ASSIGNMENT 1 SEMESTER II, SESSION 2021/2022

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COURSE NAME : GRADUATE SUCCESS ATTRIBUTES

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CODE : UHMT 1012 SEC 92 i i i i i

LECTURER : NOR AZWADI BIN CHE SIDIK i i i i i i

PROGRAMMES : SMJEH i i

DATE : 26 APRIL 2022 i ii i i i

TOPIC : DENGUE FEVER AWARENESS

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STUDENT NAME : HAZWAN HAZIQ BIN YAHYA KHALID

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MATRIC NUMBER : A21MJ8013 i i i

 TABLE OF CONTENT i i

1.INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 3
2. iSIGNS iAND iSYMPTOMS............................................................................................................. 3
3. iCAUSES ..................................................................................................................................... 4
4. iTREATMENT ........................................................................................................................ 4
5. iPREVENTION.................................................................................................................... 5
6. iCLINICAL iTEST .................................................................................................................. 5
7. iCONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 6
1.INTRODUCTION

Dengue ifever iis ibecause iof ione iof i4 idengue iviruses i(DENV i1-4). iBeing iinflamed ifrom ione
idengue ifever idoes inot ishield isomeone ifrom ithe iothers. iThe iprime idengue ifever iis iwhen ia

iperson iis iinfected iwith ithe ivirus ifor ithe ifirst itime; ia isecondary iis iwhen ithe iequal iperson iis

iinflamed ia i2nd itime iwith ia ispecific idengue ifever. iIf ithe isecondary idengue iinfection iis imore

ithan i2 iyears iafter ithe iprime iinfection, ithere imay ibe ia isign iof iworse isymptoms. iIndividuals

iwith isuspected idengue imust isearch iassistance ifrom ia ihospital ifor iearly idetection iof isymptoms

iand iimmediate iinitiation iof itherapy iif inecessary. iSevere idengue icases iwere ifirst idiagnosed

iway iback iin ithe i1950s iduring ithe icourse iof idengue iepidemics iin ithe i iSEA. iToday iit iinfluences

iover ia ihundred inations iand ihas iturn iout ito ibe ione iof ithe imain ireasons iof ihospitalization iamong

ipeople iin ithose iregions.

2. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

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Dengue ihas ia iwide iclinical ispectrum, iwith isome iindividuals ipresenting ino isymptoms iwhile
iothers ipresenting iwith imild ito iwore isymptoms. iThe iincubation iperiod iis ithe iperiod ifrom

iinfection iwith ithe ivirus iuntil ithe ifirst isymptoms iappear iand ilasts ifor i310 idays. iThe imost

iimportant irisk ifactor ifor iworsen idengue ifever iis ithe iprior idengue iinfection. iThe irisk iof

ideveloping iworsen idengue ifever iis ihigher iafter isecondary iinfection iwith ianother itype iof

idengue ivirus. i

The ithree iclass iof idengue iwhich iWHO-recommended iare i(1) idengue iwithout iwarning isigns,
i(2) idengue iwith iwarning isigns, iand i(3) isevere idengue.

i Dengue iwithout iwarning isigns: i

- headache, ieye ipain i
- nausea, ivomiting
- muscle iand ijoint ipain imaculopapular irash i(flat ior iraised iskin irash) ion ithe iface, ichest,
istomach iand iarms/legs

- aches iand ipains i(eye ipain, iusually ibehind ithe ieyes ior ibone ipain)
iIn imany iof ithe iaffected iindividuals, ithe idisease iis iself-limiting iand icompletes ifull irecovery
iafter isymptoms iresolve iwithin i5-7 idays. i

Dengue iwith isevere idengue iwarning isigns:

- Severe iabdominal ipain
- Persistent ivomiting i
- Extreme itiredness ior irestlessness i
- Spontaneous ibleeding ifrom imucous imembranes i(e.g. igums) i
- Vomiting iof iBreathing iBlood iRapidly i
If ithese iwarning isigns iare iobserved, ithe iaffected iperson ishould ibe itaken iurgently ito ithe inearest
iemergency iroom ior idoctor. i

Severe idengue ifever: i

- Severe ibleeding i
- Severe iorgan idysfunction i(organ ifailure, iimpaired iconsciousness) i
- Severe ileakage iof iplasma ifrom ithe iblood ivessels, icausing ia idrop iin iblood ipressure
iand/or ifluid ibuild-up ioutside ithe iblood ivessels

3. CAUSES
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Dengue ifever iis ia ivirus itransmitted iby ithe ibite iof ia ifemale iAedes imosquito ithat icarries ithe
idengue ivirus. iThe iinfection iis icaused iby ione iof ifour iDengue iviruses, iwhich ialso itransmit

iZika, iChikungunya, iand iother iviruses. iOnce ian iinfected imosquito ibites ian iindividual, ithe

imosquito itransmits ithe ivirus ito ithat iindividual. iThe iindividual ithen ibecomes ithe icarrier iof

ithe ivirus iand ithe ivirus imultiplies iin ihim. iThe ivirus icirculates iin ithe iblood iof ithe iinfected

iperson ifor i2-7 idays, iduring iwhich iit ibecomes ia isource iof ithe ivirus ifor iuninfected

imosquitoes iand ican itransmit ithe i iinfection ito ianother iperson ivia iAedes imosquitoes. i

iWhen ia iperson irecovers ifrom ian iinfection iwith ia idengue ivirus, ithey ibecome iimmune ito

ithat iparticular itype iof ivirus, ibut ican ibecome iinfected iwith iany iof ithe iother itype iof idengue

ivirus.

4. TREATMENT
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There iis ino icure ifor ithe ivirus ithat icauses idengue, ihowever ithe isigns iand isymptoms iare
imanageable iand itreated. iExtra imanagement iis ineeded iand ikeeping igood ienough ifluid iflowing

iin ithe iblood ivessels ithrough iwill iretain ithe iaffected iperson ihydrated. iInfected ipeople iwith

islight isigns iand isymptoms iwithinside ithe iabsence iof icaution isymptoms iand isymptoms ican ibe

iinformed ithrough itheir imedical idoctor ito ilive ihome. iIn ithose icases, ithe iman ior iwoman ineed ito

irelaxation iand idrink ia ilot iof iwater iand ilook iahead ito isymptoms iof idehydration i(reduced

iurination, idry imouth ior ilips, ibloodless ifingers ior ifeet). iAcetaminophen i(Tylenol) ican

iadditionally ibe itaken ito ialleviate ifever iand iaches. iIt iisn't ialways iencouraged ito itake iaspirin ior

iNSAIDS i(together iwith iibuprofen i– iAdvil, iMotrin) ior iNaproxen i(Aleve) ias ithey icould iboom

ithe ithreat iof ibleeding. iThese ipeople ineed ito ibe iextra iaware iof isymptoms iof iextreme idengue

iinfection iand iIf ithe iinflamed iman ior iwoman’s isigns iand isymptoms iare iworsen, ithe imedical

idoctor ican ialso iput ithem iin ithe ihospital. iTreatments iwithinside ithe ihospital iis iby igetting ifluids

ivia iIV. iSome ipeople iare iat ia igreater ithreat iof ievolving iinto iextreme idengue iwhich iis ipregnant

iwomen, iinfants, iaged iand ipeople iwith iasthma, iobesity, idiabetes, ikidney ifailure ior ipositive

iblood idiseases.
5. PREVENTION
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The ibest iway ito iprevent idengue iis ito istay iaway ifrom ithe imosquitoes ithat itransmit iit. iFor
iexample i:

i i i i- istaying iin ian iair-conditioned iplaces iduring ithe iday ias ithese imosquitoes i

i i i i i i iare imost iactive i

i i i i- iwearing ishoes, ilong-sleeved ishirts, ilong ipants, iand ia ihat iwhen igoing iout i

i i i i- iUsing iinsect irepellents ior icreams ithat icontain iDEET ior ipicaridin. i

i i i i- iUsing iinsect irepellent ion iclothing iand iequipment i

i i i i- iUsing ia imosquito inet iwhile isleeping i

i i i i- iDraining istanding iwater inear iyour ihome, isuch ias iB. iPaddling ipools iand ibuckets, ias i

i i i i i imosquitoes ibreed iin istanding iwater

6. CLINICAL TEST
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A iblood itest ican ibe idone ito idetect iparticles iof ithe ivirus's igenetic imaterial, ior iit ican iIndirectly
idetect ielevated iantibodies ito ifight ithe ivirus. iDepending ion ithe iduration iof ithe i

illness iand ithe itime iat iwhich ithe ipatient ipresents ifor ithe iexamination, ithe idoctor idecides iwhich
itest iis imost isuitable.

• Molecular itests: iIn ithe ifirst iweek iof iillness, ithe idiagnosis ican ibe imade iby idirectly
idetecting ivirus iparticles iin ithe iblood. iSome iof ithe itests iused ito idetect ithe ivirus iare

iRTPCR iand ireal-time iRTPCR, iNS1-Ag irapid itests, iNAAT, iNS1-Ag iELISA, iand

iimmunohistochemistry.

• Antibody itest: iIgM iantibodies ican ibe idetected ias iearly ias ifour idays iafter ithe ionset iof
ithe idisease. iOn iaverage, iIgM iis idetected iby iday i34 iafter ionset iin i50% iof icases,

ipeaking ion iday i1014 iand idisappearing iafter iabout i3 imonths. iIn iyear i

, iprimary idengue iIgG iinfection ican ibe idetected iat iday i910 iand iis ibelieved ito ipersist ifor
ilifetimes. iSome iof ithe itests iused ito idetect ielevated iantibody ilevels iare iELISA, i

Rapid iAntibody iTest, iNeutralization iTest, iELISA iIgG iand iHIA.

Dengue ivirus itesting iis inot irecommended ifor ipeople iwho ishow ino isymptoms iafter ithe
iincubation iperiod.
7. CONCLUSION
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In iconclusion, ithe ispread iof ithe idengue ifever iwas ibecause iof iignorance iand ilaziness iof ithe
ipeople iin ithe icommunity iand igovernment i. iHowever, ithe icommunity iand igovernment

iagencies iwere inot iorganized ito iparticipate iin idengue iprevention iand ieradication, iso ithe

ilikelihood iof idengue iinfection iin ithe icommunity iincreased. iThe istudy irecommends

imobilizing ilocal icommunities iand iactivating ilocal ileadership iwith ithe iactive iparticipation iof

igovernmental iand inon-governmental iorganizations ito iinitiate iprevention istrategies.

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REFERENCE

Handbook ifor iclinical imanagement iof idengue. iGeneva, iSwitzerland: iWorld iHealth iOrganization;
i2012. ihttps://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/76887/9789241504713_eng.pdf?

isequence=1&isAllowed=y

https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44188/9789241547871_eng.pdf?sequence=1

Dengue. iCenter ifor iDisease iControl iand iPrevention. iUpdated iJuly i14, i2020.

https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/index.html

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353078

Dengue iVaccine. iCenter ifor iDisease iControl iand iPrevention. iUpdated iSeptember i23, i2019.
ihttps://www.cdc.gov/dengue/prevention/dengue-vaccine.html.

INDEX
1.INTRODUCTION ............................................ 3
2. iSIGNS iAND iSYMPTOMS......................... 3
3. iCAUSES ..................................................... 4
4. iTREATMENT ............................................ 4
5. iPREVENTION ........................................... 5
6. iCLINICAL iTEST.............................................. 5
7. iCONCLUSION ........................................... 6
CLINICAL iTEST
Antibody itest .............................................. 5
Molecular itests ........................................... 5
three iclass iof idengue
Severe idengue ifever ................................... 4
three iclasses iof idengue
Dengue iwith isevere idengue iwarning isigns 3
Dengue iwithout iwarning isigns ................... 3
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