Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Severino de las Alas Campus Indang, Cavite
(046) 415-0010 / (046) 415-0011
www.cvsu.edu.ph cvsu.op206@gmail.com

NAME: GAA, David Clark DATE: March 16, 2022

COURSE CODE: MEDT 21 YR/SEC/CLUSTER: BSMT 3B-3-2

LABORATORY ACTIVITY IMMUNOLOGY

& SEROLOGY – LABORATORY
PHAGOCYTOSIS & INFLAMMATION
ESSAY: Explain as simple, honest, and concise as possible. (Draw diagram if necessary) – 6 points

Case #1: Staphylococcus aureus are able to withstand phagocytosis because of several virulence factors, including
enzyme Catalase. With the knowledge of phagocytosis, draw/explain a diagram or mechanism by how Catalase
“cheats” phagocytosis.

Catalase is an enzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and oxygen. Phagocytosis is the
mechanism by which relatively large (>0.5 μm) particles, such as bacteria, dead cells are internalized. During
phagocytosis in immune cells such as neutrophils (essential for host defense against Staphylococcus aureus infections)
and macrophages, receptors in the cell membrane first recognize antibodies on the target, which causes membrane
protrusions called pseudopodia to surround the target in a zipperlike mechanism.

Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive pathogen) evolved mechanisms to survive phagocytosis by neutrophils and
macrophages and can escape from neutrophil phagosomes by producing Phenol Soluble Modulins (PSM).
Case #2: With the basic knowledge of knowing what happens during an inflammatory response, enumerate and briefly
describe the reasons for the cardinal signs of inflammation. (Also, draw the diagram showing the events of
inflammation). – 5 points

The five cardinal signs of inflammation are Rubor (redness), Calor (heat), Dolor (pain), Tumor (swelling), and Functio
Laesa (Loss of function). In Rubor, it occurs due to increase blood flow or dilation of blood vessels. In Calor, it occurs
in response to increase blood flow that can be seen in peripheral site of the body such as skin. In Dolor, that are felt
due to increase blood flow and may disrupt sensory nerves that can trigger normal cycle of pain. In Tumor, cells and
other body fluids may accumulate due to increase in capillary permeability. Lastly, in Functio Laesa, this means that
affected tissues cannot fulfill their function or only insufficient and was caused by local cell and circulation dysfunction.
ENUMERATION: Briefly give and explain the following:

Case #1: Give at least five (5) acute phase reactants and briefly explain their significance. (Disclaimer: these cases
are nice-to-know and do not need lecture anymore. Just open your Imunnoserology textbooks). – 5 points

• C-Reactive Protein – is the most widely used indicator of acute inflammation. Can be a primitive, non-specific form
of antibody molecule that is able to act as a defense against microorganisms or foreign cells until specific antibodies
can be produce.
• Alpha1-Antitrypsin – is the major component of alpha-band when serum is electrophoresed. It is also the general
inhibitor of proteases released from leukocytes, especially elastase. Deficiency of such results may lead to
emphysema and Neonatal Distress Syndrome (NRDS).
• Complements – are series of serum proteins normally present and used for mediation of inflammation.
• Fibrinogen – most abundant coagulation factor; cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin clot.
• Ceruloplasmin – is the principal copper-transporting protein in human plasma. It also acts as Ferroxidase, oxidizing
iron from Fe2+ to Fe3+; this may serve as a means of releasing iron from ferritin for binding to transferrin.

Case #2: Differentiate chemokines and cytokines and their relation to inflammation. (Disclaimer: these cases are nice-
to-know and do not need lecture anymore. Just open your Imunnoserology textbooks). – 5 points

CYTOKINES SIMILARITIES CHEMOKINES

General term used for small secreted
proteins that are key modulators of
inflammation. Messenger molecules
that communicate among the cells of
the immune system.
Produced in response to invading
pathogens to stimulate, recruit, and
proliferate immune cells.
Cytokines includes interleukins (IL),
chemokines, interferons, and tumor
necrosis factors (TNF).
Both are important in the production
and growth of lymphocytes, and in
regulating responses to infection or
injury such as inflammation and
wound healing.
Both are small proteins made by cells
in the immune system.
Both use chemical signals to induce
changes in other cells.
Special type of cytokine that direct
the migration of white blood cells to
infected or damaged tissues.
They play a crucial role in regulating
the movement and localization of
lymphocytes.
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Pick your best answer. (4 points)

D. Chemotaxis B. Attachment C. Engulfment

A. Phagosome

A. Phagosome
B. Attachment
C. Engulfment
D. Chemotaxis
 5 4 3 1
ACCURACY OF Completely Completely Explained the Didn’t explained the
CONTENT explained the explained but with statement with statement
questions with no supporting incomplete details
supporting principles.
principles.
KNOWLEDGE Student has mastery Shows knowledge Shows knowledge No knowledge
of the statement and of the statement of the statement about the given
understanding of the and understanding but with little activity
activity of the activity understanding of
the activity
BASIC SKILLS Drawing/diagram Drawing/diagram Drawing/diagram Drawing/Diagram
exhibits attention to contains less contains many lacks detail and
details. details but is well strong elements shows Little/no
defined. but needs effort in work.
refinement.

NEATNESS & Exceptionally Neat and relatively Lines are neatly Appears messy and
ATTRACTIVENESS attractive and neat Attractive drawn but drawings rushed
appear quiet plain.

PUNCTUALITY Activity Passed on - - Failed to pass on

time time

Criteria 5 Points 4 points 3 points 1 point Score:

Accuracy of Content

Knowledge

Basic skills

Neatness and
Attractiveness

Punctuality

Total Score: