>H$mVyZ n«dmg H$aUmè`m chatÀ`m doJmV ~Xc hmoVmo ^yH§$n_mnH$mZo ho g_OyZ òVo.
2. ^yH§$nmnydu VoWrc ^y{_JV Ocm_Üò, {dhrar_Üò aoS>m°Z `m dm`yMo n«_mU dmT>Vo.
3. {dhrarVrc nmÊ`mMr nmVir AMmZH$nUo H$_r hmoUo qH$dm dmT>Uo Ago {XgyZ Amë`mg ^yH§$nmMr eŠ`Vm
AgVo. (CÝhmim d nmdgmim gmoSy>Z)
4. ^yH§$nmnydu H$mhr Vmg AJmoXa {dX`wV Mw§~H$s` ñdénmÀ`m ÜdZr charÀ`m n«gmaUmV ~amM ì`Ë``
qH$dm A{Z`{_VnUm òVmo.
5. Ja_ nmÊ`mÀ`m Pè`mVrc nmÊ`mMo Vmn_mZ Zoh_rnojm dmT>Vo.
6. EImX`m ^mJmV gwú_ YŠHo$ ~gV AgVrc Va nwTo> _moR>m ^yH§$n òD$ eH$Vmo.
7. n«mÊ`m§À`m dmJUwH$sV ~Xc hmoVmo. CXm. C§Xra gmn {~im ~mhoa nS>VmV., Hw$Ìo _mZ da H$éZ aS>ë`mgmaIm
AmdmO H$mT>VmV., dmZao AñdñW hmoVmV, OZmdao h§~aVmV, njr KaQ>`mVyZ ~mhoa òVmV.
darc n«H$mam§À`m AZw^dm§Mm {dMma H$aVm ^yH§$n joÌmVrc cmoH$m§À`m _Vo `m AmnÎmr{df`r gVH©$Vm {Z_m©U
H$aUo OéarMo Amho. Ë`m_wio òUmè`m g§^mì` ^yH§$nm_wio hmoUmar hmZr Q>miVm òUo eŠ` Amho.
^yH§$n Pmë`mZ§Va gd© n«W_ Kao, ~m§YH$m_o H$mogiVmV `m H$mogicoë`m {T>Jmè`mImcr _mUgo JmS>cr
115
Joë`mZo OmñVrV OmñV hmZr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ka~m§YUrgmR>r H$mhr {ZH$fm§Mr JaO cjmV KodyZ ^maVr` _mZH$
g§ñWoZo 1962 gmcr Ka ~m§YUr g§~§YmV EH$ {Z`_mdcr n«{gÜX Ho$cr. `m Z§Va 1967 gmcr drQ>, XJS> d
cmH$S>r ~m§YH$m_mg§~Y§ mV ì`dhmarH$ {Z`_mdcr n«{gÜX Ho$cr Am{U 1975 gmcr AmUIr EH$ gwYmarV {Z`_mdcr
n«{gÜX Ho$cr.
^yH§$nmMo nyd©AZw_mZ, ^yH§$n n«{VamoY ~m§YH$m_o `mg§~§Yr OJâ AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Oo g§emoYZ Mmcy Amho ho
Aä`mgë`mZ§Va ^yH§$nmZ§Va H$m` H$amdo d H$m` H$é Zò, `mg§~§Yr EH$ gm_m{OH$ gVH©$Vm {Z_m©U hmoUo Oéa
Amho. `m g§~§YrMo {ejU, {deofV, ^yH§$n n«dU ^mJmV emco` ñVamnmgyZ CƒñVamn`ªV {Xë`mg ^yH§$nmnmgyZ
hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ H$_r H$aVm òdy eH$Vo.
1.2.3.1 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ.
Imbrb àíZmgmR>r {Xboë`m n`m©`mVyZ `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) ^yH§$nmMo _mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVo n[a_mU dmnaVmV?
(A) [aíQ>a ñHo$b (~) {H$bmo_rQ>a (H$) _¡b (S>) àH$mfdf©
2) [aíQ>a ñHo$b ho ^yH§$nmMr Vrd«Vm _moOUmao n[aUm_ H$moUr emoYyZ H$mT>bo?
(A) S>mduZ (~) Mmb©g EH$ [aíQ>a (H$) _mog© (S>) AmBZñQ>mB©Z
3) ^yH§$n bhatMr Zm|X H$moUË`m CnH$aUmZo Ho$br OmVo?
(A) H«o$ñH$moJ«m\$ (~) W_m}J«m\$ (H$) {gñ_moJ«m\$ (S>) _m`H«$moJ«m\$
4) ^yH§$nmÀ`m H$moUË`m àH$maMr bhar A{YH$ {dZmfH$mar AgVmV?
(A) àmW{_H$ (~) Xwæ`_ (H$) àH$me (S>) n¥ð>Va§J
5) ^yH§$n hr H$moUË`m àH$maMr AmnÎmr Amho?
(A) Z¡g{J©H$ (~) _mZd{Z{_©V (H$) H¥${Ì_ (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
6) ^yn¥ð> H§$nm`_mZ hmoÊ`mg H$m` åhUVmV?
(A) Ádmbm_wIr (~) ^yH§$n (H$) MH«$dmV (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
1.2.3.2 nya (Flood) :
nya hr Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr Amho. n«ËòH$ dfu g§nyU© OJmV ZX`m§À`m Imoè`mVrc n«XoemV CX²^dUmar hr AmnÎmr
Amho. ^maVmV J§Jm, qgYy, ~«åhnwÌm `m ZX`m§Zm dfm©VyZ XmoÝhr F$VyV nya òVmo. `m nyamMm n[aUm_ {~hma, CËVa
n«Xoe, npíM_ ~§Jmc, Amgm_, B. amÁ`m§Zm hmoVmo. `m nwam_wio Xadfu PmSo>, B_maVr, {nHo$, añVo, nyc `m§Mo _moRo>
ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. VgoM ZX`m§À`m H$mR>mdarc dgmhVtZm `m nwamMm VS>mIm ~gyZ _moR>`m n«_mUmV OrdrV hmZr hmoVo.
CXm. 2010 _Üò qgYy ZXrbm nya òD$Z qgY, n§Om~ d ~bw{MñVmZ_Yrb joÌ à^m{dV Pmbo. Va 1998
116
_Üò {MZ_Yrb `m§JËgr ZXrbm nya òD$Z 14 X. b. _mUgo ~oKa Pmbr. 2005 Am{U 2006 _Üò Owb¡-
Am°JñQ> _{hÝ`m_Üò gbJ XmoZ df} H¥$îUm ZXrbm nya òD$Z X{jU _hmamï´> d H$ZmQ>H$ amÁ`mV àM§S> hmZr Pmbr.
^maVmVrc OcMH«$mÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ Ago {ZXe©Zmg Amco Amho H$s, _mÝgyZH$mim_Üò nS>Umè`m nmdgmÀ`m
nmÊ`mn¡H$s \$ŠV 18 Q>ŠHo$ nmUr ho YaUo, Vcmd d ~§Ymao `m_Üò gmR>{dco OmVo. Va 82 Q>ŠHo$ nmUr ho ZX`m§_YyZ
dmhV OmdyZ g_wX«mg {_iVo. åhUyZ _hmnyamgmaIr AmnÎmr Xadfu H$moRo> Zm H$moRo> Var KSy>Z òVoM.
ì`m»`m : 1. ZXçm§À`m nmÌmVrc nmÊ`mMr nmVir dmTy>Z nmUr ZXrcJVÀ`m n«Xe
o mV ngaUo åhUOo nya hmo`.
2. Ooìhm ZX`m§Zm Zoh_rnojm A{YH$ nmUr YmoŠ`mÀ`m nmVirÀ`mda òVo d ho nmUr doJmZo ZXrÀ`m nmÌm~mhoa
XmoÝhr ~mOycm ngaVo Ë`mg nya Ago åhUVmV.
nyamMr H$maUo : gd©gmYmaUnUo Imcrc doJdoJi`m H$maUm§Zr nya òVmV.
1. A{V nO©Ý`d¥ð>r : _wgiYma nO©Ý`d¥ð>r d _moR>`m n«_mUmV MH«$sdmXim§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmë`mZo EH$mEH$s
nmÊ`mMo n«_mU dmTy>Z nyamMr AmnÎmr òVo.
2. O{_ZrMr Yyn : _mZdmÀ`m eoVr d Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgm_wio _moR>`m n«_mUmV O§JcVmoS> hmoVo. n[aUm_r
O{_ZrMr Yyn _moR>`m n«_mUmV hmoVo. `m Yyno_wio O_rZ {POwZ ZXrnmÌm_Üò JmimMo g§M`Z hmodyZ ZXrMo nmÌ CWi
~ZVo. Ë`m_wio ZXr Imoè`m_Üò Aënem nO©Ý`mZo XoIrc ZXrÀ`m nmÌm~mhoa nmUr nS>Vo d nya òVmo.
3. T>J\w$Q>r : Aën H$mimV hmoUmar {dH«$_r Ocd¥ð>r åhUOo T>J\w$Q>r hmo`. ~ogw_ma, _wgiYma nmdgm_wio
nS>Umao nmUr ZXr Amnë`m nmÌmV gm_mdyZ Kody eH$V Zgë`mZo Vo nmUr nmÌm~mhoa nS>Vo d nya òVmo. CXm. 26 Owb¡
2005 gmcr _w§~B©V EH$mM {Xder 944 {_._r. BVH$m {dH«$_r nmD$g nS>cm Ë`m_wio _w§~B©V nya òdyZ Or{dV d
{dÎm hmZr _moR>`m n«_mUmV Pmcr. Owb¡ 2013 bm CÎmamI§S>_Üò T>J\w$Q>r hmoD$Z àM§S> Or{dV d {dÎmhmZr Pmbr.
4. YaUo \w$Q>Uo : ZX`m§da OcqgMZ d {dX`wV {Z{_©VrgmR>r YaUo ~m§Ycr OmVmV. `m YaUm§_mJo nmÊ`mMm
n«M§S> gmR>m AgVmo. H$mhr H$maUmZo ZXrdarc YaU \w$Q>ë`mg YaUmImcrc joÌmV ZXrMo nmUr dmhÿZ ZXrg _moR>m
nya òVmo. CXm. 1961 _Üò nwÊ`mOdi AMmZH$ _wgiYma nmdgm_wio nmZeoV YaU \w$Q>co d _wR>m ZXrcm nwa
Amcm. JwOamV_Yrc _modu YaU \w$Q>ë`mZo _modu ZXrcm nya Amcm.
5. ~\©$ {dViUo : ZX`m§À`m CJ_ joÌmV AÀN>mXcocm ~\©$ CÝhmi`mV {dViyZ Vo nmUr ZX`m_YyZ dmhÿ
cmJVo. Aem doir ZX`m§Mo nmUr dmTy>Z ZX`m§Zm nya òVmo. J§Jm, `_wZm, ~«÷nwÌm, H$mogr B. ZÚm§Mm CJ_ {h_mc`,
~\$m©ÀN>mXrV joÌmV Pmcm Amho. CÝhmi`mV `m ZÚm§Zm ~\©$ {dViyZ nya òVmo.
6. ZXr _mJm©Vrc ZmJ_moS>r diUo : ZXr Ooìhm _¡XmZr ^mJmVyZ dmhVo Voìhm ZXr nmÌmV JmimMo g§M`Z
hmodyZ ZXrcm ZmJ_moS>r diUo n«mßV hmoVmV. Aem ZmJ_moS>r diUmVyZ nmÊ`mMo dhZ gwc^VoZo hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio
ZXr nmÌmVrc nmUr AmgnmgÀ`m n«XoemV ngéZ nya òVmo.
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nyamMo n[aUm_ :
nwamMo {dÜd§gH$ d {dYm`H$ Ago XmoZ n«H$maMo n[aUm_ AmhoV.
nwamMo {dÜd§gH$ n[aUm_/ Xwîn[aUm_ / VmoQo> : nwam_wio {dÜd§gH$ n[aUm_ hmoVmV Vo nwT>rcn«_mUo AmhoV.
1. nwam_wio ZXrH$mR>mMr {nHo$ dmhÿZ OmVmV.
2. ZXrH$mR>Mr IoS>r d ehao Oc_` hmoVmV.
3. ZXrH$mR>Mo añVo, aoëdo_mJ© nmÊ`mImcr OmdyZ dmhVyH$ {dñH$irV hmoVo.
4. nwam_wio AZoH$ cmoH$ d OZmdao dmhÿZ OmVmV. CXm. 1887 gmcr hmo`m±Jhmo ZXrg nya òdyZ 10 cj cmoH$
_¥Ë`w_wIr nS>co. Va {H$ËòH$ OZmdao dmhÿZ Jocr.
5. nwam_wio O{_ZrMr Yyn hmodyZ O_rZ ZmnrH$ ~ZVo.
6. _hmnwam_wio ZXr Amncm _mJ© AMmZH$ ~XcVo. Ë`m_wio _moR>m AZW© KSy>Z òVmo.
7. nwamMo nmUr AmgnmgÀ`m n«XoemV ngéZ XcXc {Z_m©U hmoVo. n[aUm_r Ë`m n«XoemV {d{dY n«H$maMo
gmWrMo amoJ {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
nwamMo {dYm`H$ n[aUm_ : 1. ZX`m§Zm Amcoë`m nwam_wio ZXr nmÌm~mhoa JmimMo g§M`Z hmodyZ nya _¡XmZo
V`ma hmoVmV `m _¡XmZmVrc O_rZ A{Ve` gwnrH$ AgVo. CXm. J§Jm, BamdVr, qgYy, ZmB©c, ZÚm§Mr nya _¡XmZo
2. nyam_wio {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m nya _¡XmZm_Üò eoVrMm {dH$mg hmoVmo.
3. nya _¡XmZmV AZoH$ n«mMrZ g§ñH¥$VrMm {dH$mg Pmcm Amho. CXm. J§JoÀ`m Imoè`mV ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr,
ZmB©bÀ`m Imoè`mV B{Oá{e`Z g§ñH¥$Vr B.
4. nyam_wio AmOy~mOyÀ`m {d{hatMr nmÊ`mMr nmVir dmT>Vo.
5. nyam_wio Ho$aH$Mam, Q>mH$mdy nXmW© dmhÿZ OmdyZ AmgnmgMm n«Xoe ñdÀN> hmoVmo.
6. nyam_who jmaVm dmT>boë`m O{_ZtMr jmaVm H$_r hmoD$Z Ë`m nwÝhm gwnrH$ ~ZVmV.
nwa {Z`§ÌUmgmR>rMo Cnm` :
nwT>rc Cnm`m§Zr nya {Z`§ÌU WmoS>`m\$ma n«_mUmda H$aVm òB©c.
1. d¥j cmJdS> d g§JmonU H$aUo : ZXçm§À`m Imoè`mV _moR>`m n«_mUmV d¥jcmJdS> H$ê$Z g§JmonU Ho$co
Va O{_ZrMr Yyn H$_r hmoD$Z Am{U O{_Zr_Üò nmUr _éZ nwamMr Vrd«Vm H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
2. ZXçm§da YaUo ~m§YUo : ZXçm§da YaUo ~m§Yë`mg YaUmnmR>r_mJo nmUr gmR>Vo. Ë`m_wio nwamMr Vrd«Vm
H$_r hmoVo. ^maVmV H$mogr dJ¡ao ZXçm§da `mM CX²XoemZo YaUo ~m§Ycr AmhoV.
3. ZXçm OmoS> n«H$ën am~{dUo : Á`m ZXçm§Zm ~ma_mhr nya òVmV Aem ZX`m§Vrc nmUr H$mcì`m X²dmao
XwîH$mir ^mJmV di{dë`mg nyamMr Vrd«Vm H$_r hmoVo.
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4. VQ>ajH$ q^V ~m§YUo : ZXrnmÌmeoOmar VQ>ajH$ q^V ~m§Yë`m_wioXoIrc nwamda {Z`§ÌU hmody eH$Vo.
5. nwamMr AmJmD$ gwMZm XoUo : ZXrÀ`m nwamMr AmJmD$ gyMZm qH$dm Bemam XoUmar `§ÌUm {dH${gV
Ho$ë`mg nwam_wio hmoUmar Or{dV d {dÎmhmZr Q>miÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
1) ^maVmVrb H$moUË`m ZXrbm dfm©VyZ XmoZdoim nya òVmo?
(A) H¥$îUm (~) H$mdoar (H$) J§Jm (S>) Vmnr
2) _mÝgyZ_Üò nS>Umè`m nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mn¡H$s {H$Vr Q>¸o$ nmUr YaUo, Vbmd, ~§Ymao `m_Üò gmR>{dbo
OmVo?
(A) 35 (~) 30 (H$) 10 (S>) 18
3) _mÝgyZ_Üò nS>Umè`m nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mn¡H$s {H$Vr Q>¸o$ nmUr g_wÐmg OmD$Z {_iVo?
(A) 60 (~) 75 (H$) 78 (S>) 82
4) AënH$mimV hmoUmar {dH«$_r Obd¥ï>r åhUOo H$m`?
(A) T>J\w$Q>r (~) [a_{P_ nmD$g (H$) VwaiH$ nmD$g (S>) ~\©$d¥ï>r
5) H$moUVo YaU \y$Q>ë`m_wio _wR>mZXrbm nya Ambm hmoVm?
(A) H$mòZm (~) nmUeoV (H$) IS>H$dmgbm (S>) Ymo_
6) H$mogr ZXrMm CJ_ H$moR>o Pmbm Amho?
(A) gømÐr ndV© (~) Aadbr nd©V (H$) {h_mb` nd©V (S>) gmVnyS>m nd©V
7) ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMm {dH$mg H$moUË`m ZXrÀ`m Imoè`mV Pmbm Amho?
(A) qgYy (~) gm~a_Vr (H$) JmoXmdar (S>) H$mdoar
1.2.3.3 XwîH$mi (Drought) / Adf©U :
Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m hdm_mZmV ~Xc hmodyZ Vmn_mZmV dmT> d nO©Ý`mV KQ> Pmë`mZo XwîH$mi / Adf©U hr AmnÎmr
CX²^dVo. OJmVrc 1/3 joÌmV nmÊ`mÀ`m Q§>MmB©_wio XwîH$mi hr AmnÎmr nhmd`mg {_iVo. hr AmnÎmr n«mMrZ
H$mimnmgyZ dma§dma CX²^dVo Amho. EHy$U nO©Ý` {H$Vr Pmco `mnojm Vo H$go Pmco ho _hËdmMo AgVo. CXm.
Am{e`m_Üò _mÝgyZ_wio VrZ _{hZo nmD$g nS>Vmo. Va `wamon_Üò {H$_mZ 8 _{hZo nmD$g nS>Vmo. H$_r H$mcmdYrV
ânya nmD$g nS>cm Var BVa H$mcmdYrV H$_r nmD$g Pmë`mZo Adf©U gX¥î` n[apñWVr qH$dm Adf©U AmnÎmr
òVo.
ì`m»`m : 1. EImXçm n«XoemV qH$dm XoemV Ooìhm gamgarnojm 25 Q>ŠHo$ H$_r nmD$g nSy>Z Ë`mMm eoVr
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Am{U nmÊ`mÀ`m CncãYVoda J§^ra n[aUm_ hmoVmo Am{U hr pñWVr A{YH$ Vrd« Pmë`mg cmoH$ n«mUmg _wH$VmV.
Voìhm Ë`mg Adf©U qH$dm XwîH$mi åhUVmV.
2. Á`m n«XoemV Zoh_rÀ`m gamgarnojm 30 Q>ŠHo$ hÿZ H$_r dm{f©H$ nmD$g nS>Vmo. _mVrVrc Amocmdm Zï>
hmoVmo. hdm H$moaS>r hmoVo d n«XoemVrc gOrdm§Mr, _mZd, n«mUr `m§Mr nmÊ`mMr JaO ^mJV Zmhr. {nHo$, dZñnVtÀ`m
dmT>rcm AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo. {nHo$, dZñnVr gwHy$Z OmVmV. ZXçm, Pao, {dhrar nyU©nUo AmQ>VmV. n«Xoe AmogmS>
~ZVmo. Aem n[apñWVrcm Adf©U åhUVmV.
^maVr` H¥$fr Am`moJmZo Adf©UmMo VrZ n«H$ma nmS>co AmhoV :
1. dmVmdaUr` Adf©U : hdm_mZm_wio gamgar nO©Ý`mnojm 25 Q>ŠHo$ nojm H$_r nO©Ý` Pmë`mZo òUmè`m
Adf©Umcm dmVmdaUr` Adf©U åhUVmV.
2. Ocr` Adf©U : dmVmdaUr` Adf©U XrK© H$mi {Q>H$co H$s nmUr n«_mU KQ>V OmVo. Vir, gamodao,
ZÚm H$moaS>`m nSy> cmJVmV. ^y{_JV nmUrgmR>m H$_r Pmë`mZo ^y{_JV nmUr nmVir Imoc OmVo. `mg Ocr`
Adf©U åhUVmV.
3. H¥$fr{df`H$ Adf©U : O{_ZrV Amocmdm {Q>Hy$Z amhV Zmhr. nmD$g H$_r nS>Vmo, nmdgmda Adc§~yZ
AgUmè`m {nH$m§Mo _moRo> ZwH$gmZ hmoVo {nHo$ nmÊ`mA^mdr OiyZ OmVmV. Ë`mcmM H¥$fr{df`H$ Adf©U åhUVmV.
Adf©UmMr H$maUo :
Adf©UmMr ì`m»`m OJâ {^ÝZ {^ÝZ Agë`m_wio Adf©UmMr {ZpíMV H$maUo gm§JVm òV Zgcr Var
Adf©UmMm H$mhr Jmoï>ter {ZpíMV g§~§Y Amho. Ë`m_wio Adf©UmMr H$mhr H$maUo nwT>rcn«_mUo gm§JVm òVrc.
1. d¥jVmoS> : dZñnVr hdoVrc ~mîn gm_mdyZ KoVmV. hdoV AmX«©Vm {Q>H$dVmV. dZñnVtMr _wio O{_ZrV
Imocda Jococr AgVmV. `m _wim§À`m ghmæ`mZo dZñnVr `m nS>coë`m nmdgmMo nmUr _wimOdi YéZ Ro>dVmV.
dZñnVtMo AÀN>mXZ Zgcoë`m n«Xe o mV ^y{_JV OcaofM
o r nmVir Imcr Jocr Amho. O_rZ CKS>r nS>V.o ~mînr^dZmZo
O_rZ H$moaS>r hmoVo. nmÊ`mMm VwQ>dS>m ^mgVmo n[aUm_r XwîH$mi nS>Vmo.
2. AUwMmMÊ`m§Mo ñnmoQ :> AUwMmMÊ`m§Mo ñnmoQ> ho dmid§Q>mV, Y«wdr` ^mJmV, gmJar ^mJmV Ho$co OmVmV.
Aem MmMÊ`m§_wio dmVmdaUmVrc ~mînmMo n«_mU H$_r hmoVo. VgoM, A{^gaU n«dmhmda, nO©Ý`dma, hdoVrc
AmX«©Voda `mMm {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio Adf©U {Z_m©U hmoVo.
3. AmoPmoZMm j` : ^yn¥ð>mnmgyZ gw_mao 40 {H$_r C§Mrda pñWVm§~a `m WamV AmoPmoZ dm`yMm Wa Amho.
hdoÀ`m dmT>Ë`m n«XwfUm_wio dmVmdaUmVrc `m dm`yMo n«_mU H$_r hmody cmJco Amho. `m g§ajH$ Wamg {N>X«o nSy>Z
A{V{Zc {H$aU ^yn¥ð>mda nmohMyZ n¥ÏdrMo Vmn_mZ dmT>V Amho. Ë`m_wio A{^gaZ n«dmhmV AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
n[aUm_r XwîH$mi nS>Vmo.
4. _mog_r dmè`m§Mr A{ZpíMVVm d A{Z`{_VnUm : _mog_r dmè`mnmgyZ nS>Umam nmD$g hm
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hdm_mZmÀ`m ~Xcm_wio A{ZpíMV d A{Z`{_V ñdénmMm Amho. _mog_r dmao H$Yr cdH$a gwé hmoVmV. cdH$a
g§nVmV, Va H$Yr Ceram gwé hmoVmV. C{eam g§nVmV, H$Yr OmñV nmD$g XoVmV, Va H$Yr H$_r nmD$g XoVmV. Ooìhm
n«_mUmnojm A{Ve` H$_r nmD$g XoVmV. Voìhm Adf©U CX²^dVo.
5. OoQ> n«dmh : n¥ÏdrÀ`m XmoÝhr JmocmYm©V 30 CËVa d 30 X{jU Ajd¥ËVmdarc C§M WamV npíM_oH$Sy>Z
nyd}H$So> dmhUmè`m hdoÀ`m n«dmhmg OoQ> n«dmh Ago åhUVmV. F$VwZwgma ho n«dmh da Imcr gaH$VmV. `m dmè`mMm
n[aUm_ nmD$g KodyZ OmUmè`m hdoÀ`m n«dmhmda nS>Vmo. dmXim§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. _yi n«XoemnmgyZ ho nO©Ý``wŠV
AmdV© dmao XwgarH$So> OmVmV Voìhm _wi n«Xoemda XwîH$mi nS>Vmo.
6.BVa H$maUo : darc H$maUm{edm` JdVmi n«XoemMm A`mo½` dmna, ^y{_JV nmÊ`mMm _moR>`m n«_mUmda
dmna, ZÚm, Vir d gamodamV Jmi gmMyZ Ë`m§Mr nmUr gmR>{dÊ`mMr j_Vm H$_r hmoUo BË`mXr H$maUm§_wio Adf©U
{Z_m©U hmoVo.
Adf©UmMo n[aUm_ :
Adf©U hr Z¡g{J©H$ AmnËVr Amho. Adf©UmMm nmUr d AÝZ `m _wc^yV JaOm§er g§~§Y Agë`mZo `m_Üò
n`m©da{U`, Am{W©H$, cmoH$g§»`m Am{U amOH$s` X¥ï>`m n[aUm_ hmoVmV. Vo n[aUm_ nwT>rc n«_mUo hmoVmV.
1. Adf©Um_wio nmÊ`mMo n«_mU KQ>Vo.
2. Adf©UmZo OcMH«$mMo g§VwcZ {~KS>Vo.
3. Adf©UmZo ^y{_JV nmÊ`mMr nmVir Imcr OmVo.
4. {dhrar, Vir, gamodao, ZÚm B. _Yrc Ocme`m§Mo nmUr H$_r hmoVo. Pao AmQ>VmV, ZXrMr nmÌo H$moaS>r
nS>VmV.
5. {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr Vrd« Q§>MmB© {Z_m©U hmoVo.
6. Adf©Um_wio {nHo$ dmiyZ OmD$Z AÝZ YmÝ`mMm VwQ>dS>m {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
7. Adf©UmMm eoVrda J§^ra n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
8. Adf©Um_wio Hw$nmofU, ^yH$~ir, AY©nmofU `mgma»`m g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
9. Adf©UmZo n«mUr d dZñnVrÀ`m H$mhr {d{eï> OmVr Zï> hmoVmV.
10. Adf©UmMm CÚmoJY§X`m§dahr n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
11.µ Adf©UmZo O{_Zr H$moaS>`m nSy>Z O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoVo.
12. AÝZ, nmÊ`mMr pñWVr J§^ra ~Zë`mg Adf©Um_Üò AZoH$ cmoH$ _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>VmV. CXm. 1933-
37 À`m XwîH$mimV MrZ _Üò 50 cj cmoH$ 1976-77 À`m XwîH$mimV ^maVm_Üò 40 cj cmoH$, Va 1968-
75 À`m XwîH$mimV ^maVm_Üò 40 cj cmoH$ Va 1968-75 À`m XwîH$mimV BWmo{n`mV 50 hOmamnojm A{YH$
cmoH$ _aU nmdco.
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13. Adf©U joÌmH$Sy>Z cmoH$g§»`m d OZmdam§Mo XwgarH$So> ñWcm§Va hmodyZ n«mXo{eH$ g§VwcZ {~KS>Vo.
14. Adf©UmMm n[ag§ñWm§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
Adf©U g_ñòda Cnm` :
OJmV doJdoJi`m g§KQ>Zm Adf©Umda Cnm` emoYÊ`mMo H$m`© d Adf©UJ«ñV cmoH$m§Zm AÝZYmÝò, Amamo½`
gw{dYm, nmUrnwadR>m, Am{W©H$ _XV H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVmV.
Imcrc n«H$maÀ`m H$mhr Cnm``moOZm am~{dë`mg Adf©Umda WmoS>r \$ma _mV H$aVm òB©c.
1. hdm_mZmMm gwú_ Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg `mda nO©Ý`m~m~VMr H$mhr _m{hVr CncãY hmody eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio
Adf©Umg§~§Yr _m{hVr AmJmoXa {_iy eHo$c.
2. O{_Zrda dZ joÌmV dmT> H$aUo.
3. nmUrnwadR>`mMo {Z`moOZ H$aUo.
4. H$_r nmÊ`mda YmÝ`mMo CËnmXZ KoUo.
5. nmÊ`mMm Anì`` Q>miUo.
6. {_l {nH$m§~amo~a {_l dZñnVtMr cmJdS> H$aUo.
7. YaU n«H$ënm§Mo nmUr XwîH$miJ«ñV ^mJmcm H$mcì`m§Ûmao nwa{dUo.
8. nmdgmMo nmUr gwa{jV gmR>dyZ Ro>dUo.
9. ^yn¥ð>mda JdV, dZñnVtMo AÀN>mXZ H$aUo.
10. nmdgmMo nmUr AS>dyZ O{_ZrV {OadUo.
11. eoVrgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ qgMZ nÕVr§Mm dmna H$aUo.
12. Adf©Um{df`r cmoH$m§_Üò OZOmJ¥Vr H$aUo.
1) XwîH$mi hr H$moUË`m àH$maMr AmnÎmr Amho?
(A) Z¡g{J©H$ (~) _mZd{Z{_©V (H$) H¥${Ì_ (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
2) OJmVrb {H$Vr Q>¸o$ joÌmV ÑîH$mi hr AmnÎmr nmhmd`mg {_iVo?
(A) 1/2 (~) 1/3 (H$) 1/4 (S>) 1
3) ^maVr` H¥$fr Am`moJmZo Adf©UmMo {H$Vr àH$ma nmS>bo AmhoV?
(A) XmoZ (~) Mma (H$) VrZ (S>) nmM
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4) AmoPmoZ dm`y n¥Ïdrdarb H$moUË`m WamV AmT>iVmo?
(A) {nVm§~a (~) Xbm§~a (H$) Am`Z~a (S>) pñWVm§~a
5) n¥ÏdrÀ`m XmoÝhr JmobmYm©V 300 CÎma d 300 X{jU Ajd¥Îmmdarb C§M WamV npíM_oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o
dmhmUmè`m dmè`mbm H$m` åhUVmV?
(A) OoQ> àdmh (~) {Z`VH$m{bH$ dmao (H$) ì`mnmar dmao (S>) Y«¥dr` dmao
6) AmoPoZ dm`yÀ`m WamV H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m gy`©{H$aUm§Mo emojU hmoVo?
(A) A{V{Zb {H$aU (~) J°_m {H$aU (H$) j {H$aU (S>) ao{S>`_ {H$aU
1.2.3.4 AmJ :
AmJ `m AmnÎmrMm Z¡g{J©H$ d _mZd{Z{_©V `m XmoÝhr AmnËVr_Üò g_mdoe hmoVmo. Z¡g{J©H$ AmnËVr_Üò
AmJr_wio n`m©daUmMm Iyn _moR>`m n«_mUmV èhmg hmoVmo. AZoH$ dZñnVr d n«mÊ`m§À`m OmVr Zï> hmoVmV. AmJr_wio
AZoH$ n[ag§ñWm_Üò {~KmS> hmoVmo. OJmV Xadfu Xhm Vo Vrg cmI hoŠQ>a O§Jc AmJr_Üò Zï> hmoVo. CXm. 1979
gmcr ñnoZ_Üò 30 hOma hoŠQ>a O§Jc AmJr_Üò Zï> Pmco. Va 1987 _Üò MrZ XoemV 10 hOma hoŠQ>a O§Jc
AmJr_Üò Zï> Pmco.
_mZd{Z{_©V AmnÎmr_Üò AmJr_wio _moR>`m n«_mUmV Z¡g{J©H$ {OdrV d {dÎmhmZr hmoVo. `m_Üò {d{dY
_mZdr {H«$`m, n«{H«$`m _YyZ hmoUmè`m {ZîH$miOrnUm_wio _mZd{Z{_©V AmJr cmJVmV. Ë`m_Üò g^modVmcMo
d¥j, _Zwî` d n«mUr BË`mXtZm Pi nmohMVo. H$mhr doim hr AmnÎmr ^`§H$a ñdén YmaU H$aVo. CXm. VocH§$nZr,
~mOmanoR>, dgmhVr, dX©irMr {R>H$mUo B.
AmJ `m AmnÎmrH$So> J§^ranUo cj Z {Xë`mZo qH$dm `mo½` n«H$maMr I~aXmar Z KoVë`mZo Aem KQ>Zm
dma§dma KS>VmV. O§Jcm_Üò noQ>coë`m dZì`mg {Z`§ÌrV AmUÊ`mg AmO emgZmH$So> H$moUVrhr `§ÌUm CncãY
Zmhr. Va dgmhVr_Üò d Am¡X`mo{JH$ joÌmV emgZmZo Ho$coë`m {Z`_m§Mo `mo½` nmcZ Z Ho$ë`mZo AmJ `m AmnÎmrg
dma§dma gm_moao Omdo cmJV Amho.
AmJrMr H$maUo :
AmJ `m AmnËVrMr H$mhr Z¡g{J©H$ d _mZd{Z_uV H$maUo nwT>rc n«_mUo AmhoV.
(A) Z¡g{J©H$ H$maUo :
1. CÝhmù`mV hmoUmè`m dmXir nmdgm_Üò drO nSy>Z O§Jcm§Zm AmJ cmJVo.
2. dmè`m_wio dmicoë`m PmS>m§À`m \$m§Xçm EH$_oH$m§da KmgyZ {R>U½`m nS>VmV d O§Jcmg AmJ cmJVo.
3. O§Jcn«Xoem_Üò Ádmcm_wIrMm CX«oH$ Pmë`m_wio O§Jcmg AmJ cmJVo.
4. gw`m©À`m n«Ia CîUVo_wio dmicocm nmcm nmMmoim noQ> KodyZ AmJ cmJVo.
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(~) _mZd{Z{_©V H$maUo :
nwT>rc H$mhr _mZd{Z{_©V H$maUm§_wio O§Jc, Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ, _mZdr dgmhV B. _Üò AmJr cmJVmV.
1. O§JcjoÌmV XehVdmXr Aml` KoVmV. Ë`m_wio VoWo Jmoir~ma, hmV~m°å~ \o$H$Uo B. Jmoï>r KSy>Z òVmV.
Ë`m_wio O§Jcm§Zm AmJ cmJy eH$Vo.
2. AmXrdmgr cmoH$ ñWcm§VarV eoVr H$aVmV Voìhm Vo O§Jcm§Zm AmJr cmdyZ Vo joÌ eoVrgmR>r dmnamV
AmUVmV. `m n«{H«$òV O§JcmV dUdm noQy>Z _moR>`m n«_mUmV AmJ cmJVo.
3. CÝhmi`mV JdVmi Hw$aUmVrc dmicoco JdV OmiÊ`mV òVo. Voìhm cJVÀ`m O§Jcmg AmJ cmJVo.
4. {eH$margmR>r, n`©Q>ZmgmR>r cmoH$ O§JcmV OmVmV. Voìhm AmoT>coë`m {gJmaoQ>Mo VwH$So> Z {dOdVm \o$H$ë`mZo
O§Jcmcm AmJ cmJVo.
5. drOoMo em°Q©>g{H©$Q> Pmë`mZo AmJ cmJVo.
6. ÁdmbmJ«mhr nXmW© joÌmV H$m_ H$aVmZm, gwa{jVVVoMo `mo½` Cnm` A§_cmV Z AmUë`m_wio AmJ cmJVo.
7. J°g d am°Ho$cJiVrH$So> Xwc©j Ho$ë`mZo AmJ cmJVo.
8. emoôMr Xmé CS>{dë`mZo AmJ cmJVo.
9. JmS>`m§Mo, {d_mZm§Mo AnKmV hmodyZ ñ\$moQ> Pmë`mZo AmJ cmJVo.
10. dmhZm§À`m Ywam§S>çmVyZ {R>UJr D$Sy>Z AmJ bmJVo.
AmJrMo n[aUm_ :
1.AmJr_wio hdoMo n«XwfU hmoVo.
2.{OdrV d {dÎmhmZr _moR>`m n«_mUmV hmoVo.
3.O§Jc n[ag§ñWoMo g§VwcZ {~KS>Vo.
4.AZoH$ Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr d n«mÊ`m§À`m n«OmVr Zï> hmoVmV.
5._m¡ë`dmZ O§Jc gmYZ g§nËVr Zï> hmoVo.
6._moR>`m n«_mUmda n`m©daUmMm èhmg hmoVmo.
7.g§emoYZ H$Ë`m§©Zm AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
Cnm``moOZm :
Imcrc n«H$maÀ`m Cnm``moOZm am~{dë`mg H$mhr n«_mUmV `m AmnÎmrdaVr _mV H$aVm òB©c.
1. O§Jc, Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ, dgmhVr_Yrc gmd©OZrH$ {R>H$mUo B. {R>H$mUr Yw_«nmZ dÁ`© H$aUo.
2. ÁdmcmJ«mhr d amgm`{ZH$ nXmWmªÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Üò d hmVmiUr_Üò Hw$ec H$m_Jma AgmdoV.
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3. Cƒ Xm~mÀ`m CnH$aUmOdi ÁdmcmJ«mhr nXmW© Ro>dy ZòV. CXm. H$mJX, H$mnS>, noQ´>moc, am°Ho$c
4. Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrc d dgmhVr_Yrc BcopŠQ´>H$ {\$Q>tJ Vk ì`pŠV§H$Sy>Z H$éZ ¿`mdo Ë`m_wio em°Q©>g{H©$Q>
hmoUma Zmhr.
5. AmJ cmJë`mg Ë`m {R>H$mUm_YyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mg AmnËH$mcrZ XadmOm d {IS>Š`m Agmì`mV
6. A{¾em_H$ Xc, nmo{cg, XdmImZo B. \$moZ Z§~a gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr cmdcoco AgmdoV.
7. AmnÎmr n«Vr~§YH$ ì`dñWm gwgÁ` Agmdr.
8. O§JcmVrc AmJrMo VËH$mi gd}jU H$aUoMr ì`dñWm Agë`mg AmJ ËdarV {Z`§ÌUmV AmUVm
òB©b.
9.O§Jc n«XoemV A§VJ©V ^mJm§Zm OmoS>Umao añVo {Z_m©U H$amdoV. Ë`m_wio A¾rem_H$ Xcmcm Ë`m {R>H$mUmn`ªV
nmohMVm òB©c.
1) AmJ hr H$moUË`m àH$maMr AmnÎmr Amho?
(A) Z¡g{J©H$ (~) _mZd{Z{_©V (H$) Z¡g{J©H$ d _mZ{dZ{_©V (S>) dmVmdaUr`
1.2.3.5 AnKmV :
_Zwî`mg n«ËòH$ nmD$cmJUrH$ `m AmnËVrg gm_moao Omdo cmJV Amho. n«ËòH$ AnKmV hm chmZ Agmo qH$dm
_moR>m, d¡`pŠVH$ Agmo qH$dm g_whmgmR>r EH$ AmnÎmr R>aVo. AmnU amoO \$ŠV dV©_mZnÌo Oar nm{hcr Var `m
AmnËVrMo ñdén AmnUm§g MQ>H$Z cjmV òB©c. AnKmVm_wio AcrH$S>À`m H$mimV EImXo Hw$Qy§>~ nyU©nUo Zmhrgo
hmoV Agcoco nmhmd`mg {_iVo.
AnKmV H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z`moOrV ì`dñWmnZ H$éZ Ë`mX¥ï>rZo H$m`©dmhr H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. AnKmV
ho KaJwVr, H$m`m©c`mVrc, H$maImÝ`mVrc, añË`mdarc, aoëdoVrc, hdoVrc, g_wX«mVrc qH$dm ZX`m_Yrc Agy
eH$VmV åhUyZ Ë`mcm AZwgéZ {Z`moOZ Am{U gmdY{Jar ~miJmdr cmJVo.
AnKmVmMr ì`m»`m : 1. dñVyÀ`m nXmWmªÀ`m qH$dm {H$aUmoËgJm©À`m {H«$ò_wio qH$dm n«{H«$ò_wio Á`m
KQ>ZoZo H$mhr ì`pŠVJV XwImnV hmody eH$Vo Ë`m KQ>Zocm AnKmV Ago åhUVmV. - hopÝaM
2. {H«$òÀ`m nyVuV ì`Ë`` {Z_m©U H$aUmar na§Vw A{Zdm`©V, hm{ZH$maH$, AZno{jV d XmofnyU© KQ>Zm åhUOo
AnKmV hmo` - H$mZ©
3. ñdV…Mr MyH$ ZgVmZm Á`m KQ>Zm_wio _Zwî`mcm hmZr nmohMVo qH$dm BOm hmoVo. ¹${MV n«g§Jr _¥Ë`wgwÜXm
òVmo Aem AmH$pñ_V òUmè`m KQ>Zm§Zm AnKmV åhUVmV.
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AnKmVmMo ñdén ho eŠ`Vmo d`mZwgma {^ÝZ AgVo. CXm. nmM dfm©n`ªVÀ`m ~mcH$m§Mo AnKmV ho
H$m°Q>déZ nS>Uo, hmVnm` AS>H$Uo, ZmH$, H$mZ, Kí`m_Üò H$mhr AS>H$ë`m_wio hmoVmV. d` df} nmM Vo Xhm
dfmªÀ`m Xaå`mZ AgUmè`m ~mcH$m§Mo AnKmV ho ApñW^§Jm_wio hmoVmV. Va Xhm Vo drg dfmªÀ`m d`m_Yrc
_wcm§Mo gm`H$c, ñHy$Q>a, _moQ>ma dJ¡ao dmhZm§_wio qH$dm Ioim_wio AnKmV hmoVmV. Va drg Vo Mmirg dfmªÀ`m
d`m_Yrc cmoH$ ho doJdoJi`m ì`dgm`mV Jw§Vcoco AgVmV. Aem ì`dgm`mV AnKmV hmodyZ AZoH$ cmoH$
_aU nmdVmV. VgoM 40 Vo 60 df} d`mVrc cmoH$m§Zm doJdoJi`m n«H$maMo AmOma AMmZH$nUo OS>VmV.
CXm. aŠVXm~, h²XàmoJ, _Yw_oh dJ¡ao Aem AmOmamVyZ AnKmV g§^dVmV. Aem n«H$mao doJdoJi`m d`mVrc
AnKmV ho doJdoJi`m ñdénmMo AgVmV åhUyZ ~mcH$ OÝ_mcm Amë`mnmgyZ Vo _aon`±V AnKmV `m AmnÎmrg
Ë`mbm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo.
gd©gmYmaUnUo ^maVmV Xa 2.30 {_{ZQ>mcm EH$ AnKmV hmoV AgVmo. AnKmVmZo _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>coë`m§Mr
g§»`m {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Mmccr Amho. `m g§~§YrMr _m{hVr Am{U AmH$So>dmar O_m H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Z°eZc
H«$mB©_ aoH$m°S>g© ã`wamo H$arV Amho. `m H§$nZrZo 2002 gmcr AnKmVmMr H$maUo Am{U Ë`mMr Q>ŠHo$dmar n«{gXY
Ho$cr Ë`mdéZ Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, dmhVyH$s_wio hmoUmè`m AnKmVm§V _¥V hmoÊ`mMo n«_mU gdm©V OmñV Amho.
(38.5), Ë`mZ§Va AmJr_wio (10.3), nmÊ`mV ~wSy>Z (9.5) `m {VÝhr H$maUm§Zr {_iyZ OdiOdi 60 Q>ŠHo$
cmoH$ _¥Ë`w nmdco AmhoV.
AnKmVmMr H$maUo :
nwT>rc doJdoJi`m H$maUm§Zr AnKmV KSy>Z òVmV.
1. dmhZo MmcdVmZm dmhVyH$sMo {Z`_ Z nmiUo.
2. añVo Amocm§S>Ê`mgmR>r gmo` ZgUo.
3. añË`m§À`m H$So>cm \w$Q>nmWMr gmo` ZgUo.
4. aoëdo H«$m°qgJ {Z`_mZwgma Z H$aUo.
5. añË`m§À`m H$So>Mr gmB©S>nQ²>Q>r ì`dpñWV ZgUo.
6. añË`mda _moR> _moRo> IS²>So> nS>coco AgUo.
7. {dÚwV nwadR>`m_Üò {~KmS> {Z_m©U hmodyZ AmJ cmJUo.
8. \$Q>mŠ`m§À`m ñQ>m°ccm AmJ cmJyZ ñ\$moQ> hmoUo.
9. ZXrV, g_wX«mV Zmd ~wSy>Z AnKmV hmoUo.
10. {d_mZmV {~KmS> {Z_m©U hmodyZ AnKmV hmoUo.
11. ì`gZm{YZVm.
darc doJdoJi`m H$maUm§{edm` BVahr H$maUm§Zr AnKmV KSy>Z òVmV.
126
Cnm``moOZm :
emgZmZo KmcyZ {Xcocr ~§YZo d {Z`_m§Mo H$mQo>H$moanUo nmcZ H$aUo Am{U gmdY{Jar ~miJë`mg `m AmnÎmrMo
n«_mU H$_r H$aVm òB©c.
1. emgZmZo KmcyZ {Xcoë`m {Z`_m§Mo H$mQo>H$moanUo A§§_c~OmdUr hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
2. AnKmVmg§~§YrMr _m{hVr doJdoJi`m n«gma _mÜ`_mVyZ XodyZ cmoH$m§À`mV OZOmJ¥Vr H$aUo JaOoMo
Amho.
3. AnKmVmMo n«_mU Á`m {R>H$mUr OmñV AgVo Aem {R>H$mUm§Mo gd}jU H$éZ AnKmVmMo H$maU emoYUo
JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mda Cnm``moOZm H$aUo gmono OmVo.
4. AnKmVJ«ñV n«XoemV _XV H|$X« gwé Ho$co Va AnKmV KS>ë`mZ§Va VmVS>rZo _XV H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.
5. {R>H${R>H$mUr {\$aË`m XdmImÝ`mMr gw{dYm CncãY Ho$ë`mg AnKmVJ«ñV {R>H$mUr VmVS>rZo _XV H$aVm
òB©b.
6. AnKmVmZ§Va _XV H$m`© H$aUmao A{¾em_H$ XcmMo H$_©Mmar, ñd`§godr g§ñWm, n«emgH$s` H$_©Mmar
`m§Zm doimodoir `mo½` Vo n«{ejU XoUo JaOoMo Amho.
1) H$moUË`m AnKmV àH$mamV _¥Ë`yMo à_mU gdm©V OmñV Amho?
(A) JXu (~) AmJ (H$) dmhmVyH$ (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
1.2.3.6 JXu (Crowd) :
JXu hr _mZd{Z{_©V AmnÎmr Amho. {Xdg|{Xdg cmoH$g§»`mhr dmT>V Amho. Ë`m_wio JXu Am{U Ë`mMo ì`dñWmnZ
ho EH$ ZdrZ AmìhmZ _mZdmg_moa Cô am{hco Amho. H$maU AZoH$ cmoH$ doJdoJi`m H$maUm§gmR>r _moR>`m n«_mUmda
EH$Ì òdy cmJco AmhoV. Aem doir JXuÀ`m {R>H$mUr H$moUË`mhr n«H$maMm AZw{MV n«H$ma KSy> Zò `mgmR>r JXu
`m AmnÎmrMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo hr H$mimMr JaO ~Zcr Amho. JXu `m AmnÎmrMo ì`dñWmnZ Ho$co Zmhr Va hr JXu
EH$ ZdrZM AmnÎmr {Z_m©U H$é eH$Vo.
JXuMr H$maUo :
gd©gmYmaUnUo Imcrc H$maUm§_wio cmoH$ EH${ÌV òVmV qH$dm JXu {Z_m©U hmoVo.
Ym{_©H$ H$maUo :
1. gU, CËgd, OÌm, `mÌm : AZoH$ OmVrY_mªMo cmoH$ EH$Ì amhVmV. VWm{n Amnmnë`m Y_m©Zwgma
qH$dm OmVrZwgma gU, CËgd, OÌm, `mÌm Aem {d{dY H$maUm§_wio cmoH$ EH${ÌV òVmV. n[aUm_r, Aem
127
{R>H$mUr JXu {Z_m©U hmoVo. Aem JXudoir EImX`m n«g§Jm_wio Jm|Yi {Z_m©U Pmcm Va Ë`m {R>H$mUr _moR>`m
n«_mUmda Or{dV d {dËV hmZr hmoV.o CXm. 2005 _Üò _m§T>aXodr òWo Amcocr AmnËVr., 2013 _Üò Hw$§ ^_oi`mÀ`m
AmdmamV Pmcocr M|JamM|Jar (C. n«Xoe)
2. Ym{_©H$ {_adUwH$m : doJdoJi`m Y_m©Vrc cmoH$ Amnë`m Y_m©Zwgma Ym{_©H$ {_adUwH$m H$mT>VmV.
Aem {_adUwH$m§_Üò H$mhr H$maUm§_wio Jm|Yi {Z_m©U hmodyZ Or{dV d {dÎm hmZr hmoVo. CXm. JUoemoËgdmdoir
{ZKmcocr {_adUyH$.
3. Ym{_©H$ H$m`} : Ym{_©H$ H$m`m©gmR>r cmoH$ EH${ÌV O_coco AgVmV. Aem doir H$mhr {dÜd§gH$
g_mOH§$Q>H$mH$Sy>Z OmUyZ~wOyZ ~m°å~ñ\$moQ> KS>dyZ AmUUo/{dKmVH$ H$m`© KS>dyZ AmUUo `m_wio Jm|Yi {Z_m©U
hmodyZ n«g§Jr Or{dV d {dÎm hmZr hmoVo. CXm. Xhrh§S>r
4. Ym{_©H$ ñWim§Mr {dQ§>~Zm : {dÜd§gH$ n«d¥ËVrMo cmoH$ Ooìhm Ym{_©H$ ñWim§Mr {dQ§>~Zm H$aVmV. Voìhm
VUmd {Z_m©U hmoVmo. d AMmZH$nUo OmVr` X§Jc {Z_m©U hmodyZ Or{dV d {dÎm hmZr hmoVo.
amOH$s` H$maUo : doJdoJi`m n«H$maÀ`m amOH$s` H$maUm§_wiohr JXu {Z_m©U hmoVo.
1. amOH$s` g^m : doJdoJi`m amOH$s` g^m§À`m doir \$ma _moR>`m n«_mUmda cmoH$ EH${ÌV òVmV. `m
gô_Yrc ZoË`m§H$Sy>Z n«jmo^H$ {MVdUrImoa dŠVì` H$aÊ`mV Amco Va VoWo gôcm O_coë`m cmoH$m§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm
~XcVo. n[aUm_r, VoWo Jm|YimMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmodyZ Or{dV d {dÎm hmZr hmoVo.
2.amOH$s` njm§À`m {dO`r {_adUwH$m : {ZdS>UwH$m§À`m H$mimV {ZdSy>Z Amcoco {dO`r C_oXdma
{_adUwH$m H$mT>VmV Voìhm Ë`m {R>H$mUMo dmVmdaU VUmdJ«ñV ~ZyZ Ë`m {R>H$mUr amOH$s` X§Jc KSy>Z òVo. Aem
n«H$maMr CXmhaUo _moR>`m n«_mUmV {XgyZ òVmV.
3.amOH$s` njm§Zr nwH$macocm ~§X d {ZXe©Zo : doJdoJio nj doJdoJi`m H$maUm§gmR>r ~§X nwH$maVmV,
Ë`m {damoYmV {ZXe©Zo H$aVmV. Aem doir VoWrc n[apñWVr ñ\$moQ>H$ ~ZwZ X§Jc KSy>Z òVo. CXm. D$g Am§XmocZ B.
gm_m{OH$ H$maUo : doJdoJi`m gm_m{OH$ H$maUm§_wio hr JXu {Z_m©U hmoVo.
1.OmVrì`dñWm d Ym{_©H$ ~§YZo : ^maVm_Üò g_mOmV OmVrì`dñWm d Ym{_©H$ ~§YZo _moR>`m n«_mUmda
AmhoV Oa EImX`m {R>H$mUr Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh Pmcm Va VoWo gm_m{OH$ VUmd {Z_m©U hmodyZ OmVr` X§Jc
{Z_m©U hmoVo.
2. amï´>nwéfm§À`m nwVi`mMr {dQ§>~Zm : amï´>nwéfmÀ`m nwVi`mMr {dQ§>~Zm KSy>Z Amcr Va Ë`mMo nS>gmX
gd©Ì C_Qw>Z {R>H${R>H$mUr AMmZH$nUo OmVr`/Ym{_©H$ X§Jcr KSy>Z òVmV.
3. _moM}, {ZXe©Zo : gm_m{OH$ n«íZmg§~§Yr AZoH$ doim _moM} d {ZXe©Zo H$mT>Ê`mV òVmV. H$mhr doim Aem
_moMm©da/{ZXe©H$m§da {Z`§ÌU {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r nmo{cgm§À`mH$Sy>Z gm¡å` cmR>r_ma hmoVmo. na§Vy Aem doir VoWo VUmd
128
{Z_m©U hmodyZ Ë`m _moMm©cm / {ZXe©Zmcm qhgH$ diU n«má hmoVo. Voìhm Or{dV d {dÎm hmZr hmoVo. CXm. _mdiMo
eoVH$ar Am§XmocZ
4.AnKmV : EImX`m {R>H$mUr AnKmVm_wio chmZ _wcm§Mm / ì`ŠVtMm _¥Ë`w Pmcm Va Aem {R>H$mUr
cmoH$m§Mr JXu hmodyZ VoWo Jm|YimMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo. n[aUm_r, VoWo VmUVUmd {Z_m©U hmodyZ X§Jc KSy>Z
òVo.
Cnm``moOZm :
JXu `m _mZd{Z{_©V AmnËVrda Imcrc n«H$maÀ`m H$mhr Cnm``moOZm am~{dë`mg Or{dV d {dÎmhmZr
Q>miVm òB©c.
1. Á`m {R>H$mUr cmoH$ Ym{_©H$ H$maUm§gmR>r _moR>`m n«_mUmda EH$Ì òVmV Aem {R>H$mUr `mo½` {Z`moOZ
Ho$ë`mg Ë`m {R>H$mUr Jm|YimMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoUma Zmhr.
2. cmoH$m§À`mV gm_m{OH$ d OmVr` EH$monm {Z_m©U ìhmdm åhUwZ {d{dY _mÜ`_mVyZ cmoH$m§À`mV OZOmJ¥Vr
H$aUo H$mimMr JaO Amho. H$maU Ë`m_wio g_mOm_Üò VmU VUmd H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
3. AMmZH$nUo {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m ñ\$moQ>H$ n[apñWVr_Üò `mo½` Vr Cnm``moOZm H$aÊ`mg§~§YrMo n«{ejU ho
nmo{cg H$_©Mmar d n«emgH$s` H$_©Mmar `m§Zm XoUo JaOoMo Amho.
darc n«H$maÀ`m {d{dY Cnm``moOZm am~{dë`mg JXu `m AmnËVrda WmoS>`m \$ma n«_mUmV {Z`§ÌU òdy
eHo$c.
1.3 nm{^m{fH$ eãX :
AmnÎmr : AmH$pñ_H$nUo àM§S> à_mUmV Or{dV d {dÎmhmZr hmoUo
ì`dñWmnZ : `moOZm~Õ {Z`moOZ
Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr : {ZgJ©{Z{_©V g§H$Q>o
_mZd{Z{_©V AmnÎmr : _mZdr {H«$`m§VyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar g§H$Q>o
ËgwZm_r : gmJar ^mJmV ^yH§$n hmoD$Z {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m _hmàM§S> bmQ>m
T>J \w$Q>r : AënH$mimV AMmZH$ hmoUmar {dH«$_r Obd¥ï>r
1.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z n«íZm§Mr CËVao :
1.2.3.1 -
1. (A), 2. (~), 3. (H$), 4. (S>), 5. (A), 6. (~)
1.2.3.2 -
1. (H$), 2. (S>), 3. (S>), 4. (A), 5. (~), 6. (H$), 7. (A)
129
1.2.3.3 -
1. (A), 2. (~), 3. (H$), 4. (S>), 5. (A), 6. (A)
1.2.3.4 -
1. (H$)
1.2.3.5 -
1. (H$)
1.5 gmam§e :
`m KQ>H$mV AmnU AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZ Am{U AmnÎmrMo n«H$ma `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm. `m KQ>H$mV Aä`mgcoco
R>iH$ _wÔo nwT>rcn«_mUo -
1. AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZm_Üò g_mOmVrc n«ËòH$ KQ>H$mMr ^y{_H$m _hËdmMr Amho.
2. AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZm_Üò AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna \$ma _moR>çm n«_mUmda Ho$cm OmVmo.
3. AmnÎmr `m Z¡g{J©H$ d _mZd{Z{_©V AgVmV.
4. Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr_Üò nya Am{U XwîH$mi hr dma§dma òV Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
5. _mZd{Z{_©V AmnËVr_Üò AnKmV `m AmnËVrMr dma§dm[aVm OmñV Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
1.6 gamdmgmR>r n«íZ :
Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1. AmnÎmr åhUOo H$m`? AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZmMo g{dñVa dU©Z H$am.
2. ^yH§$n åhUOo H$m`? ^yH§$nmMr H$maUo, n[aUm_ d Cnm` ñnï> H$am.
3. nya åhUOo H$m`? nyamMr H$maUo, n[aUm_ d Cnm` ñnï> H$am.
4. Adf©U åhUOo H$m`? Adf©UmMr H$maUo, n[aUm_ d Cnm` ñnï> H$am.
5. AmJrMr H$maUo d n[aUm_ ñnï> H$am.
6. AnKmVmMr H$maUo, n[aUm_ d Cnm` ñnï> H$am.
7. JXu H$maUo, n[aUm_ d Cnm` ñnï> H$am.
Imbrb àíZm§Mr g§já CÎmao {bhm.
1. ^yH§$nmMr H$maUo 2. ^yH§$nmMo n[aUm_
3. ^yH§$nmdarb Cnm``moOZm 4. nyamMo H$maUo
5. nyamMo n[aUm_ 6. nya {Z`§ÌUmMo Cnm`
130
7. Adf©UmMr H$maUo 8. Adf©UmMo n[aUm_
9. Adf©Umdarb Cnm``moOZm 10. AmJrMr H$maUo
11. AmJrMo n[aUm_ 12. AnKmVmMr H$maUo
13. AnKmVmMo n[aUm_ 14. AnKmVmdarb Cnm``moOZm
15. JXuMr H$maUo 16. JXudarb Cnm``moOZm
17. AmnÎmrnyd© ì`dñWmnZ Q>ßnm 18. AmnÎmrH$mimVr ì`dñWmnZ Q>ßnm
19. AmnÎmr Z§VaMm ì`dñWmnZ Q>ßnm.
1.7 Aä`mgmgmR>r BVa nwñVHo$
1. S>m°. ndma gr. Q>r. d BVa (1998) : n`m©daU ^yJmoc, gn«o_ n«H$meZ, H$moëhmnya
2. S>m°. nmQ>rc dm`. ìhr (2005) : n`m©daU Aä`mg, AjacoU n«H$meZ, gmocmnya
3. n«mMm`© nofdo gwhmg d BVa (2004) : n`m©daU Aä`mg, _§Owfm npãcHo$eÝg, ZcXwJ© gmocmnya
4. n«m. A{cPmS> gw.gw. d BVa (2005) : n`m©daU {dkmZ, {Zamcr n«H$meZ, nwUo gmocmnya
5. S>m°. ghñÌ~wÜXo `.{e. d BVa (1995) : ^wH§$n, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>c n«H$meZ, nwUo
6. Bharucha Erach (2005) : Textbook of Environmental Studuies,
Universities Press, Hyderabad.
7. Ghosh G. K. (2006) : Disaster Management, A.P.H. Publishing
Corporaton, New Delhi, Vol I & II
8. Dr. Samant J. S. (2005) : Environmental Studies, Shivaji University,
Kolhapur.
qqq
131

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