CT-2 IMPORTANT TOPICS

PART A (10 *1 =10)

PART B ( 4*4=16)

1. Fourier Half range sine Series

Example:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (0, 𝑙)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (0, 𝜋)
𝑥 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙/2
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑙−𝑥 𝑙/2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙

2. RMS (Root Mean Square Value)

𝑏
∫𝑎 (𝑓 (𝑥 ))2 𝑑𝑥
RMS Value =
√
𝑏−𝑎
Example:
Find RMS Value for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 in (0, 𝑙)

𝑙 2 𝑙
𝑅𝑀𝑆 =
√∫0(𝑥)
𝑙−0
𝑑𝑥
=
√3
3. State the assumptions made in derivation of one-dimensional wave equation
• The motion takes place entirely in one plane 𝑖𝑒 𝑥𝑦 plance
• We consider only transverse vibrations, the horizontal displacement
of the particles of the string is negligible
• The tension T is constant at all times and at all points of the
deflected string
• T is considered to be so large compared with the weight of the string
and hence the force of gravity is negligible
• The effect of friction is negligible
• The string is perfectly flexible. It can transmit tension but not
bending or shearing forces
• The slope of the deflection curve at all points and at all instances is
so small that sin 𝛼 can be replaced by 𝛼 where 𝛼 is the inclination of
the tangent to the deflection curve.
4. Possible solutions of one-dimensional wave equation
(𝑖) (𝐴1 𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐴2 𝑒 𝑝𝑥 )(𝐴3 𝑒 𝑐𝑝𝑡 + 𝐴4 𝑒 −𝑐𝑝𝑡 )
(𝑖𝑖) (𝐴5 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐴6 sin 𝑝𝑥 ) (𝐴7 cos 𝑝𝑎𝑡 + 𝐴8 sin 𝑝𝑎𝑡)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝐴9 𝑥 + 𝐴10 )(𝐴11 𝑡 + 𝐴12 )
5. Boundary conditions of one-dimensional wave for zero velocity

(𝑖) 𝑦(0, 𝑡) = 𝑜
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑦(𝑙, 𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑦(𝑥,0)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) =0
𝜕𝑡
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑦(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥)

6. Boundary conditions of one-dimensional wave for non-zero velocity

(𝑖) 𝑦(0, 𝑡) = 𝑜
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑦(𝑙, 𝑡) = 0
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑦(𝑥, 0) = 𝑜
𝜕𝑦(𝑥,0)
(𝑖𝑣) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜕𝑡

7. State the assumptions made in derivation of one-dimensional heat equation

ANS: We assume the following experimental laws to get one dimensional
heat flow equation.

• Heat flows from higher to lower temperature

• The amount of heat required to produce a given temperature change
in a body is proportional to the mass of the body and to the
temperature change. This constant of proportionality is known as the
specific heat of the conducing materials.
• The rate at which heat flows across any area is proportional to the
area and to the temperature gradient normal to the curve. The
constant of proportionality is known as the thermal conductivity (k) of
the material.
𝑏−𝑎
8. Steady state conditions -temperature function 𝑢(𝑥) = ( 𝑖
)𝑥 +𝑎
Example: A rod of length 𝑙 has its ends A and B kept at 00 C and 1000C
until steady state condition prevail. If the temperature at B is reduced
suddenly to 00C and kept so while that of A is maintained, find the
temperature 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) at a distance 𝑥 from A and at time 𝑡
Solution:
𝑏−𝑎
The initial temperature distribution 𝑢(𝑥) = ( 𝑖
)𝑥 +𝑎
Here a= 0 , b=100
100 − 0
𝑢(𝑥) = ( )𝑥 + 0
𝑖
100
𝑢(𝑥) = ( )𝑥
𝑖
 9. Possible solutions of one-dimensional heat equation
2 2
(𝑖) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝑝𝑥) 𝑐 𝑒 −𝛼 𝑝 𝑡
2 2
(𝑖𝑖) (𝑖) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴1 𝑒 𝑝𝑥 +𝐴2 𝑒 −𝑝𝑥 ) 𝐴3 𝑒 𝛼 𝑝 𝑡
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝑖) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐴4 𝑥 +𝐴5 ) 𝐴5

10. Boundary conditions of one-dimensional heat equation

(i) 𝑢(0, 𝑡) = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 ≥ 0
(ii) 𝑢(𝑙, 𝑡) = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 ≥ 0
(iii) 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥)

PART C (12 *2=24)

Q1. Harmonic Analysis
(or)
Fourier Series with deduction

Q2 One dimensional Wave Equation

(or)
One dimensional Heat Equation
Harmonic Analysis
1.

2.

3.

One dimensional Heat Equation Problems

1. A rod of 30 cm long has its ends A and B kept at 20𝑜 c and 80𝑜c respectively,
until steady state conditions prevail. The temperature at each end is then
suddenly reduced to 0𝑜 c and kept so. Find the resulting temperature
function u(x,t) taking x = 0 at A.
2.

3. A rod of length 𝑙 has its ends A and B kept at 00 𝐶 and 1000 𝐶 until steady
state conditions prevail. If the temperature at B is suddenly reduced to 00 𝐶
and kept so while that of A is maintained. Find the temperature 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) at a
distance 𝑥 from A and at time 𝑡

𝑏−𝑎
Hint 𝑢(𝑥) = ( 𝑙
)𝑥 + 𝑎 here 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 100
 100 − 0
𝑢(𝑥) = ( )𝑥 + 0
𝑙
100
𝑢(𝑥) = ( 𝑙 ) 𝑥

One dimensional Wave Equation Problems

1. A string is stretched and fastened at two points 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑙 apart. Motion

is started by displacing the string into the form 𝑦 = 𝑘(𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) from which it is
released at time 𝑡 = 0. Find the displacement of any point on the string at a
distance 𝑥 from one end at time 𝑡
2. A string is stretched and fastened at two points 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑙 apart. Motion
𝜋𝑥
is started by displacing the string into the form 𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 ( ) from which it
𝑙
is released at time 𝑡 = 0. Find the displacement of any point on the string at
a distance 𝑥 from one end at time 𝑡
3. A string is stretched and fastened at two points 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑙 apart. Motion
is started by giving the velocity 𝜆𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥), then find the displacement of any
point on the string at a distance 𝑥 from one end at time 𝑡 (Velocity problem)