•
'
I Chapter 9
I dt11t sh,,wouldnotvo/u11rar/lyag,e, /0 IMr,s/ercutl<7<o'ofher son In IW<)years.
. Child Custody and Abduction
'
I Unflod Sum,s. M""""'1a is willing IQ agr.,,le allow Nero custody llaW, if ,he will
I tran.,fer
I ls then Oo/ reMM for Nara ro a:ru to Ma/'lrnout'.r '""lue,t? What are
I l. The Probl,m,
• Mada
lm,, who wa,borninSorah Africa, and htul'IJ, wh,;,""''Wminl/1,ly,W/ll'e
m,m•fad ill Sa«rh Afiic11 In 1989. They ffved In Italy for a few y,ws, where Jhafr
dtJugl,re,·, Mar,a, war hamin 1996. l111997, lhefll/111/y •mgrated lo Cam,<ku,mi
''
in195,IS Listi tmd A1-t,w; separoled in ]999. a cw,,e,uol'derwm;•..rued into h,faro
the S,q;rome Caun of Brlll,hC<>iumh ia. 1Igran/<UJ 1ha rlWlher-
sale=stadya/Mari,,and Imfal/wr l'lghr, of aactss.
TIM ,,rd,,
far/Mr pravfded lhal ih• child lt'<IS WI to /Je r,mtJvaifrom l!rlti.,I,
,
Co/umMa fH the ab,enu of a fi,r/Mr court 1mhr or \WIiien pe1'11US.<io , wnh the
oxceplJon rhm rt,, chfldwau/J bep,rm,11,d la /ru,g/ outside lhejurisdic1i,mhenvun
her pan,ms/or a p,rlmf not W exce,d JO tf,rys. {f ,ithe,par/y wr,l< Maria mA of
Cw=fafar mate Iman 30 dc,ys, _,,,k_ ci,;tody ,w;u/d h,, awarded lo rha other party.
Lisa and Maria /4i fw 8oW! Africa on Jun, 1, 21)()2. By July 2!, 20()2, Ar-
ruro
realized /hat they wo,lid /WI be "'>ming bad< and h, filed r,,, r:,pp/icalion with Ike
centraf m,/hcrilifl.'iqf Canada demr,,,d/ng dte re,,rni a/ Maria lioa argued llwz Iha
Samh Afri= Ccns/1/"li"" pmhlblred sueh 1·€JUrn, which w,;u/d not b• in /he best
inten3/ of Mark>.
Ym,are"clerk to tlfllS/ice rm the Sm<Jh A,fric,rn Com//lutitmal Ccu,1. Whal de
yr,11advise•
,-
Mahmm,.1 leyl his ham, In Cairo ta work as a surgeon in Los Allg(!ler,, Callj&Mfrr.
'lh•r• he m,1 Nara, who 1.as the a mrg,on. Thoy fell in love and In I9M they
married, In 1999. Nomgtlve hlnh tc o baby bey, ;Jnwar, who is now 5. in 2000,
Maluno111 was ajfered a rop prut in a te<lChing hosp/la/ in Cairo. Aft•r much sauJ-.
s,a,-d,ing, Moluno"I 1a/d Nora 1ha1 he fe//eqmpelledro r,/urn to Egypt, Wparr ra lie
clos,r le h;.; larg• family, especially /tis og,:fng paren . Nara ,aid Iha/ she
wrn,J,I
,...,., mcv, la Egi,pi or raiso hot SfJ/'I thoro. TM)' nlLW! agrud lo obtain a M-jault
dtvm-ce in Ca/ifom,a,
Md,maul ccme:, lo,., youh,,cm,s• he is concemed '1btn4 cuwdy cf Anwar.
U,,,kr EgyptiaM l,n,,, 1h, divcrced mathu isunit/ed ro CJtSl<l<>'.,, ofhcy>wtl/1 l y,ar,,,
</{ler which /Mfo1he, becom•s tho child's 1,/{Ql custodian. Aji,,,,rq,ealting wllh t!I'
's, im,,-.a/ Family /.;m
low.v,r, Non,has t/H/i Malmwlll:tlu,1 ,hf,
Is110/ /he /aw in /he Un!led Stales and
Mahmour: has dual U.S.IEgypl/<»1t c/tlzm hip and N.,,.,,andMwa,""' clliz,m, oflhe
ogr,o to
c,,m,<9, whm A""'"' becom,,s 7.
Mal!mou/ '•prospecr&ferca,wmcJng a U.S.caurl lo apply Egypll,,n law It,,.,,? Does
I,,, hav, ar,y atlwr oplfMs for legally Qcqufring ru,U><(v ofAmvw?
2. Ovc,..,lew
Custody refers to the post-divorceor post.separation fiving arrangements ofthe minor
child. Tiu, parent who bas custody typically has resp01tsibUily for s"pervision of
tho. child and for meeting 1he chfJd'g doily n.. ds. Custody is not nece,a•arlly
exclu,h,e, The other I may h8"1'einpn1into decls!oo-making«:ea,d Ing the
child·seducation or re.llgiou:s !n.mioi:, fw eKample. The ncii•costooiol parfflt maJ
alllO have actual physical oustody of tho child for ed-upon period, of time.
Whethet !his is cha:r8Cleriw;J as visilfrt,on or joim custo<zy <lapend, on the laws of
theJurisdicticm in which it is ordered ond no lhe internion of the parties. Visitation
generally refers to briefer period, of time (during sutrunor vacations, ftt a><ample),
while joim c"sllldy
«:fers to a more eq"•l balonoe of re,ponsibility.
II ,hou!d be nored rt,at custody is!leJlcr&lly doslinct from child ,upport. That is,
whoo, • porent has • legal obligation to support a clilld, that obligation applies
rcgardleso oflho child's living arrangements. It can be a1gued, acrordingly, rhott.he
parent's «:lat,ve wealth should not be, &elor In detormining custody. Rather, if
clUlody is amirdod to the less well-offp=t, the child w;u still hao,e ocoes, to che
resourcesof oho ttcr--oJf pan,nl through chUd support( Chapter 10).
In Mme State.,, curtody may ti. olllimed hy o!ther Jey.l poren.t. whether married
or not 'Legal' [)111"¢1>!$ includo b1oloi::lcal parents, the mother's husband, odoptive
parents, or fodter:s who hove acknowledged paeemlty oo a hirrh certificate or oo a
pu1ative futtter', rcgi,try. Cust<>dy pro<oedings typically take plaoe in the ce,n ;rt of
diV<1rce, but claims fur custod may also be made in the oontel<I of o contested
adoption or if a conrt hesjnrl<di<tionover the parties awl eith.rparty ,eeksa
chtuis,: in!be custody arrangements. Tilere isoft¢n a threshold r,:qum:man!1hata
.nbsto.ntial
<'honge in c,roumstance, has occurred, warranting a obaoge in custody. Such a
r,quiremcnt is mtended to limh frivolou, applicatior,,.
Some Sta1es delennrno custody by the age of the child. Under f,;lamic law, for
cxMtp[o, • <livorn:d molber io typically emitled ro tody of boys until 7 year, arul
glrh11Z1ti] 9 year,, subject to d""'ioal conditions. The lluher fa genera Uy considered
tho clH!Odian ofolder clwdren. In=blamio States, ouoh a, Malay:,ia, ochild
who has reached the 'age of d,sc,,,nmem moy choo90 wilh which porcnt ro live',
unless otherwise otdered by a ooutt. Jn Algeria, a dtvorced wife may begranted
custooy of boys uatil the age ofl 6 year,(or IO ifshe «:manics) •ad l"l:1al11girls until
18 yea,s, as
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CMd C""""1y""1
A/,d,,e1w.n
relationohip with hisfllther and his lather's <:11lture. Mohmout may be able lo obtain
joint legal cus1ody, wittt liboral vlllitstic,n within the U.S., ifha """'uresNora thrube
will not try to lale tho <hild10 EiiYPI, and,as • ioken of his good faith,allow, herk>
keep the child's pa.sport As e;q,lalned iri Sect!nn 7, Nora """1d !lave exltfflleJy
limited rid,t,; ifMahmout1ates Anwar to EgypL
F<> Fnrthor R"'cordi
I. I'rn· an analyoio of appli<atl<>!!S noc!er the Hague Coovemion, ••• Lowe. N. et
al. (2001), 'A Stoti.iical Analysis of Applicatioos JMde in 1999 Under
the Haguo Convention,' F,.liminary Doc. No. 3 of March 2001 (avallabk
hltpJ/wwwhcch.Jx:lle/convention,Jrepcru28e.h1ml) (la,l vi,Md Mar,:h1, 2003)
2. For discussions of Joint custody Ul national jurisdiction, sce Frank, R {2001),
'CM] Law Marri• •s Without Le&•l Con,eque11oes,' Bainham, A. (ed.), The
lmenuu/onul Sur,ey of Family Law: 10fJI F,d;,i<m, pp. 111, 114 (Germany). and
Saldood, A., 'Joint Custody, Special entation for Children and Colla.tliteos'
Property,' ibid at pp. 405"410.
3. June Carbone argues1tt1tCll1tody <liaput,sbavo !>=me 'srwnd zero llnhesender
,,,,.., hecousa the)" are among the few ""8llining family law disputes wheft oourts
judge adult beh1vi01,' Carbone. J. (ZOOOl, F/'/Jm ParlnllS to Pare,m: Th• Sec.,nd
Rew,/udon In Family Law. for acomprclien,;ve histal)' of custady law intho United
States, soo Mason, M.A. (1994), Fro'" F<>1/t,, Properf)! ro CIOldran's ll)gh/ · Tht
Hl,wry efChild C""/Ody m ti,;,Un/Md Sta/EJ:. On the tender yoar,; doctrine in lhe
U.S.. uruler which mato,nol custody ofch!Ldten wider 10 i• prcsomod to \,e in the
child•, besc interc,t, s:oe Pu,;,y v. Pusey, 72 P.2d 177 (Utah 1986) (tender ye•«
pr<sumptiono is bo.serl onoutdoted stenotypes);&porle Dn;n,, 39B S., 2d 686(Ala.
198I) (holcling the doo1rine ur,conslilutional); Bazem<m! v. Davi•, 394 A.2d 1377
(D.C. 1977) (doctrine violate• best interc,;t standard).
4. For 1111 excellont ,we,viow of the regional conventions contempla!ed in the
European ColDJDllnity, see McEleavy, P.(2002l 'TheBrusselll JI Re"'1ati=
How1he European Un,on h35 ,noved into Family Law,' foWnQt/oooi 1J11d
Camp,;ratiw UM Quaci.rly,Vol 51, October 2002, pp. S83-908.
S. Two Ame-ricon law professors, Linda Silberman ud Merle Weloer, have wrilleJl
extensively on the Hague COJJveatfons. for e;wmple, ofth•ir /nsight fula rul
wbolad, crltiques,see,e.&-,Silbennan, L. {2003), 'Patcltlng Upthe AbdllClion
Corrve;nt,on: A Call for ft New lo1ernational Protocol and • Suuestlon for
Amendmonts oo JCARA,' Te:<all fnremalionuJ Law Jour110!, Vol 38, pp.
41·62; Weine<. M. (2001), 'ln malionol Child Abduclion ond the Escape from
Domestic VioieJloe,' Fordl,am Lmr R, ;,w, Vol 69, p. :!.
w;
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[hllp;/ltravel,,taoo.govr.,i.mtc_W1uly_low hLml (k,1l'fflitod ll/W200l). Dild•nner: Ti'lc
inmrrnation in thi, oi,cubr reta1ing lo1he legal requirrrnona of,pecific IOaign counm..
i> pr<>Vidl:O for genen! infumu,Uon ouly. Que,tion, involviog iolotpremtion ohi,ecifia
fomgn 1111'/S 1hould b, :ddre,s<d to furcign oounsel
G. ll. re 44125., onne.<. 4 U.N. GAORSupp. (No. 49Jat 167, U.li. Doe. A/#/49
(1989),
'
,n1.,-,d;,,,,,f=• s,,pc 2, 1990.
CRC/C/5 30 Oc!Obe.r 1991.
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htqr:1/con""tion, coe.intfT«oty/ENIT,..lies/Htmlll05Jnm.
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ir,to,pretotion of spocillo fore,lin I= should b< ,ddre,,ad to forelgl! cowse!,
http://lraveJ Slare,gov/al>duction_egyp!,htm!(Josi -v:i:;itod )219/03)
ConstitutioclOI Court- CCT:53JOO 4 D=mber2000
http;l/www.e□noonrt goV:za/C1/llles/ZIJOOlsondon.,psurn .trtml.
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