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General Motion of electrons inside the
conductors:
 Introduction

Electrical current in
conductor
 Some important terms

Current density (J) :

Current flowing per unit area 𝛉 Area A
through the conductor.

Current
 Some important terms

Relaxation time :
Average time between
two successive collisions
 Some important terms

Drift speed :
Average speed with
which a charge particle is
drifted towards positive
terminal of battery.
 Some important terms

Mobility :
It is an ability of a charged
particle to move in response to
the electric field.
Relation between i & vd

∆x

Vd ∆t
Ohm’s law

V = IR
Ohm’s law

Resistance
Resistivity
 Conductivity

The inverse of resistivity is

called conductivity and that of
resistance is conductance
I=JA

+ Positive Charges

- Negative Charges
 ResistIvity

Dependence of resistivity on various parameter:

● It does not depend upon material dimensions.

● It depends upon temperature as well as material.
 Temperature dependence of resistivity

For metals: Resistivity increases with

increase in temperature.Because with
increase in temperature, relaxation time
decreases which cause ρ2the
= ρ1(1increase
+ 𝛼ΔT) in
resistance
R2 = R1(1 + 𝛼ΔT)
Temperature dependence of resistivity

For semiconductors: Resistivity decreases

with increase in temperature. Because
with increase in temperature number of
free electrons increases due to which
resistance decreases.
 Parameters Formulae

I = Q/t
Current
I = neAvd

vd = eE𝞃/m
Drift velocity
vd = eV𝞃/ ml

𝝻 = vd/E
Mobility of electrons
𝝻 = e𝞃/m

j = I/E

Current density j = nevd

j = 𝝈E
 Parameters Formulae

R = V/I

R = 𝝆l /A
Resistance
R = ml /ne2𝞽A

Rt = R0 [1+αt] (Temp. dependence)

𝝆 = m /ne2𝞽
Resistivity
𝝆 = RA/l

σ = 1/𝝆

Conductivity σ = ne2𝞽/m

σ = l /RA
 The current density in a cylindrical wire of radius 4 mm is 4 × 106 Am-
2. The current through the outer portion of the wire between radial
27 June - shift 1 distance and R is ____ π A.
2022
 The current density in a cylindrical wire of radius 4 mm is 4 × 106 Am-
2. The current through the outer portion of the wire between radial
27 June - shift 1 distance and R is ____ π A.
2022

Ans: (48)
 The variation of applied potential and current flowing through a given
wire is shown in figure. The length of wire is 31.4 cm. The diameter of
wire is measured as 2.4 cm. The resistivity of the given wire is
24 June - shift 1 measured as x × 10-3 Ω cm. The value of x is ____. [Take π = 3.14]
2022
 The variation of applied potential and current flowing through a given
wire is shown in figure. The length of wire is 31.4 cm. The diameter of
wire is measured as 2.4 cm. The resistivity of the given wire is
24 June - shift 1 measured as x × 10-3 Ω cm. The value of x is ____. [Take π = 3.14]
2022

Ans: (144)
 A. The drift velocity of electrons decreases with the increase in the temperature of
conductor.
B. The drift velocity is inversely proportional to the area of cross-section of given
conductor.
C. The drift velocity does not depend on the applied potential difference to the
conductor.
D. The drift velocity of electron is inversely proportional to the length of the conductor.
27 July - shift 1 E. The drift velocity increases with the increase in the temperature of conductor.
2022 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A A and B only

B A and D only

C B and E only

D B and C only
 A. The drift velocity of electrons decreases with the increase in the temperature of
conductor.
B. The drift velocity is inversely proportional to the area of cross-section of given
conductor.
C. The drift velocity does not depend on the applied potential difference to the
conductor.
D. The drift velocity of electron is inversely proportional to the length of the conductor.
27 July - shift 1 E. The drift velocity increases with the increase in the temperature of conductor.
2022 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A A and B only

B A and D only

C B and E only

D B and C only
 A current of 5 A passes through a copper conductor (resistivity) =
1.7×10–8Wm) of radius of cross-section 5 mm. Find the mobility of the
10 Apr - shift 1 charges if their drift velocity is 1.1×10–3 m/s.
2019

A 1.8m2 /Vs

B 1.5 m2 /Vs

C 1.3 m2/Vs

D 1.0 m2/Vs
 A current of 5 A passes through a copper conductor (resistivity) =
1.7×10–8Wm) of radius of cross-section 5 mm. Find the mobility of the
10 Apr - shift 1 charges if their drift velocity is 1.1×10–3 m/s.
2019

A 1.8m2 /Vs

B 1.5 m2 /Vs

C 1.3 m2/Vs

D 1.0 m2/Vs
 The length of a given cylindrical wire is increased to double of its
original length. The percentage increase in the resistance of the wire
25 June - shift 1 will be ____%
2022
 The length of a given cylindrical wire is increased to double of its
original length. The percentage increase in the resistance of the wire
25 June - shift 1 will be ____%
2022

Ans: (300)
 An aluminium wire is stretched to make its length, 04% larger. Then
percentage change in resistance is:
26 June - shift 1
2022

A 0.4%

B 0.2%

C 0.8%

D 0.6%
 An aluminium wire is stretched to make its length, 04% larger. Then
percentage change in resistance is:
26 June - shift 1
2022

A 0.4%

B 0.2%

C 0.8%

D 0.6%
Colour coding of resistance
 Colour coding of resistance

Colour Band 1 Band 2 Band (Multiplier) Band (Tolerance

Black 0 0 1

Brown 1 1 10

Red 2 2 102

Orange 3 3 103

Yellow 4 4 104

Green 5 5 105

Blue 6 6 106

Violet 7 7 107

Gray 8 8 108

White 9 9 109
 Colour coding of resistance

Colour Band 1 Band 2 Band (Multiplier) Band (Tolerance

Gold - - 10-1 5%

Silver - - 10-2 10%

No Colour 20%
Find the resistance of the given resistor.

A 3100 ± 5% Ω
Brown
Red Gold
Orange
B 2100 ± 5% Ω

C 3200 ± 5% Ω

D 2400 ± 5% Ω
Find the resistance of the given resistor.

A 3100 ± 5% Ω
Brown
Red Gold
Orange
B 2100 ± 5% Ω

C 3200 ± 5% Ω

D 2400 ± 5% Ω
Kirchoff’s laws
Kirchoff’s laws
 Resistance : Series combination

The current is the

same through each
resistor.
Resistance : Parallel combination

In this case voltage

across each resistances
is the same.
 The total current supplied to the circuit as shown in figure by the 5V
battery is ________ A
25 June - shift 1
2022
 The total current supplied to the circuit as shown in figure by the 5V
battery is ________ A
25 June - shift 1
2022

Ans: (2)
 The equivalent resistance between points A and B in the given
network is:
24 June - shift 1
2022

A 65Ω

B 20Ω

C 5Ω

D 2Ω
 The equivalent resistance between points A and B in the given
network is:
24 June - shift 1
2022

A 65Ω

B 20Ω

C 5Ω

D 2Ω
 What will be the most suitable combination of three resistors A = 2Ω,
B = 4Ω, C = 6Ω so that is equivalent resistance of
24 June - shift 1 combination?
2022

Parallel combination of A and C

A connected in series with B

Parallel combination of A and B

B connected in series with C.

Series combination of A and C

C connected in parallel with B

Series combination of B and C

D connected in parallel with A.
 What will be the most suitable combination of three resistors A = 2Ω,
B = 4Ω, C = 6Ω so that is equivalent resistance of
24 June - shift 1 combination?
2022

Parallel combination of A and C

A connected in series with B

Parallel combination of A and B

B connected in series with C.

Series combination of A and C

C connected in parallel with B

Series combination of B and C

D connected in parallel with A.
 In the given circuit ‘a’ is an arbitrary constant. The value of m for
which the equivalent circuit resistance is minimum, will be
27 June - shift 2 The value of x is ____ .
2022
 In the given circuit ‘a’ is an arbitrary constant. The value of m for
which the equivalent circuit resistance is minimum, will be
27 June - shift 2 The value of x is ____ .
2022

Ans: (3)
 For the network shown below, the value VB - VA is _____ V.
29 June - shift 1
2022
 For the network shown below, the value VB - VA is _____ V.
29 June - shift 1
2022

Ans: (10)
 The current I flowing through the given circuit will be ………. A.
29 July - shift 1
2022
 The current I flowing through the given circuit will be ………. A.
29 July - shift 1
2022

Ans: (2)
Wheatstone bridge
 The current I in the given circuit will be
26 July - shift 1
2022

A 10A

B 20A

C 4A

D 40A
 The current I in the given circuit will be
26 July - shift 1
2022

A 10A

B 20A

C 4A

D 40A
Unbalanced Wheatstone bridge
 Series of combination of cell

● Cell are said to be in series if same current is

running in all of them.

r1 Ɛ1 r2 Ɛ2 r3 Ɛ3

Ɛeq

req

● Req = r1 + r2 + r3
● Ɛeq = Ɛ1 + Ɛ2 + Ɛ3
 Parallel of combination of cell
r1
v1 v2
r2
v1 v2
r3
v1 v2

Ɛeq

req
 Two identical cells each of emf 1.5 V are connected in parallel across
a parallel combination of two resistors each of resistance 20Ω. A
voltmeter connected in the circuit measures 1.2 V. The internal
24 June - shift 1 resistance of each cell is
2022

A 2.5Ω

B 4Ω

C 5Ω

D 10Ω
 Two identical cells each of emf 1.5 V are connected in parallel across
a parallel combination of two resistors each of resistance 20Ω. A
voltmeter connected in the circuit measures 1.2 V. The internal
24 June - shift 1 resistance of each cell is
2022

A 2.5Ω

B 4Ω

C 5Ω

D 10Ω
Electric power
Maximum power transfer
 Rated power and rated voltage

● Bulb available in market are

rated to indicate their power.

● If rating of a bulb is given to be

“100 W , 220 V” - then a voltage
of more than 220V can
damage the bulb.

● If potential difference across

bulb is 220V, then it will
produce power of 100 W.
 A resistor develops 300 J of thermal energy in 15s, when a current of
2A is passed through it. If the current increases to 3A, the energy
24 June - shift 1 developed in 10s is_________ J.
2022
 A resistor develops 300 J of thermal energy in 15s, when a current of
2A is passed through it. If the current increases to 3A, the energy
24 June - shift 1 developed in 10s is_________ J.
2022

Ans: (450)
Meter bridge

Cell
 Galvanometer

It is a device which is
used to measure small
Currents.
Galvanometer
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Potentiometer
 Applications of Potentiometer

● Potentiometer is used to find the internal resistance of

V1
a cell R
I
Ɛ1
V2
G
I r

V0
 A cell, shunted by a 8 Ω resistance, is balanced across a
potentiometer wire of length 3m. The balancing length is 2 m when
the cell is shunted by 4Ω resistance. The value of internal resistance
27 June - shift 1 of the cell will be _____ Ω.
2022
 A cell, shunted by a 8 Ω resistance, is balanced across a
potentiometer wire of length 3m. The balancing length is 2 m when
the cell is shunted by 4Ω resistance. The value of internal resistance
27 June - shift 1 of the cell will be _____ Ω.
2022

Ans: (8)