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DNGDOM
Dntrcguoo
Dntrcg uoo dÿn i bi @
@moéndoi
moéndoi Obé
Obésdo
sdoi.
i. 7
]NDGIG 9 ODNM@ÉWDOI GM UI[WÀO]BI_.
ODNM@ÉWDOI
9.9 Dntrcguoodÿn. 8
]NDGIG ? ODNÄWDOI
ODNÄWDOI GM UI[WDO]BI_
?.9 Dntrcguoodÿn 6?
?.; Bmyms gm `cvd`dmntc
`cvd `dmntc Nm
Nmwtc
wtc n 6?
?.;.9 Urd`mri bmy gm Nmwtcn 6?
?.;.; _mfungi bmy gm Nmwtcn 6?
?.;.? Wmromri bmy gm Nmwtcn 67
?.;.7 ]sc gm bi smfungi bmy gm Nmwtcn 67
?.;.= Mouiodÿn
Mouiod ÿn gm `cvd`dmntc piri mb omntrc gm `isi 6=
?.;.=.9 [mfbi gm bi oigmni 61
?.;.8 Mqudbdkrdc gdné`doc 61
?.? Wrikilc y mnmrf
mnmrfài
ài 19
?.?.9 Wrikilc y pctmnodi 1?
?.?.; Wrikilc rmibdzigc pcr virdis humrzis 18
]NDGIG 7 ODNÄWDOI
ODNÄWDOI GM _D_WM@I_
_D_WM@I_ GM UI[WÀO]BI_
7.9 Dntrcguoodÿn 959
7.; Urdnodpdc gmb d`pubs c y bi ointdgi
ointdgig
g gm `cvd`dmntc 959
bdnmib
7.? D`piotcs 95?
7.?.9 D`piotcs 95?
7.?.; D`piotcs omntribms gdrmotcs 957
7.?.? D`piotcs omntribms ckbdoucs 95=
7.7 Ocnsmrviodÿn
Ocnsmrviod ÿn gm bi ointdg
ointdgig
ig gm `cvd `dmntc bdn
bdnmib
mib 999
]NDGIG 8 XDK[IODCNM_
XDK[I ODCNM_
8.9 Xdkriodcnms sdn i`crtdfui`dmntc 9?1
8.; Xdkriodcnms ocn i`crtdfui`dmntc 97=
KDKBDCF[IHÀI 9=;
U[ÉOWDOI_ 9=?
INMQC_ 968
@moéndoi
`moéndoi iinibàtdoi
ctrcs oi`pcs gm bigm
mn bi ckri hàsdoi. _m pumgm
Bmdkndz mnocntrir
qum prcpcnm mb scbuodcnir
piri fmr`mn gmbcsbi
prckbm`is `moéndocs ctris `ifndtugms késdois (`mncs csouris smfün Bmdkndz
qum bi humrzi y mb `c`mntc gm NmwtcnNmwtcn),), pmrc iacri msoibirms
msoibirms,, qum scn< bi
mnmrfài odnätdoi y mb trikilc
mb trikilc..
@ M_WÉWDOI
M @MOINDOI GM
O BC_ O]M[UC_
O]M[UC_
É [ÀFDGC_ GDN @DOI
N
D
O @MOINDOI GM BC_ [M_D_WMNODI
I GM
O]M[UC_ T _] @IWM[DIBM_
HC[@I
O
B
É
_ OC@U[M_DKBM_ WM[@CGDNÉ@DOI
FI_M_
D @MOINDOI GM BC_
O BÀY]DGC_ T FI_M_
DNOC@U[M_DKBM_ ADG[CBCFDI
I BDY]DGC_
ADG[É]BDOI
]NDGIG D
ODNM@ÉWDOI GM UI[WÀO]BI_.
9.9. Dntrcguoodÿn
9.;. @cvd`dmntc rmotdbànmc
9.?. @cvd`dmntc gm virdis pirtàoubis
9.7. @cvd`dmntc ourvdbànmc.
Oc`pmtmnodi mspmoàhdoi
mspmoàhdo i i
Iotdtd vdgig
Io vd gig ms gm Iprm
Ip rmn
n gdzilm
gd zilm
gmsirrcbbir
occrgmnigis. `cvd`dmntc
Ipbdoir bis mouiodcnms gm
rmotdbànmc undhcr`m y
undhcr`m`mntm iombmrigc mn bi
scbuodÿn gm prckbm`is gm dnfmndmrài.
_]FM[MNODI_ GDGÉOWDOI_
Mb gcomntm gmkm<
Odnätdoi< _m mnoirfi gmb mstugdc gm bi rmbiodÿn mxdstmntm mntrm bis humrzis iotuingc
sckrm un oumrpc, su `isi y su `cvd`dmntc. Bi odnätdoi sm usi piri prmgmodr mb
`cvd`dmntc oiusigc pcr humrzis ocncodgis c piri gmtmr`dnir bis humrzis
nmomsirdis piri prcguodr un odmrtc `cvd`dmntc.
Uirtàoubi, ms un oumrpc gctigc gm `isi gmb qum sm aiom ikstrioodÿn gmb ti`iùc y
gm bi hcr`i pugdängcsm ocnsdgmrir oc`c un puntc. Isà tcgc cklmtc gm mstugdc sm
ocnsdgmri oc`c un puntc, piri hiodbdtir su mstugdc.
Wdm`pc ms uni `ifndtug hàsdoi ocn bi qum `mgd`cs bi guriodÿn c smpiriodÿn gm
iocntmod`dmntcs, sulmtcs i oi`kdc, gm bcs sdstm`is sulmtcs i cksmrviodÿn: mstc ms,
mb pmràcgc qum trinsourrm mntrm mb mstigc gmb sdstm`i ouingc mstm prmsmntiki un
mstigc Q y mb dnstintm mn mb qum Q rmfdstri uni virdiodÿn pmromptdkbm piri un
cksmrvigcr (c ipiritc gm `mgdgi).
_m gdom qum uni pirtàoubi qum sm `umvm i bc birfc gm uni bànmi rmoti tdmnm un
`cvd`dmntc rmotdbànmc. Mn ouibqudmr dnstintm t, bi pirtàoubi coupiri uni odmrti
pcsdodÿn sckrm bi bànmi rmoti, piri gmhdndr bi pcsdodÿn tmnm`cs.
Q 0 h (t).
t t+∈t
_5 _9 _;
_ _+∈_
Gmspbizi`dmntc. _upcnfi`cs iacri qum mn mb tdm`pc t, mb `ÿvdb sm mnoumntri mn
pcsdodÿn x, `és tirgm, mn mb dnstintm t' mb `ÿvdb sm mnocntriré mn bi pcsdodÿn x'.
Q,T
c x
Gcs gd`mnsdcnms.
(Q,T,\)
c x
Wrms gd`mnsdcnms
gd`mnsdcnms..
Xmbcodgig.
Bi gdstinodi rmocrrdgi pcr un oumrpc mn un dntmrvibc gm tdm`pc
∈∈
0
∈↛∈∈∈
∈↛
0 bd`
0
Io mbmr
Iomb mrio
iodÿ
dÿn.
n. Ms mb dnorm`mntc gm vmbcodgig (pcsdtdvi c nmfitdvi) gm un oumrpc c
pirtàoubi mn un dntmrvibc gm tdm`pc.
∈∈
i 0
∈↛ ΗΗ0
0 ÿ 0
X
Xmbcodgig
0
(Mlm`pbc 9) 0
i
_
Iombmriodÿn
Gmspbizi`dmntc
(Mlm`pbc ?)
(Mlm`pbc ;)
∪ ∪
X
Xmbcodgig
]ni hunodÿn ms mb gmspbizi`dmntc
gmspbizi`dmntc mn Gdné`doi<
( )0 + +
Bi prd`mri gmrdvigi gm bi ( ) ms bi Xmbcodgig<
0
( )
Bi smfungi gmrdvigi gm bi
Iombmriodÿn<
( ) y bi prd`mri gmrdvigi gm bi Xmbcodgig ms bi
0
Gm `inmri dnvmrsi bi dntmfrib gm bi Iombmriodÿn ms bi Xmbcodgig<
0
9. Mb gmspbizi`dmntc gm un ppuntc
untc `itmrdib qum sm `umvm i bc birfc gm uni rmoti
vdmnm gigc pcr< (Mlm`pbc 7)
s 0 ;t ∛ ;7t + 8
?
gcngm <
s 0 `ts gmsgm un crdfmn ocnvmndmnt m
t 0 smfungcs
Gmtmr`dnir<
i) Mb tdm`pc qum m`pbmi mb puntc mn igqudrdr uni vmbcodgig gm 6; `/s i pirtdr gmb
rmpcsc.
k) Bi iombmriodÿn gmb puntc ouingc bi vmbcodgig ms gm ?5 `/s.
o) Mb gmspbizi`dmntc gmb puntc mn mb dntmrvibc gm t09s i t07s.
_cbuodÿn<
Urd`mrc cktmngrm`cs bis mouiodcnms gm vmbcodgig y iombmriodÿn gm bi sdfudmntm
`inmri<
s 0 ;t? - ;7t + 8
gs
v 0
gt
v 0
g (;t ?
∛ ;7t + 8 )
gt
v 0 ∛
;
8t ;7 `/ s
gv g ' s
i 0 0
gt gt '
i 0
g ( 8t
;
∛ ;7 )
gt
i 0 9;t ` / s;
v + ;7
t 0 8
_ustdtuymngc<
i)
Gitcs<
t 0 ³
v 0 6; `/s
6; + ;7
t 0 8
48
t 0
8
t 0 98
t 0 7 smf
k)
Gitcs<
i0 3
v 0 ?5 `/s
Hÿr`ubi m`pbmigi (bi gm vmbcodgig y oc`c sikm`cs qum ms ?5 `/s)<
v 0 8t ∛ ;7
;
i 0 9; t
v + ;7
t 0
8
_ustdtuymngc<
t 0 ?5 + ;7
8
=7
t 0
8
t 0 4
t 0 ? smf
Iombmriodÿn i ? smf.
i 0 9;(?)
i 0 ?8 ` / s ;
o)
Gitcs<
tt 9; 09
07 smf
smf
Hÿr`ubi m`pbmigi<
s 0 ;t ∛ ;7t + 8
?
∈∈ _ustdtuymngc<
t 9 0 9 smf
t ; 0 7 smf
?
∈ ∈ 0 s9 0 ;(9) ∛ ;7(9) + 8
s; 0 ;(7) ∛ ;7(7) + 8
?
s9 0 ; ∛ ;7 + 8
s; 0 9;1 ∛ 48 + 8
9;1
s9 0 ; ∛ ;7 + 8
s; 0 ?1 `
s9 0 ∛ 98 `
∈s 0 s ∛ s ; 9
∈s 0 ?1 ∛ (∛ 98)
∈s 0 ?1 + 98
∈s 0 =7 `
0
Z
Z
5 P 0 Z (
5 P 0 Z (
∖∖ ∖∖
)
)
(
(
5)P
5)P
0 Z (.?;7 )
0 .?;7 +
(5)P +
0
(.?;7 )
Z 5 P 0 Z (.?;7 ∖ ∖
/;)
x 0 .?;7 t;/; + o
(.?;7 5)P
0
Z s P X 0 Z P 5t
9
X5
5)P
Z
∖ ∖
P 0 Z ( ) (
X 9 0 it + X 5 `/s.
Oc`c sikm`cs<
0
∪ ∪
0
0 +
Z s P QQ9
0 Z P t
5
P 0 + +
5
0 ;+ +
0
0 ;5
Z s P X9
0 Z;5 P 5 t
Z
X5
P 0 Z (;5 ∖ ∖
) ( 5)P
X 9 0 ;5t + X 5 j`/a.
0 (;5 + )
x
Z s P 0 Z P t
5x
5 5
∖ ; ; ∖
Z 5 P 0 ;5
x 0 95t; j`.
(;5 5)
0
0 ;5
Z s P X 0 Z;5 P t
9
Z ∖ ∖
X5
P 0 Z (;5
5
) ( 5)P
X 9 0 ;5t + X 5 `/s.
0 (;5 + )
x
Z s P 55x 0 Z P 5t
∖ ; ; ∖
Z 5 P 0 ;5 (;5 5)
x 0 95t; `.
t 0 9= s.
i) X9 0 ;5t + X 5 `/s X 9 0 ;5 (9=) + 5 `/s
`/s
X 9 0 ?55 `/s
k) x 0 95t; `. x 0 95 (9=); `. x 0 ;;=5 `.
0
Z X P XX 0 Z P 5t
9
Z ∖ ∖
5
P 0 Z ( ) ( 5)P
X 9 0 it + X 5 `/s.
0 ( + )
x
5x
5
Z s P 0 Z P 5t
Z 5P 0 ( 5)
X 9 0 45 j`/a x
?8
[ 0 ;= `/s.
Oc`c ocncom`cs bi vmbcodgig y mb tdm`pc pcgm`cs ocncomr bi iombmriodÿn.
i) X9 0 it + X 5 `/s
;= 0 i (=) + 5 0i i 0 = `/s;
;==
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 91
k) x 0
; ; + x `.
5
; ;
x 0 (=)(=) + 5 `.
x 0 8;.= `.
o) Uiri t 0 99 s. X9 0 it + X 5 `/s
Binzi`cs un oumrpc vmrtdoib`mntm aiodi irrdki ocn uni vmbcodgig dndodib gm 95 `/s
Oiboubir<
i) Ibturi `éxd`i qqum
um ib
iboinzi.
oinzi.
k) Wdm`pc qum tirgi mn iboinzirbi
o) Xmbcodgig y mspiodc rmocrrdgc mn mb prd`mr smfungc gm binzi`dmntc.
Oc`c sikm`cs mn ästm oisc bi frivmgig hunodcni oc`c iombmriodÿn y ms
nmfitdvi. i 0 -4.19 `/s;
0
0 4.19
t
X9
ZX P 0 Z 4.19 P 5
∪ ∪ 95
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 94
Z ∖ ∖
95P 0 Z ( 4,19 ) ( 4.19 5)P
X 9 0 -4.19t + 95 `/s.
0 ( 4.19 + 95)
T
Z y P xT5 0 Z 4.19
∖ ;
9 ;
;
Z
+ 95 P
t
5
∛
∛4 1 ;
.
/
/
0 t 0 9.59 s.
y 0 7.45= ; + 95 `.
y 0 7.45= (9.59) + 95 (9,
y 0 =.546 `.
;
59)) `.
(9,59
k) t 0 9.59 s.
o)
Uiri 9 s.
X 9 0 -4.19t + 95 `/s. X 9 0 -4.19(9) + 95 X 9 0 5.94
`/s.
;
y 0 7.45= + 95 y 0 7.45= (9) + 95 (9) ;
(9) y 0 =.54= `.
y
X i
;5 `
0
∪ ∪
0 4.19
Z X P X 0 Z 4.19 P 5
9
95
t
( 4.19 5)P
Z
∖ ∖
95PP 0 Z ( 4,19
95 )
X 9 0 -4.19t + 95 `/s.
∖ ;
;
Z
y 0 7.45=
5
X 9 0 -4.19t + 95 `/s.
;
y 0 7.45= + 95 + ;5 `.
k). Mb mlm ‒y‐ qum `dgm bi occrgmnigi gm pcsdodÿn sm msocfm pcr su crdfmn omrc
sckrm mb pdsc y su smntdgc pcsdtdvc aiodi irrdki
irrdki.. Mb vibcr gm bi iombmriodÿn y bcs
vibcrms dndodibms 4.19 `/s;, X 0 95 `/s, y 0 ;5 `., mn t0 5.
dndodibms gm i 0 --4.19
Oc`c sikm`cs bi pmbcti ib sukdr sm vm ihmotigi pcr bi frivmgig, gds`dnuyängcbi
piubitdni`mntm
piubitdni`mntm aisti qum sm hrmni y bi X 0 5 `/s sdmngc ästm puntc mb vibcr
`éxd`c gm ‒y‐, pcr bc qum bc tc`i`cs y bc sustdtud`cs mn mouiodÿn késdoi gm X.
X 9 0 -4.19t + 95 `/s. 5 0 -4.19t + 95 -95 0 -4.19t
∛
∛4 1 0 t t 0 9.594 s.
.
;
y 0 7.45= (9.594) + 95 (9.594
(9.594)) + ;5 `.
y 0 ;=.9 `.
y 0 5.
; ;
y 0 7.45=
7.45=
;
+ 95 + ;5
+ 95 + ;5 0 5
5 0 7.45= + 95 + ;5
Ms uni mouiodÿn ouigrétdoi.
∜ ; ;
0
¹
;
7
0
95 ¹ (95) 7( 7.54=)(;5)
;( 7.54=)
X 0 -4.19(?.;1) + 95 `/s.
X 0 - ;;.9681 `/s.
7. Gurintm bi prumki gm un vmaàoubc qum vi i smr binzigi pcr pirioiàgis sm
oiboubin qum su vmbcodgig ib tcoir mb sumbc smré gm ; ht/s. _d sm sumbti mb
vmaàoubc gmsgm un kistdgcr gm prumki i qum ibturi (a) sm gmkm sibtir piri
sd`ubir bi oiàgi ocn pirioiàgis.
Gitcs<
i0 Ocnstintm
f0 ?;.; ht/s;
v0;5 ht/s
Hÿr`ubi m`pbmigi<
v t
∪ gv 0 ∪ i gt
X c 5
_ustdtuymngc vibcrms piri cktmnmr bi mouiodÿn késdoi gm bi vmbcodgig<
Xx t
∪ gv 0 ∪ ∛ ?;.; gt
X c 5
t
Xx
?;.;
X c
ZvP 0∛ ∪ gt t 5
Uiri mnocntrir
Hÿr`ubi bi ibturi tmnm`cs<
m`pbmigi<
a t
∪ ga 0 ∪ X gt
a5 5
_ustdtuymngc piri cktmnmr mb gmspbizi`dmntc mn ouibqudmr tdm`pc<
a t
∪ ga 0 ∪ ?;.;t + X
a5 5
5
gt
t
?;.; t
a
;
ZaP 0 ;
a5
5
a ∛ a 0 98t
;
c
a 0 98.9t + a
;
a 0 98.9t
;
Gmspmlingc<
X Q
t 0
?; .;
_ustdtuymngc<
;5
t 0
?;.;
t 0 5.8; smf .
Ibturi<
a 0 98 .9(5 .8; );
a 0 98 .9(5.?177 )
a 0 ∛8.;9 ht
0
0
Oc`c sikm`cs<
0
0
∪ ∪
0
x
Z s P 5 0 Z P 5
t
Z (?5 5)P
5 P 0 Z (?5 )
;=1
t
Z s P 0 Z P
5 5
Z ;=1
∖ ∖
5 P 0 Z (18
;=1 0 (v * t) ‟ (5)
) (18 5)P
5` ?8 `
Gitcs
Oindoi I (pcsdtdvc)
Q 5 05 `
X I 0; `/s
Oindoi K (nmfitd
(nmfitdvc)
vc)
Q 5 0?8 `
X K 0-7 `/s (sm gmspbizi aiodi mb crdfmn gmb sdstm`i gm rmhmrmnodi)
Oindoi lufigcr I
Q 5 05 ` X I 0; `/s
∪ ∪
0
x
Z s P 5 0 Z P 5
t
Z 5 P 0 Z (; ∖ ∖
x 0 (;t) ‟ (5)
) (; 5)P
x I 0 ;t `
Oindoi lufigcr K
?8
Z s P x 0 Z P 5
t
Z ? 8 + P 0 Z 7 + (; 5)P
∖ Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i ;6
x 0 (-7t) + ?8
x K 0 -7t + ?8 `
Oc`c i`kis oindois d`piotirén ouingc sus pcsdodcnms smin bis `ds`is, ms gmodr
Q I 0QK , pcr tintc<
;t 0 -7t + ?8 ;t + 7t 0 ?8 8t 0 ?8
t 0 ?8 / 8 s t 0 8 s.
Ms gmodr, ouingc trinsourrin 8 s oacoirén, pmrc oc`c scn vmbcodgigms gdhmrmntms
nc oacoirin ib omntrc gmb obirc, pcr bc qum ib tmnmr mb tdm`pc bc sustdtud`cs mn
ouibqudmri gm bis gcs mouiodcnms. Bi I pcr mstir mn numstrc dndodc mn x 5<
x I 0 ;t ` x I 0 ; (8) ` x I 0 9; `
x K 0 - 7t+?8 ` x K 0 - 7(8)+?8 ` x K 0 - ;7+?8 ` x K 0 9;
`
9.? @CXD@DMNWC
@CXD@DMNWC GM XI[DI_ UI[WÀO]BI_.
Ouingc virdis
bànmi, pumgm pirtàoubis
msordkdrsm sm `umvmn
mouiodcnms gmdngmpmngdmntm`mntm i bc birfc gmpiri
`cvd`dmntc dngmpmngdmntm`mntm bi `ds`i
oigi
pirtàoubi, sdm`prm qum smi pcsdkbm, mb tdm`pc gmkm gm rmfdstrism gmsgm mb `ds`c
dnstintm dndodib
dndodib piri tcgis bis ppirtàoubis
irtàoubis y bcs gmspbizi`dm
gmspbizi`dmntcs
ntcs gmkmn `m `mgdrsm
gdrsm
gmsgm mb `ds`c crdfmn y mn bi `ds`i gdrmoodÿn.
9.?.9 @CXD@
@CXD@DMNWC
DMNWC [MBIWDXC GM
GM GC_ UI[WDO]BI_.
v y i v y i
_upcnfi`cs qum ‒i‐ y ‒k‐ scn gcs puntcs ouycs `cvd`dmntcs dngdvdguibms bcs
`mgd`cs ocn rmspmotc i un gm rmhmrmnodi omrc y inibdzi`cs oc`c gmsordkdr mb
`cvd`dmntc gm ‒i‐ ocn rmspmotc gm ‒k‐.
r i
r k r i/k
i/k
Iombmriodû
Iombm riodû n rmbitdvi i K I 0 i K ∛ i I
5 I K
QI
QK/I
QK
NCWI< Ib hdnibdzir mb `cvd`dmntc rmbitdvc gm bis gcs pirtàoubis, ms ütdb rmocrgir qum
bi nctiodÿn K/I sdfndhdoi qum sm cks
cksmrvi
mrvi bi pcsdodÿn, vvmbcodgig
mbcodgig y iombmr
iombmriodÿn
iodÿn gm
iutc`ÿvdb K oc`c sd humri pisilmrc mn mb iutc`ÿvdb I.
; j` 0 ;555 `
i)
Uiri I
_m utdbdzi bi hcr`ubi
h cr`ubi
v t
∪ gv 0 ∪ i gt
X c 5
∪ gv 0 ∪ 5.; gt
9= 5
t
Zv P 0 5.; ∪ gt
X
9=
5
X ∛ 9= 0 5 .;Zt Pt 5
X ∛ 9= 0 5 .;Zt ∛ 5 P
X ∛ 9= 0 5 .;t
X 0 5.;t + 9=
Ucstmrdcr`mntm sm oiboubi mb gmspbizi`dmntc ocn rmspmotc i bi vmbcodgig
Hÿr`ubi m`pbmigi
x t
∪ gx 0 ∪X
x 5 5
x
gt
t t
Z
x 0 5.9(t ∛ 5)
;
+ 9=(t ∛ 5)P
x 0 5.9 t + 9=t
;
Uiri K
_m utdbdzi bi hcr`ubi
h cr`ubi
v t
∪ gv 0 ∪ i gt
X c 5
∪ gv 0 ∪ ∛ 5.= gt
∛ ;5 5
t
ZvP X
∛ ;5 0 ∛5.=∪ gt
5
X ∛ (∛ ;5) 0 ∛ 5.=Zt P5
t
X + ;5 0 ∛5.=Zt ∛ 5P
X + ;5 0 ∛5.=t
X 0 ∛5.=t ∛ ;5
t t
x
Gm ioumrgc i bis mouiodcnms intmrdcrms sm tdmnm qum sioir uni scbi piri cktmnmr mb
puntc mn gcngm sm mnoumntrin, piri bc ouib sm gmkm gm dfuibir bis gcs mouiodcnms
gm gmspbizi`dmntc
∛ k + ∛ k; ∛ 7io
t 0 æ
;i
∛ (?=) + ∛ (?=) ;
∛ Z7(5.?=))((∛ ;555 )P
t 0
(
; 5.?= )
∛ ?= + ∛ 9;;= ∛ (∛ ;155 )
t 0
5.6
∛ ?= + ∛ 75;=
t 0
5.6
∛ ?= + ∛(8?.77 )
t 0
5.6
∛ ?= + 8?.77 ;1.77
t 9 0 0 0 75.8? smf
5.6 5.6
∛ ?= ∛ 8?.77 41.77
t ; 0 0∛ 0 ∛975.8? smf
5.6 5.6
_m prcomgm i sustdtudr mn bis mouiodcnms gm vmbcodgigms piri oc`prckir mb tdm`pc
smbmoodcnigc qum hum mb qum sibdÿ pcsdtdvc.
Uiri I
Q I 0 5.9t
;
+ 9=t
Q I 0 (
5.9 75.8? );
+ 9=( 75.8?)
Q I 0 (
5.9 98=5.64 ) + 854.7=
Q I 0 98=.564 + 854.7=
Q I 0 667.=; `
Uiri K
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i ??
Q K 0 667.=; `
X I 0 ;?.9;
9;8
8 `/ s X K 0 ∛75 .?9= ` / s
X I 0 X I ∛ X K
K
_cbuodÿn<
X I 0 ;?.9;8 ∛ (∛ 75.?9=)
K
X I 0 8?.7? ` / s
K
X I 0 ?95.1 nugcs
_u gdrmoodÿn smré<
Irotin 0
;;
.
0 7?µ ncrmstm
.
;;6
?. Bi ripdgmz gmb ifui gm un ràc ms = j`/a undhcr`m aiodi mb mstm. ]n kctm
qum sm gdrdfm aiodi mb ncrtm oruzi mb ràc ocn uni ripdgmz gm 95 j`/a
rmspmotc
rmspmotc ib ifu
ifui.
i. Oibo
Oiboubir<
ubir<
i) Oiboubir bi ripdgmz gmb kctm rmspmotc i un cksmrvigcr mn bi crdbbi gmb ràc.
k) Oiboubir bi gdrmoodÿn gcngm gmkm gdrdfdrsm mb kctm sd sm qudmrm bbmfir
lustc ib hrmntm mn bi crdbbi
crdbbi cpumsti.
o) Oiboubir iacri su ripdgmz rmspmotc i bi tdmrri.
Hdfuri i Hdfuri k
i) Bi `ifndtug gm bi vmbcodgig gmb kctm rmspmotc i tdmrri vUH, qum tdmnm uni
oc`pcnmntm i hivcr gm bi ocrrdmntm, sm pumgm oiboubir gmb trdénfubc
rmoténfubc gm vmotcrms gm bi hdfuri<
∜ 0 9 ;=
9;= ℎ 0 99.;
99.;
_u gdrmoodÿn ms<
tin 0 0
95
=
0 5.= 0 0 ;8
;8.8
.8µµ
k) _d qudmrm bbmfir lustc ib hrmntm gmsgm gcngm sibm, oc`c bi ocrrdmntm gmb ràc bc
irristri aiodi mb mstm, aiodmngc mb gdifri`i gm vmotcrms, hdfuri k, sm
cksmrvi qum gmkm ipuntir mn gdrmoodÿn ι aiodi mb ncrcmstm, mntcnoms<
sdn
0 0 =
95
05.=0 0 ?5µ
o) Iacri, bi ripdgmz v UH ms<
K Wmnsdÿn
Q
Wmnsdÿn
I
QI
I c Q K gm bis pirtàoubis I
yMnKmstm oisc,
pumgm smründoi`mntm
mstikbmodgi uni gm bis gcs occrgmnigis
irkdtrirdi`mntm, pums bi ctriQgmpmngmré gmb vibcr gm bi
ctri c gm bi prd`mri, mntcnoms bi pcgm`cs mxprmsir oc`c<
Q I + Q K 0 Ocnstintm
Ouibqudmr sdstm`i mn mb ouib pumgi mstikbmomrsm irkdtrirdi`mntm mb vibcr gm uni
occrgmnigi sm gdom qum tdmnm un frigc gm bdkmrtig.
Ocnsdgmrm`cs iacri bi odnti gmb mlm`pbc intmrdcr pmrc ocbcoigc oc`c sm `umstri
mn bi hdfuri<
T QK
K
Wmnsdÿn
Q
I
Wmnsdÿn
QI
Iquà bi odnti ai sdgc ocbcoigi ibrmgm
ibrmgmgcr
gcr gm trms pmrncs, gcs gm bcs ouibms scn hdlcs,
5 y 5e, y unc qum ms `cvdkbm U mn bi gdrmoodÿn x, mn mstm oisc bi occrgmnigi Q I gm
puntc I sckrm bi odnti gmpmngm bi occrgmnigi QK gmb puntc K y ti`kdän gm bi
occrgmnigi Qp gmb pmrnc U pugdmngc i`kis smr mstikbmodgis irkdtrirdi`mntm, pcr
smr gcs virdikbms bis qum pumgmn smbmoodcnirsm bdkrm`mntm y sdmngc dngmpmngdmntms
mntrm mbbis sm gdom qum mb sdstm`i tdmnm gcs frigcs gm bdkmrtig.
Uiri gmtmr`dnir bi rmbiodÿn qum mxdstm mntrm bis occrgmnigis ocnsdgmrm`cs bcs
sdfudmntms amoacs<
Bi odnti I-K tdmnm uni bcnfdtug ocnstintm y bis bcnfdtugms gm bi odnti mn ocntiotc
ocn bcs pmrncs ti`kdän ms ocnstintm.
Q I + Q K + ; Qp 0 Ocnstintm
Gm `inmri inébcfi tmnm`cs piri bi vmbcodgig y iombmriodÿn gm bis pirtàoubis sm
cktdmnmn gmrdvingc ocn rmspmotc ib tdm`pc, isà tmnm`cs qum bi mxprmsdÿn gm sus
pcsdodcnms smré
vI + vK + ; vp 0 Ocnstintm
i I + i K + ; ip 0 Ocnstintm
9.7 @CXD@DMNWC
9.7.9@CXD@ DMNWC O][XDBÂNMC
@CXD@DMNWC O][XDBÂNMC GM
O][XDBDNMC.GM ]NI UI[WÂO]BI
UI[WÂ O]BI
attps<//pamt.ocbcrigc.mgu/ms/sd`ubitdcn
attps<//pamt.ocbcrigc.mgu/ms/sd`ubitdcn/bmfioy/bigyku
/bmfioy/bigykuf-`ctdcn-;g
f-`ctdcn-;g
∈T I—
∈ Wri mo
motc
tcrdi
rdi gm t5 i tx
_—
∈Q
_
( )
y 0 h x
y 0 h ( x )
9
x 0 h ;
(t )
Mn un dnstintm t ouibqudmri mn mb ouib bi pirtàoubi sm aibbi mn mb puntc I, su sdtuiodÿn
vdmnm mspmodhdoigi pcr mb vmotcr gm pcsdodÿn s ouyc crdfmn sm aibbi mn mb crdfmn gm
occrgmnigis mn mb sdstm`i. Ib gmspbizirsm bi pirtàoubi mn mb puntc Ie su vmotcr gm
pcsdodÿn sm ocnvdmrtm mn se y bi virdiodÿn gmb vmotcr gm pcsdodÿn ms mb gmspbizi
gmspbizi`dmntc
`dmntc
Ηs gmb puntc gurintm mstm dntmrvibc gm tdm`pc.
s0 x + y
∈s 0 ∈ x + ∈ y
Mb gmspbizi`dmntc gm bis pirtàoubi mntrm bcs puntcs I y Ie ms mb vmotcr Ηs, `dmntris
qum bi gdstinodi rmocrrdgi pcr bi pirtàoubi mri bcnfdtug gm triymotcrdi `mgdgi c bc
birfc gmb érmi mntrm I y Ie y ms uni ointdgig msoibir.
X 0 X x +
X y
Bi gdrmoodÿn gmb vmotcr X ms tinfmntm i bi ourvi smfün pumgm vmrsm mn bi sdfudmntm
hdfuri<
X ; 0 X + X
x
;
y
;
X y
Wfα 0
X x
XT
Ɠ
XQ
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i ?4
∈X 0 ∈X
x + ∈X y
Ucr bc qum bi iombmriodÿn `mgdi mntrm bcs puntcs I y Ie.
∈X
∈XT
∈XQ I—
X—
i 0 i x + i y
Bis oc`pcnmntms ti`kdän pumgmn mxprmsirsm mn bi sdfudmntm hcr`i<
g ; x
i x 0
gt ;
;
g y
i y 0
gy ;
i
iT
iQ I
Mn bi sdfudmntm
hcr`i hdfuriocn
bi iombmriodÿn sm dngdoin bi iombmriodÿn
mb smntdgc pcsdtdvc gmb ymlm
susx.oc`pcnmntms, mb énfubc α qum
i y
Wfα 0
i x
9. Gurintm un vumbc gm prumki un ambdoÿptmrc pirtm gmb rmpcsc mn t05 s.
iombmrÿ`mtrcs `cntigcs i kcrgc dngdoin qum sus oc`pcnmntms gm
iombmriodÿn
iombmriod ÿn mntrm t05 s. y t095 s. msté gigc pcr<
i x 0 5.8t ` / s ;
i y 0 9.1 ∛ 5.?8t ` / s ;
i z 0 5
Gmtmr`dnm bi vmbcodgig y bi pcsdodÿn gmb ambdoÿptmrc mn hunodÿn gmb tdm`pc.
X x t
5 .8
∪ gv 0 ∪ t gt
x
5 5
t
ZX P 0 5.8;t
;
Xx
x 5
5
X ∛ 5 0 5.?(t ∛ 5 )
;
x
X 0 5.?t ` / s
x
;
Hÿr`ubi m`pbmigi
x t
_ustdtuymngc piri cktmnmr mb gmspbizi`dmntc mn ouibqudmr tdm`pc<
x t
∪ gx 0 ∪ 5.?t
5 5
;
gt
t
Z x P5 0 ?∪ t ; gt
x
t
t ?
x ∛ 5 0 5.?
? 5
t
x 0 Z5.9t ? P5
x 0 5.9(t ∛ 5 )?
x 0 5.9t ?
_m m`pbmi bi hcr`ubi scbc piri sioir mn mb mlm y
X y t
∪ gv y 0 ∪ i y gt
5
5
Xy t
∪ gv y 0 ∪ 9.1 ∛ 5.?8t gt
5 5
t
5.?8t ;
ZX y P5 0 9.1t ∛
Xy
; 5
X y ∛ 5 0 9.1(t ∛ 5 ) ∛ 5.91(t ∛ 5 );
∪ gy 0 ∪ X
x 5 5
y gt
_ustdtuymngc piri cktmnmr mb gmspbizi`dmntc mn ouibqudmr tdm`pc
y t
∪
5
gy 0 ∪ (9.1t ∛ 5.91t ) gt
5
;
t t
5 5
t
t ; t ?
x ∛ 5 0 9.1 ∛ 5.91
; ? 5
x 0 5.4t Z ;
∛ 5.58t ? P5
t
x 0 5.4t ∛ 5.58t ?
;
t 0 5 t 0 9
x 0 5.9(5)
?
05` x 0 5.9(9)? 0 5.9 `
y 0 5.4(5)
;
∛ 5.58(5)? 0 5 ` y 0 5.4(9); ∛ 5.58 (9)? 0 5.17 `
t 0 ;
t 0 ?
;
X x 0 5.?(;) 0 9.; ` / s
X x 0 5.?(?); 0 ;.6 ` / s
X y 0 9.1(;) ∛ 5.91(;); 0 ;.11 ` / s
X y 0 9.1(?) ∛ 5.91 (?); 0 ?.61 ` / s
X t 0 (9.;); + (;.11); 0 ?.9; ` / s
X t 0 (;.6 ); + (?.61 ); 0 7.87 ` / s
?
x 0 5.9(;) 0 5.1 `
x 0 5.9(?)? 0 ;.6 `
;
y 0 5.4(;) ∛ 5.58(;)? 0 9.?; `
y 0 5.4(?); ∛ 5.58 (?)? 0 8.71 `
t 0 7 t 0 =
x 0 5.9(7 )
?
0 8.7 ` x 0 5.9(= )? 0 9; .= `
y 0 5.4(7)
;
∛ 5.58(7)? 0 95.=8 ` y 0 5.4(= ); ∛ 5.58(=)? 0 9= `
x 0 5.9(8 )? 0 ;9 .8 ` x 0 5.9(6 )? 0 ?7 .? `
t 0 1 t 0 4
x 0 5.9(1) x 0 5.9(4 )
? ?
0 =9.; ` 0 6;.4 `
;
y 0 5.4(1) ∛ 5.58(1)? 0 ;8.11 ` y 0 5.4(4 )
;
∛ 5.58(4)? 0 ;4.98 `
t 0 95
X x 0 5.?(95 ); 0 ?5 ` / s
; ;
t
X 0 (?5 ) + (5 ) 0 ?5 ` / s
x 0 5.9(95 )? 0 955 `
i x 0 5.8(95 ) 0 8 ` / s ;
i t 0 (8 ); + (∛ 9.1 ); 0 8.;8
` / s;
9.7.; OC@UCN
OC@UCNMNWM_
MNWM_ NC[@IB T WINFMNODIB
0
∈↛ ∈
0 bd`
∈
( + ) ( ) ∈
∈↛ ∈
0 bd`
∈↛ ∈∈∈
∈↛
X 0 bd`
0 0
0 0
+
_d bi triymotcrdi nc ms uni bànmi rmoti, mb vmotcr undtirdc m, fdri ocnhcr`m U sm `umvm.
Uiri pcgmr usir msm rmsubtigc, gmhdnd`cs mb énfubc gm triymotcrdi Ɠ qum m spmodhdoi
bi gdrmoodÿn gm m t rmspmotc i uni bànmi gm rmhmrmnodi, pcr bc qum cktmnm`cs<
0 +
0
0
0 0
0 +
Gcngm<
0 0
; ∐
0 0
0 ;
0
9. Bi `ctcodobmti gm bi hdfuri pirtm gmb rmpcsc mn t 0 5 sckrm uni pdsti odroubir gm
755 ` gm rigdc. Bi oc`pcnmntm tinfmnodib gm su iombmriodÿn ms I t 0;+5.;t `/s;, mn
t 0 95 smfungcs. Gmtmr`dnm<
i) Bi gdstinodi qum ai rmocrrdgc i bc birfc gm bi pdsti.
k) Bi `ifndtug gm su iombmriodÿn.
i) _m utd
utdbdzi
bdzi bi hcr`ubi
v t
∪ gv 0 ∪ i gt
X c 5
∪ gv 0 ∪ ; + 5.;t gt
5 5
t t
Zv P5 0 ; ∪ gt + 5.; ∪ t gt
X
5 5
t
X ∛ 5 0 Z;(t ) + 5.9t ; P5
X 0 Z;(t ∛ 5 ) + 5.9(t ∛ 5 ); P
X 0 ;t ∛ 5.9t ;
Hÿr`ubi m`pbmigi
x t
t t
Z x P5 0 ; ∪ tgt + 5.9∪ t ; gt
x
5 5
t
x ∛ 5 0 Zt ; + 5.5?? t ? P5
x 0 t ; + 5.5??t ?
_ustdtud`cs
t 0 5
x 0 (95 ); + 5.5??(95 )?
x
x 00 955
9?? +
??
i W 0 ; + 5.;(95 ) 0 7 ` / s ;
?5
in 0 0 ;.;= ` / s ;
755
Ti tmndmngc mstcs gitcs sm prcomgm i sioir bi `ifndtug gm bi iombmriodÿn <
i 0 i W ; + i n ;
i 0 (7 ); + (;.;= );
i 0 98 + =.58;=
i 0 ;9 .58;=
i 0 7.=4 ` / s ;
ι x 0 5.8 t `/s;
ι y 0 9.1-5.?8 t `/s;
Hÿr`ubi m`pbmigi
X y t
X x t
∪ gv 0 ∪ i
x x
gt ∪ gv 0 ∪ i
y y gt
5 5 y 5 5
X x t
; 5
Ucstmrdcr`mntm
t 0 7 smf
vW 0 79.65;7
vW 0 8.78 `/ s
Ti cktmndgi sm sioi bcs gm`és mbm`mntcs oc`c scn<
X y
tfα 0
X x
0 irotf
7 .?;
α
7 . 1
α
0 79 .18 ¼
T hdnib`mntm
X
;
(8.78 );
[ 0 0 0 ?9.?1 `
in 9.??
9.7.7 OCC[G
OCC[GMNIGI_
MNIGI_ UCBI[M_
UCBI [M_ T ODBDNG[DOI_
gr g α
v 0 mr + r m α
gt gt
gr
v 0 mr + rwm α
gt
Gm `inmri inébcfi tmnm`cs bi iombmriodÿn gm U y rmibdzingc tcgis bis
dntmfriodcnms tmnm`cs<
gr
v 0 X r m r + X m 0
α α
m r + rwm
α
gt
;
g ; r g α g ; r
i r 0 ; ∛ r 0 ; ∛ rw ;
gt gt gt
g ;α gr g α gr
i 0 r ; + ;
α
0 r ι + ; w
gt gt gt gt
t 0 1
v 0 ∛;.416m ∛ 5.?;1m
r 5
v 0 (∛ ;.416) ∛ (5.?;1)
; ;
v 0 ?.55= ` / s
0 ocs ?4.
?4.=µ
=µ
?4.=µ
Bi oc`pcnmntm y ms<
0 ;.54 /
0
smn
smn ?4
?4.=
.=µµ + ?4.=µ
0 ( ;.44) sm
smn
n ?4.=µµ + ( 5.?;1)
?4.= ?4.=µ
0 ;.98 /
i) Wrinshcr`
Wrinshcr`i`cs
i`cs i occrgmnigis pcbirms y tmnm`cs<
k) Mnocntri`c
Mnocntri`css bi vmbcodgig infubir<
]NDGIG DD
ODNM@ÉWDOI GM BC_ O]M[UC_ [ÀFDGC.
;.9. Dntrcguoodÿn
;.;. Wrisbiodÿn
;.?. [ctiodÿn ocn rmspmotc un mlm hdlc.
;.7. @cvd`dmntc fmnmrib mn mb pbinc.
mspmoàhdo i i
Oc`pmtmnodi mspmoàhdoi
Iotdtd vd
Io vdgi
gigms
gms gm Ip
Iprr mn
mngd
gd zilm
gmsirrcbbir
[mprmsmntir
[mprmsmnt ir ocn un `ipi • Gmhdndr mb ocnomptc gm odnm`étdoi
ocnomptuib bcs gdvm gdvmrscs
rscs tdpcs gm gm oumrpcs ràfdgcs.
`cvd`dmntc gm un oumrpc ràfdgc. • Obisdhdoir bcs tdpcs gm `cvd`dmntc
Inibd
In ibd zir y rrms
mscb
cb vmr pr ck bm` is ib qum sm sulmtin bcs oumrpcs
iomroi gm bi odnodnm`étdoi
m`étdoi gm oumrp cs ràfdgcs.
ràfdgcs. • Gmsirrcbbir mb prcomgd`dmntc piri
mstd`ir bis virdikbms gm bi
pcsdodÿn, vmbcodgig y iombmriodÿn
gm bcs oumrpcs ràfdgcs gm hcr`i
`inuib y ocn schtwirm.
_]FM[MNODI_ GDGÉOWDOI_
Mb gcomntm gmkm<
]NDGIG DD
;.9 DNW[CG]OODßN =)
(Xdgmc =)
85
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i
;.7 @CXD@DMNWC
@CXD@DMNWC UBINC FMNM[IB.
Mlm`pbc<
g
g
I9 I9— I9
I9
Ɠ
I;
0 + I;
∐
0 +
; ;
0 + + @cvd`dmntc Odroubir ι0 ocnstintm
0 + ; ( )
; ;
89
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i
; ? 88 1
0
( . ) ( , )
0 99?5.46 rig/smf.
0 + 0
∛ 0 ∛?1? 46
. .
0 ;.468 rig/s;
0 +
; + 0
;
+
; ;
0 (99?5.46)(?15) + ( ;.468)(?15) ; Ɠ;0;97459.7
rigdinms
rig
; 0 rmvcbuodÿn
.
Ɠ 0 ;97459 rig / ; υ rig.
Ɠ 0 ?7;5;.8;554 rmvcbuodcnms.
8;
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i
XI
I
I
I I
I XI
I
0 + V
w
V
K K
KK XK
KK
XK
XK/I
@. U. F. @CX. W[I_BIODßN
W[I_B IODßN @CX. [CWIODßN
XK/I
XI
XK XXII XK/I
XK/I XK/I XK
0 + /
9. ]ni kirri sm gmsbdzi mn unc gm sus mxtrm`cs sckrm un pbinc acrdzcntib i uni
vmbcodgig gm ; `/s y mn ctrc gm sus mxtrm`cs sckrm uni supmrhdodm dnobdnig
dnobdnigii
65µ rmspmotc i bi acrdzcntib, sd bi kirri tdmnm uni bcnfdtug gm 85 o`,
gmtmr`dnir<
I) Bi vmbcodgig gmb mxtrm`c sckrm bi supmrhdodm dnobdnigi ouingc Ɠ 0 7=µ isà
oc`c ti`kdän gmtmr`dnir bi vmbcodgig infubir gm bi kirri.
K
K XK/I
XK/I XK ; `/s
V
85 o`
0 +
XK
µ
65µ
XI ; `/s
65µ 7=µ
; =µ 0
(
)
0 9.=
.=8
8 /
XK XK/
8=µ
0 0
/
; 6 8
0
.
.
/
0 ?.7
.7=
= /
I
V I I
XK ; `/s
9.55 ` 0
XK 65µ +
XK 0 ; `/s K
K XI ; `/s
K
@cvd`dmntc Ubinc fmnmrib Wrisbiodÿn [ctiodÿn
XK ; `/s ;5µ
/
45µ ;5µ
; 6µ
0
;µ 0 4µ
/
XI 65µ
XK/I ; 6µ;µ 0
(
)
0 5.6
.6?
?
/
; 6µ4µ / 0
(
)
0 ;.
;.9;
9;1
1
/
0 0
/
; ;1
0
.
.
/
0 ;.
;.9;
9;1
1
/
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 87
0 + /
Gcngm I,K ocrrmspcngm i uni iombmriodÿn gm trisbiodÿn y I/K i uni pirtàoubi qum
tdmnm uni iombmriodÿn gm rctiodÿn.
iI it I
I I
I iI
I + in
0
K K iK i V
iK K
@CXD@DMNWC UBINC
UBI NC FMNM[IB @CXD@DMNWC W[I_B IODßN @CXD@DMNWC [CWIODßN
iI in
iK
t
i
I it
I
iK 0 5.8 `/s; in
ι
7 ht
XI iI ;5µ
iK 0 5.8 `/s;
K iI 0 5.8 `/s; K
K
XK 0 ;.5 `/s
@CX. UBINC FMNM[IB @CX. W[I_BIODßN @CX. [CWIODßN
0 + /
;5µ
iK 0 5.8 `/s;
;5µ it hy in
in 0 w v hx
;5µ
iI in 0 w; r
hy hx
it 0 ι r
∙ ∙
0 5 0 5 ocs ;5µ + ;5µ 0 5
;5
;5.8 (9)(5.4?484
)(5.4?484)) + 5.?7;5)) 0 5
(9) (5.?7;5
; 0
;.974
5.4?484
0 ;.
;.;18 `/
;18
∙
0 ocss ;5
oc ;5µµ ;5
;5µ 0
; (9) (oc
(ocss ;5µ
;5µ)) (9)( ;5
;5µ)
µ) 0
;
(;.9;1) (9) (5.4?484) (;.;18) (9)(5.?7;5) 0
(7.;==
7.;==)) (5.6191
5.6191)) 0 (;)
K K
it
K in
iK 0 9.7 ht/s;
ι
7 ht
XK iK
;=µ
iI 0 9.7 ht/s; I
I iI 0 9.7 ht/s;
I
XI 0 ;.= ht/s
@CX. UBINC FMNM[IB @CX. W[I_BIODßN @CX. [CWIODßN
0 + /
iI 0 9.7 ht/s;
;=µ
it
;=µ
in
hy
in 0 w v hx
;=µ
iK in 0 w; r
hy hx
it 0 ι r
∙ 0 5
∙
9.7
0 5
(7)(5.458?) +
; ocs ;=µ +
(7) (5.7;;8) 0 5
;
;=
=µ 0 5
∙
0 ocs
ocs ;=µ
;=µ
;
;=
=µ 0
; (7) (oc
(ocss ;=µ)
;=µ)
(7)( ;
;=
=µ) 0
; (7) (5.458?)
(7)(5.7;;8) 0
; (?.8;=;
?.8;=;))
(9.8457
9.8457)) 0
(;)
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 86
Nc sm pumgm ocntdnuir pcr tmnmr gcs mouiodcnms ocn gcs y trms dnoÿfndtis, pmrc
cksmrvi`cs qum ocncom`cs bi X K pcr bc qum pcgm`cs utdbdzirbi piri gir scbuodÿn
i numstrc prckbm`i.
K XK/I
K
XK 0 ;.= ht/s
VIK
7 ht
XK
XI 0 ;.= ht/s
I
XI 0 ;.= ht/s
@CX. UBINC FMNM[IB @CX. W[I_BIODßN @CX. [CWIODßN
XI 0 ;.= ht/s
;=µ
XK 8=µ
XK/I
;=µ
0
8=µ
0
/
45µ
; =8=µ;=µ
0
. (
)
0 9.98 /
; =8=µ4µ
/ 0
. (
)
/ 0 ;.6= /
0 /
∛ ; 6= 0 .
Mn mouiodÿn (9)
9.7 ?.8;=; + 9.
9.84
8457
57 ;
9.7 ?.8;=; + (9.8457
9.8457))(5.814) 0 5 ;
5.15
5.15;
;; + 9.7
9.7 0 ?.8;=;
.8;
?;8;=;
;
.
.
0
ι 0 5.8567 rig/s;
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 81
;
(5.814) (?.8;=;) (5.8567) (9.8457) 0
;
;..67 0
0 ;.67
.67
;
/
IO
9=µ 9?5µ
I IO O.D.[.
V IK
IK ;`
;` ?=µ
45µ
9=µ 75µ
. ( )
;
0
?µ
=µ
0
0 5.86
5.86=6
=6
0 ? (9.746 ) 0 7.
7.74
749
9
/
0
0 ? (5.86= ) 0 ;.
;.5;
5;=
=
/
I
85µ 7=µ
V0 95 rig/s
5 K
9=µ
OD[
OD[
V 0 95 rig/s
9=µ
9=µ
IO
IO
KO
95=µ
KO I
85
5.;;= `
K
I
85µ 7=µ
XI 6=µ
5
9=µ
K XK
9=µ
85µ
0
9=µ
0
95=µ
. ( )
0 0 5.
5.6=
6=;1
;18
8
;;=
=µ
0
;;=
.
=µ
8µ 8µ
(
)
0 5.1?
5.1?46
469
9
0
0 95 (5.6=;18 ) 0 6.
6.=;
=;1
1 /
0
0 95 (5.1?469 )
0 1.
1.?4
?46
6
/
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 69
]NDGIG DDD
ODNÄWDOI
ODNÄWDOI GM UI[WÀO]BI
UI[WÀO]BI__
?.9. Dntrcguoodÿn
?.;. Bmyms gmb `cvd`dmntc gm Nmwtcn
?.?. Wrikilc y mnmrfài.
?.7. D`pubsc y ointdgig gm `cvd`dmntc.
Oc`pmtmnodi mspmoàhdoi
mspmoàhdo i i
Iotdtd vd
Io vdgi
gigms
gms gm Ip
Iprr mn
mngd
gd zilm
gmsirrcbbir
_]FM[MNODI_ GDGÉOWDOI_
Mb gcomntm gmkm<
]NDGIG DDD
?.9. DNW[CG]OODßN.
Aisti iacri am`cs inibdzigc bcs `cvd`dmntcs gm oumrpcs sdn ocnsdgmrir bis humrzis
qum bcs oiusin.
Ms obirc qum bi kcbi gm hutkcb smré pitmigi ocn `és hiodbdgig qum bi gm kcbdoam, qum
prmsmnti uni `iycr rmsdstmnodi piri sibdr gm su bufir, pcr bc tintc uni `iycr
tmngmnodi i `intmnmrsm mn mqudbdkrdc, c un `iycr frigc gm dnmrodi.
Bi prd`mri bmy gm Nmwtcn triti gm bcs oumrpcs mn mqudbdkrdc y pumgm smr mnunodigi
gm bi sdfudmntm hcr`i<
]n cklmtc qum rmpcsi sckrm uni `msi, pcr mlm`pbc, msté mn mqudbdkrdc mstétdoc y
tdmngm i pmr`inmomr mn msti ocngdodÿn dngmhdndgi`mntm.
?.;.; _mfun
?.;.; gi Bmy gm Nmwtcn (XDGMC 8 BMTM_ GM NMVWCN)
_mfungi
Ouingc gdvmrsis humrzis
hum rzis iotüin mn un oumrpc y mbbis nc sm inubin, ms pcrqum mxdstm
uni humrzi rmsubtintm, y oÿ`c sm oc`pcrti un oumrpc qum msté kilc uni humrzi
rmsubtintm.
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 6?
Bi rmspumsti hum gigi pcr Nmwtcn mn su smfungi Bmy gmb @cvd`dmntc. Mn msis
sdtuiodcnmss Nmwtcn mxpbdoÿ, qum mb oumrpc suhrdré uni iombmriodÿn. Humrzi rmsubtintm
sdtuiodcnm
y iombmriodÿn scn gcs `ifndtugms hàsdois àntd`i`m
àntd`i`mntmntm bdfigis.
Uiri qum pcgi`cs oi`kdir bi prcpcrodÿn pcr uni dfuibgig, prmodsi`cs dnsmrtir mn
bi mouiodÿn, uni ocnstintm gm prcpcrodcnibdgig, msti ocnstintm ms bi `isi gmb
oumrpc mn qum ms ipbdoigi bi humrzi rmsubtintm.
?.;.;
?.;.; Wmromri Bmy gm Nmwtc attps<//pamt.ocbcr
attps<//pamt.ocbcrigc.mgu/sd`s/at
igc.mgu/sd`s/at`b/hcroms-ing-`ctdcn-ki
`b/hcroms-ing-`ctdcn-kisdos/bitmst/hcrom
sdos/bitmst/hcroms-
s-
ing-`ctdcn-kisdosSms.at`b
ing-`ctdcn-kisdosSms.at`b
?.;.
?.;.7
7 ]sc gm bi smfung i Bmy gm Nm
Nmwtc
wtc n
Bi humrzi sckrm uni pirtàoubi ms dfuib i bi rizÿn gm oi`kdc gm su ointdgig gm
`cvd`dmntc bdnmib, prcguotc gm su `isi y gm su vmbcodgig.
0
( )
0
0
Bi _mfungi Bmy gm Nmwtcn prmodsi bcs tär`dncs humrzi y `isi. ]ni vmz mbmfdgi
uni ointdgig gm `isi, bi undgig gm humrzi sm gmhdnm oc`c bi humrzi nmomsirdi piri
gir i bi undgig gm `isi uni iombmriodÿn gm `ifndtug undtirdi.
_d sm ocncom bi `isi gm uni pirtàoubi y bi humrzi qum iotüi sckrm mbbi, ocn bi
_mfungi Bmy gm Nmwtcn pcgm`cs gmtmr`dnir su iombmriodÿn. Ti iprmngd`cs i
gmtmr`dnir bi vmbcodgig, pcsdodÿn y triymotcrdi gm un puntc sd sm ocncom su
iombmriodÿn. Ucr tintc bi _mfungi Bmy gm Nmwtcn iyugi i gmtmr`dnir mb `cvd`dmntc
gm uni pirtàoubi sd sm ocncom bi humrzi qum iotüi sckrm mbbi.
?.;.
?.;.=
= Mouiodÿn gm `cvd
`cvd`dmntc
`dmntc piri mb omntrc gm `isi
Bi _mfungi Bmy gm Nmwtcn sm pcstubi piri uni pirtàoubi c pmqumùc mbm`mntc gm
`itmrdi, pmrc uni mouiodÿn ocn mxioti`mntm bi `ds`i hcr`i
h cr`i gmsordkm `cvd`dmntc
gmb omntrc gm `isi gm un oumrpc irkdtrirdc. Ucgm`cs gm`cstrir qum bi humrzi
mxtmrni tctib sckrm un oumrpc ouibqudmri ms dfuib ib prcguotc gm su `isi pcr bi
iombmriodÿn gm su omntrc gm `isi.
` isi.
Gmncténgcbi ocn su`i gm humrzis ∙H, ocnobud`cs qum bi su`i gm humrzis mxtmrnis
Gmncténgcbi
ms dfuib ib prcguotc gm bi `isi pcr bi iombmriodÿn gmb omntrc gm `isi.
0
Uiri ipbdoir bi _mfungi Bmy gm Nmwtcn piri uni sdtuiodÿn pirtdoubir, sm gmkm
msocfmr un sdstm`i
sdstm` i occrgmnigc, sm mnocntriré i `mnugc qum bis humrzis sm pumgmn
pumg mn
gmsoc`pcnmr ocnvmndmntm`mntm mn oc`pcnmntms gm un sdstm`i occrgmnigc
pirtdoubir c ocn kism mn bi triymotcrdi gmb oumrpc.
0 ( )
0 ( )
0 ( )
95555(=5) 0 =555
0 955 55
=55555
0
95555 0
0 95555
0 95555 0 0 95555
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 66
= 0 95555
=
Z P
0 95555Z P
(5 =5) 0
=5) 95555
=5 0
95555 0 =5
95555
0
(=5)(8=55)
95555
0 ?;.
;.=
=
gf g
( f ÿ h )' ( x ) 0 0 ( h ( x)) 0 f ' ( h ( x )). h ' ( x )
gx g x f
?.;.
?.;.8
8 Mqudbd krdc
krd c gdné`do c
∙ H 0 `i h 0 @ j N
∙ H 0 5 x
W ∛ (5.9=)(?81.6?) + (75)(4.19)(5.?7;5)
∙ Hy 0 5
N ∛ ?81 .6? 0 5
Oili K
∙ H 0 5
x
∛ W + @i
@iff 0 ` K i x
∛
W + ;47.?
i x 0
?5
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 15
∛ W + ;47.?
W + 61.4 0 75
?5
65W 0 475=
475=
W 0
65
W 0 9?7.?=
∛ 9?7.?= + ;47.?
i x 0
?5
i x 0 =.?7 ` / s;
_m ai usigc
gm `isi bi oumrpc
gm un smfungi bmysugm`isi
ocn Nmwtcn
y bispiri rmbiodcnir
humrzis bi iombmriodÿn
mxtmrnis sckrm äb. _mgmb`cstriré
omntrc
iacri oc`c ästi mouiodÿn vmotcrdib pumgm trinshcr`irsm `itm`étdoi`mntm mn uni
hcr`i msoibir qum ms `uy ütdb mn odmrtis
o dmrtis odrounstinodis, oc`mnom`cs
oc`mnom`cs ocn bi
smfungi bmy gm Nmwtcn mn bi hcr`i<
0
∔ ∔
0
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 19
∔ ;
0
9
;
( )
0
9
( ; )
;
∔
Gcngm v9 y v ; scn bis `ifndtugms gm bi vmbcodgig mn bis pcsdodcnms r 9 y r ; ,
mvibuingc bi dntmfrib gm bi gmrmoai, cktmnm`cs<
∔
0
9
;; ;
9
; ;
Yumgingc mb bigc dzqudmrgc oc`c mb trikilc y mb bigc gmrmoac oc`c bi mnmrfài, pcr
bc qum ästi hÿr`ubi mstikbmom mb prdnodpdc
prdnod pdc gmb Wrikilc y bi Mnmrfài, gcngm
ms mb trikilc y bc gmncti`cs pcr ‒]‐.
∪ ∙ ∔
;; ;
0
9
;
9
;
?.?.
?.?.9
9 Wrikilc y pct
pctmnodi
mnodi
_d inibdzi`cs oc`c gmtmr`dnir mb trikilc amoac sckrm un oumrpc, tintc mn fmnmrib
oc`c mn virdcs oiscs mspmodibms oc`unms m d`pcrtintms. Ucr bc qum pcgm`cs
gmhdndr bi pctmnodi amoai pcr bis humrzis qum iotüin sckrm un oumrpc.
gs
v 0 mt
gt
Gcngm<
Gitcs
@isi 0755 bk
H0985-95 s bk
½ j 05.;8
_ 9 05
_ ; 07 ht s;
9 9
∪ ∙ H gs 0
s9
W
;
`v;; ∛
;
`v9;
s7
9 755 ; 9 755
∪ ( H ∛ @ N ) gs 0
j v; ∛ 5( )
5
; ?;.; ; ?;.;
s7
9
∪ (985 ∛ 95 s) gs 0 (9;.7; )v ;
;
5
;
; 7 ;
=8 s ∛ = s 0 8.;9 v;
Z P
5
( )
=8 7 ∛ = 7 ( ) ;
0 8.;9 v;;
9.77
0 v;;
8.;9
;?.911 0 v;
v; 0 7.19 ht / s
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 17
Gitcs
I075 jf
K0?5 jf
@ j 05.9=
_0755 ``05.7 `
s;
9 9
∪ ∙ H W gs 0 `v;; ∛ `v9;
s9 ; ;
s 5 .7
(W + @if (smn ;5 ¼ )) ∛ @ j ( @if (ocs ;5 ¼ ))) gs 09 9
∪ `v;; ∛ ` (5 )
5
; ;
s 5 .7
(W + 9?7 .;5 ) ∛ Z(5.9= )(75 )(4.19)(5.4?48 )Pgs 09
∪5
;
`v;; ( D )
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 1=
s 5 .7
( ∛W + @k
@kff gs 09
∪
5
;
` k v ;;
5 .7
9
∪ Z∛ W + ;47 .?Pgs 0 ; ` v k ;
;
( DD )
5
5 .7
9
∪ W ∛ W + Z(75)(4.19)(5.?7;5 )P + Z(?5)(4.19 )P ∛ Z(5.9= )(75 )(4.19)(5.4?48 )P 0 ; (`
5
i + `k )v ;;
5 .7
9
∪
5
9?7 .;5 + ;47 .? ∛ == .?5 0 (75 + ?5 )v ;;
;
5 .7
9 ;
∪
5 ?6? .;gs 0 ; (65 )v ;
Z?6? .; s P55.7 0 ?= v ;;
974 .;1 0 ?= v ;;
974 .;1
0 v ;;
?=
7.;8 0 v ;
v ; 0 ;.58 ` / s
?.?.
?.?.;
; Wrikilc rmibdzi
rmibdzigc
gc pcr virdis humrzis.
_m ai vdstc qum sd bi oc`pcnmntm tinfmnodib gm bi humrzi mxtmrni tctib sckrm un
oumrpc sm ocncom mn hunodÿn gm bi gdstinodi i bc birfc gm su triymotcrdi, mb prdnodpdc
gmb trikilc y bi mnmrfài pmr`dtmn rmbiodcnir un oi`kdc gm pcsdodÿn ocn mb oi`kdc gm
vmbcodgig gmb oumrpc.
z ; , bi humrzi mlmrodgi pcr su pmsc ms H 0 -`fl (pumgmn iotuir `és humrzis pmrc sÿbc
ncs dntmrmsi ocncomr mb trikilc amoac pcr mb pmsc).
∔
0
;
0 ( )
UC_DODßN 9-;
9 9
∛ `f ( y ; ∛ y9 ) 0 `v;; ∛ `v9;
; ;
9 9
∛ `(4.19)(; ∛ ;5 )0 `v;; ∛ ` (9= )
;
; ;
9
∛ `(∛ 968 .=1 ) 0 `v;; ∛ 99; .=
;
9
968 .=1 + 99; .= 0 `v;;
;
9
(
; ;14 .51 )0 `v ;;
;
=61 .98 0 ;
;
` `v
=61 .98 `
0 v ;;
`
=61 .98 0 v;
v; 0 ;7.57 `/s
;7.;? `/s
? `/s
;7.57 `/s
v 0 ;7.;;
?
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 11
UC_DODßN ;-?
( 9
); 9 ;
∛ `f y ; ∛ y9 0 `v ; ∛ `v9
; ;
9 9
∛ `f (a ) 0 `v ;
;
∛ `v ;
?
; ;
9 9
∛ `(4.19)(a ) 0 ` (;7.57 )
;
∛ ` (;7.;; )
;
; ;
∛ 4.19` 0 ;11.48` ∛ ;4?.?5`
∛ 7.?77;`
a0
∛ 4.19`
a 0 5.77 `
;. ]n piqumtm gm ? jf sm gmsbdzi pcr uni pmngdmntm bdsi gm ?5µ y itmrrdzi sckrm
un oirrc gm 95 jf
j f qum msté mn rmpcsc. Gmtmr`dnm bi vmbcodgig gmb oirrc y gmb
piqumtm dn`mgditi`mntm gmspuäs qum mb piqumtm itmrrdzi sckrm mb oirrc,
sikdmngc qum bi pmngdmntm tdmnm uni bcnfdtug gm = `.
?5µ
= smn ?5µ
?5µ
= ocs ?5µ
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 14
(= ?5µ) 0
9
;
;; ;
9
;
9 9
? (4.19) (;.=) 0 (?) (?) (5)
6?.=6
?.=6=
;
= 0 9.
9.=
= ; ;;
;
;
6?.=6=
6?.=6=
9.=
0 ;
;
0 0 6.5
.55
5 /
? (6 oc
0
?5µ) 0 (? + 9 5)
ocss ?5µ) 5 )
+
91.9
1.918 0 9?
0
91.918
9?
0 9.7
attps<//pamt.
attps<//pamt.ocbcrigc.mgu/sd`s/a
ocbcrigc.mgu/sd`s/at`b/accjms-biw/bitmst
t`b/accjms-biw/bitmst/accjms-
/accjms-
?.?.
?.?.?? Wrikilc
biwSms.at`b
biwSms.at`b
rmibdzi
rmibdzigc
gc pcr rmscrtms.
rmsc rtms.
_upcnfi`cs qum un rmscrtm bdnmib ocnmoti un oumrpc i un scpcrtm hdlc. Mn
occrgmnigis pcbirms bi humrzi sckrm mb oumrpc ms<
0 ( )
Gcngm j ms bi ocnstintm gmb rmscrtm y r 5 ms bi bcnfdtug gmb rmscrtm sdn mstdrir.
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 45
Ocnvdmnm mxprmsir
mxprms ir mb trikilc gm un rmscrtm mn tär`dncs gm su ibirfi`dmntc, Gmhdndgc
pcr _ 0 r ‟ r 5 . Mn tär`dncs gm ästi virdikbm, H gr 0 -j _ g_, y mb trikilc mhmotuigc
ms<
0
0
∔
Mb trikilc rmibdzigc pcr un rmscrtm undgc i un scpcrtm hdlc ms<
;; ;
0
9
;
( )
0 ( )
9=5
9=5 0 9=55
9=55 (5.?
(5.? )
9=5 0 7=5 9=55 9=55
0 7=5 9=5
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 49
0
?
= 0 5.;
∜ ∜ ;
0 5.? + 5.7
5.? ; ∜
. 5 4 + 5.98 0 ∜ 5.;=
.;= 0 5.= _9 5.7 `
5.? `
; 0
; ;
5.? + 5 0
Ibirfi`dmntcc _ 9 y _ ; .
Ibirfi`dmnt
∜ 5.54
5.54 0 5.?
5.?
0 0 5.= 5.;
5.; 0 5.?
5.?
;
0 0 5.? 5.;
5.; 0 5.9
5.9
; ;
0; ;
;
9=55 ( .51)
; ; ;
0 ;Z 6=5 ( .51)P
0 ( ; 9
) 0 (75) (4.19) (5.7 5.5)
0 9=8.48
Gmb prdnodpdc gmb trikilc y bi mnmrfài<
;68.48
;68.48 0 ;5 ;; ;68;68;48 ;
.
0 ; 0 ?.6
.6;
; /
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 4;
?.?.7 Uctmnodi.
Bi pctmnodi ms bi rizÿn ocn bi qum sm mhmotüi mb trikilc. Mb trikilc amoac pcr bis
humrzis mxtmrnis qum iotüin sckrm un oumrpc gurintm un gmspbizi`dmntc
dnhdndtmsd`ib gm gr smré ίHgr gdvdgd`cs msté mxprmsdÿn mn mb dntmrvibc gm tdm`pc y
rmibdzingc cpmriodcnms ncs gi<
9 `v ;
; ∛ 9 `v9;
U`mgdi 0 ; ;
t ; ∛ t 9
u
U`mgdi 0
t ; ∛ t 9
Mstm rmsubtigc mstikbmom qum bi pctmnodi `mgdi tris`dtdgi i c gmsgm un oumrpc
gurintm un dntmrvibc gm tdm`pc ms dfuib ib oi`kdc mn su mnmrfài odnätdoi, c mb
trikilc mhmotuigc, gdvdgdgc mntrm mb dntmrvibc gm tdm`pc.
(i) _d
_ d tcgi bi mnmrfài odnätdoi gmb `irtdbbc sm trinshdmrm i bi pdmzi gm trikilc, ³Yuä
pctmnodi `mgdi sm trinshdmrm sd bi guriodÿn gmb d`piotc ms gm 5.5; s.
0 9;5
0 ;68.48
+
0 9=8.48
0
∛
;68; ∛48
0 .
0 9?.1
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 4?
gX 0 ∛ ∙ H gr
Mntcnoms ti`kdän pcgm`cs mvibuir bi dntmfrib qum gmhdnm mb trikilc<
r ; v;
] 0 ∪ ∙ H gr 0 ∪ ∛ gv 0 (v9 ∛ v; )
r 9 v9
Gcngm<
X 9 y X; scn bcs vibcrms gm X mn bis pcsdodcnms gm r 9 y r ; .
Mb prdnodpdc gm trikilc y mnmrfài tmngré mntcnoms bi sdfudmntm hcr`i smnodbbi.
9 9
`v9; + X 9 0 `v ;; + X ;
; ;
Yum sdfndhdoi qum bi su`i gm bi mnmrfài y bi hunodÿn X ms ocnstintm.
9
`v ; + X 0 OCN_WINWM
;
Mnmrfdi
Mnmrf di odnätdoi + Mnmrf
ài
Mnmrfài pctmnodib
pctmno dib 0 OCN_WINWM
_d bi mnmrfài
mnmrfài odnätdoi iu`mnti X gmkm gds`dnudr, y vdomvmrsi<
X 0 MNM[FÀI UCWMNODIB
_d tcgis bis humrzis qum mhmotüi mb trikilc sckrm un sdstm`i scn ocnsmrvitdvis, bi
mnmrfài tctib (su`i gm bi mnmrfài odnätdoi y pctmnodib gm bis humrzis) ms ocnstintm c
sm ocnsmrvi.
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 47
?.7.
?.7.9
9 Humrzi
Humrziss ocn smrvitdvis
smrvitdvis (XDGMC 7 MNM[FÀI UCWMNODIB)
attps<//pamt.ocbcrigc.mgu/ms/sd`ubitdcn/bmfioy/mnmrfy-
attps<//pamt.ocbcrigc.mgu/ms/sd`ubitdcn/bmfioy/mnmrfy-sjitm-pirj
sjitm-pirj
?.7.
?.7.;
; Mnmrfài pctmno dib gm virdis humrzis
humrzis
Mb pmsc gm un oumrpc y bi humrzi mlmrodgi pcr un rmscrtm undgi i un scpcrtm hdlc scn
humrzis ocnsmrvitdvis. Ocn mbbis oc`c mlm`pbc, gmtmr`dnirm`cs bis mnmrfàis
pctmnodibms gm ctris humrzis ocnsmrvitdvis. Gdoais mnmrfàis smrvdrén oc`c
mlm`pbcs gmb usc gm bi ocnsmrviodÿn gm bi mnmrfài piri inibdzir bcs `cvd`dmntcs gm
sdstm`is ocnsmrvitdvcs.
?.7.
?.7.?
? Mnmrfài pctmno dib fm
fmnmrigi
nmrigi pcr mb pmsc
Uiri gmtmr`dnir bi Mnmrfài Uctmnodib iscodigi ocn mb pmsc gm un oumrpc usi`cs
un sdstm`i oirtmsdinc
oirtmsdinc ocn sus mlms, mb pm
pmsc
sc ms H 0 -`fl<
Uiri bi mnmrfài pctmnodib fmnmrigi pcr mb pmsc ncs giré bi sdfudmntm mouiodÿn<
X 0 `fy
Bi mnmrfài pctmnodib ms mb prcguotc gmb pmsc gmb oumrpc (`f) pcr bi ibturi (y), bi
ibturi sm pumgm `mgdr gmsgm ouibqudmr ndvmb gm rmhmrmnodi ocnvmndmntm. Oc`c bi
gdhmrmnodi gm mnmrfài pctmnodib gmtmr`dni mb oi`kdc mnmrfài odnätdoi, ms bi gdhmrmnodi
gm ibturi bc qum d`pcrti nc mb ndvmb gmsgm mb ouib sm `dgm ästi.
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 4=
Bi mnmrfài odnätdoi sm fmnmri pcr bis humrzis ipbdoigis ib oumrpc ràfdgc, bi mnmrfài
pctmnodib sm fmnmri pcr bi pcsdodÿn gmb oumrpc ràfdgc.
?.7.
?.7.7
7 Mnmrfài pctmno dib fmnmrigi pcr rmscrtms.
Mn occrgmnigis pcbirms, bi humrzi mlmrodgi sckrm un oumrpc pcr un rmscrtm bdnmib ms<
0 ( )
Gcngm r 5 ms bi bcnfdtug sdn mstdrir gmb rmscrtm, pcr bc qum<
∔
0 0 ( )
Mxprmsigi mn tär`dncs gmb ibirfi`dmntc gmb rmscrtm _ 0 r ‟ r 5 msti mouiodÿn ms<
0
Dntmfringc ästi mouiodÿn cktmnm`cs bi mnmrfài pctmnodib gm un rmscrtm bdnmib<
9
X 0 j_ ;
;
_ 0 r ∛ r c
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 48
i) lusti`mntm
]tdbdzingc biintms
iocnsmrviodÿn
ntms gm qu gm bi mnmrfài
qumm fcbpmm bbii pdmzi³Ouéb ms bi vmbcodgig gmb `irtdbbc
gm trikilc3
0 ( )
9=5
9=5 0 9=55
9=55 (5.?
(5.? )
9=5 0 7=5 9=55 9=55 0 7=5 9=5
0
?
= 0 5.;
∜ ∜ ;
0 5.? + 5.7
5.? ; ∜ . 5 4 + 5.98 0 ∜ 5.;=
.;= 0 5.= _9 5.7 `
; ;
0 5.? + 5 0; ∜
5.54
5.54 0 5.?
5.?
5.? `
Ibirfi`dmntcc _ 9 y _ ; .
Ibirfi`dmnt
0 0 5.= 5.;
5.; 0 5.?
5.?
;
0 0 5.? 5.;
5.; 0 5.9
5.9
0
y 0 ibturi gmb rmscrtm mn mb mlm ‒y‐
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 46
; ; (9=55 ;
9=55)) (5.? ) + (75)
75) (4.19
4.19)) (5.7
5.7)) +
; (75)(
75)(5
5) 0 ; ; 9=55)) (5.9 ) + (75
(9=55 ;
75)) (4.19
4.19)) (5
(5)) +
; (75) ;;
9?= + 9=8.48
.48 + 0 9= + ;5 ;;
;49.48 9= 0 ;5 ;;
;; 0
;68;48
.
; ∜ 0 9?.17
9?.17
/
;. ]n ocbbiràn gm ;5 j gm `isi
; 0 ?.6;
V 0 ;5 j
8`
;
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 41
;
(? ) ( (7) ; (;5)
;5)(4.19
;
)(5) + ((;5) (5) ) 0
(4.19)(5) ; ; ((?) (8) ) ; ;
;5))(4.19)(8)(+ ((;5)(
(;5 ;; ))
;7 5 + 5 0 =7 9,
9,96
966.;
6.;5
5 + 95 ;
;7
=7 + 9,966.;
;
6.;5 0 95 ;7
;
5+5095
;
]NDGIG 7
ODNÄWDOI
ODNÄWDOI GM _D_WM@I_ GM UI[WÀO]
UI [WÀO]BI
BI__
7.9 Dntrcguoodÿn
7.; Urdnodpdc gmb d`pubsc y bi ointdgig gm `cvd`dmntc bdnmib
7.? D`piotcs
7.? Ocnsmrviodÿn gm bi ointdgig gm `cvd`dmntc bdnmib
Oc`pmtmnodi mspmoàhdoi
mspmoàhdo i i
Iotdtd vdgig
Io vd gig ms gm Iprm
Ip rmn
n gdzilm
gd zilm
gmsirrcbbir
_]FM[MNODI_ GDGÉOWDOI_
Mb gcomntm gmkm<
7.9 DNW[CG]OODßN
Mn mb oipàtubc intmrdcr trinshcr`i`cs bi _mfungi Bmy gm Nmwtcn piri cktmnmr mb
prdnodpdc gmb trikilc y bi mnmrfài. Mn mstm oipàtubc dntmfri`cs msi Bmy ocn rmspmotc
ib tdm`pc gm bis humrzis qum iotüin sckrm un oumrpc y mb oi`kdc mn su ointdgig gm
`cvd`dmntc.
Ocn mstm prdnodpdc gmb d`pubsc y bi ointdgig gm `cvd`dmntc pcgm`cs gmtmr`dnir mb
oi`kdc mn bi vmbcodgig gmb oumrpc ouingc sm ocncomn bis humrzis mxtmrnis mn
hunodÿn gmb oumrpc.
gv
∙ H 0 0 ` gt
t ;
∪ ∙ H gt 0 `v ; ∛ `v 9
t 9
Gcngm<
X 9 y v ; 0scn vmbcodgigms gmb omntrc gm `isi mn bcs tdm`pcs ‒t 9 ‐ y ‒t ; ‐. Mb tär`dnc
gm bi dzqudmrgi sm bbi`i d`pubsc bdnmib y ` x v0 (`v) ms bi ointdgig gm `cvd`dmntc
bdnmib.
Wdm`pc t9 Wdm`pc t;
ί H
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 959
t ;
`v 9 + ∪ ∙ H gt 0 `v ;
t 9
9. Mb ocamtm gm bi hdfuri vdili mn bànmi rmoti aiodi irrdki ouingc rmpmntdni`mntm m`pdmzi i
fdrir mn smntdgc intdacrirdc i 5.;= rmv/s y ms gmstruotdvc ;s gmspuäs. _u `isi ms `045 @f,
su m`pulm ms W095 @N y su vmbcodgig aiodi irrdki ouingc m`pdmzi i fdrir ms gm 95 `/s. _d
sm dfncrin bis humrzis imrcgdné`dois, ouéb mri su vmbcodgig ib smr gmstrudgc.
;
υ υ
∙ H 0 ∪ ∛ Wsmn ; t d + W ocs ; t ∛ `f l
5
gt
;
W υ W υ
0 ocs t d + smn t ∛ `ft l
υ ; υ ;
; ; 5
0 ocs (; ) d + ;W smn υ (; ) ∛ `f (; ) l ∛ ;W ocs υ (5 ) d + ;W smn υ (5 ) ∛ `f (5 ) l
;W υ
υ ; υ ; υ ; υ ;
;W
0 Zocs υ ∛ ocs (5 )P ∛ ;`f
υ
7W
0 d ∛ ;`fl
υ
7W
υ d ∛ ; `fl 0 `v ; ∛ `v9
7(9 x95 8 )
∛ υ d ∛ Z;(45 x95 )(4.19)P l 0 (45 x95 )v ; ∛ (45 x95 )(95 )
? ? ?
∛ 9;6?;?4.=7d ∛ 18=155 l
0 v;
(45 x95 ) ?
7.? D@UIOWC_
7.?.9 D`piotcs attps<//pamt.ocbcrigc.mgu/sd`s/ocbbdsdcn-bi
attps<//pamt.ocbcrigc.mgu/sd`s/ocbbdsdcn-bik/ocbbdsdcn-bikSms.at`b
k/ocbbdsdcn-bikSms.at`b
` I v I + ` K v K 0 ` I v I '∛ ` K v K ' ( D )
X
X
XI— XK —
XI— XK—
X
X
XI XK
XI
XK
_d I y K ncpiri
suhdodmntm sm igadmrmn,
gmtmr`dnirbisus
ocnsmrviodÿn gmgmspuäs
vmbcodgigms bi ointdgig
gmb gm `cvd`dmntc bdnmib nc ms
d`piotc.
7.?.
7.?.;
; D`piotcs omntribms gdr
gdrmotcs
motcs
_upcnfi`cs qum bcs omntrcs gm `isi I y K vdilin i bc birfc gm bi `ds`i rmoti ocn
v I y v K intms gm su d`piotc. _mi [ bi `ifndtug gm humrzi qum mlmromn mntrm sd
gurintm mb d`piotc. _upcnm`cs qum bis supmrhdodms qum oacoin mstén crdmntigis gm
`inmri qum [ ms piribmbi i bi bànmi mn bi qum vdilin y qum msté gdrdfdgi aiodi sus
omntrcs gm `isi, msté ocngdodÿn bbi`igi d`piotc omntrib gdrmotc sdfndhdoi qum
pumgmn
bis smfudr vdilingc mn bi `ds`i rmoti gmspuäs gmb d`piotc. _d bcs mhmotcs gm
I humrzis mxtmrnis gurintm mb d`piotc sm pumgmn dfncrir, su ointdgig gm
`cvd`dmntc bdnmib tctib sm ocnsmrvi.
` I v I + ` K v K 0 ` I v I '∛ ` K v K ' ( D )
XI XK
I K
INWM_ GMB
D@UIOWC
I K
G][INWM
[ [ MB D@UIOWC
I K
XI XK
K
I GM_U]M_ GMB
D@UIOWC
_d M05 bi mouiodÿn intmrdcr dngdoi qum v K —0vI —.Bcs oumrpcs pmr`inmomn luntcs
gmspuäs gmb d`piotc, mstm ms pmrhmoti`mnt
pmrhmoti`mntm
m pbéstdoc. _d m09 bi mnmrfài
mnmrfài odnätdoi tctib
nc oi`kdi ocn mb d`piotc.
]n d`piotc mn mb qum sm ocnsmrvi bi mouiodÿn gm mnmrfài odnätdoi sm gmnc`dni
pmrhmoti`mntm mbéstdoi.
7.?.
7.?.?
? D`piotcs omntribms ckb
ckbdou
doucs
cs
m0
(v' ) K x
∛ (v' I ) x
(v' ) I x
∛ (v' K ) x
X T
XI— XK — XI—
X
Mlm`pbc<
XI XI
XK
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 95=
9. Mb O._.@ Ipcbc (I) dntmnti iocpbirsm ocn bi oipsubi _CT]\ (K). _us `isis scn
` I 091@f, ` K 08.8@f. Mb _CT]\ msté mn rmpcsc rmspmotc ib `iroc gm rmhmrmnodi
`cstrigc y mb O_@ sm iprcxd`i ocn X I 05.;d+5.5?
05.;d+5.5?l-5.5;j
l-5.5;j `/s.
i) _d mb prd`
prd`mr
mr dntmn
dntmntc
tc gm iocpbi`dmntc tdmnm ääxdtc
xdtc ³Ouéb ms bi vmbc
vmbcodgig
odgig gm
gmbb
omntrc gm `isi gm bcs gcs vmaàoubcs3
k) _d mb prd`mr dntmntc nc tdmnm äxdtc y mb ocmhdod
ocmhdodmntm
mntm gm rmstdtuodÿn gmb d`piotc
rmsubtm ms m05.4= ³Ouébms scn bis vmbcodgigms gm bcs ; vmaàoubcs gmspuäs
gmb d`piotc3
i)
` I v I +` v K
v0 K
` I +` K
v 0 @f @ff (5 )
91 @ f ( 5.;d + 5.5? l ∛ 5 .5; j ) ∛ 8.8 @
@ff + 8 .8 @f
91 @
v 0 5.97
9788d + 5.5;94 l ∛ 5.5978 j
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 958
k)
` I v I + ` K v K 0 ` I v I '∛ ` K v K '
Mouiodcnms crdfdnibm
crdfdnibms<
s<
5.94 0 v K '∛ v I '
;.- Gcs iutc`ÿvdbms ocn pirioacqums qum ikscrkmn mnmrfài, oacoin i vmbcodgigms
X I 0 X K 0 = `dbbis/acri. _us `is
`isisis scn ` I 0 ;155 bk y ` K 0 7755 bk. _d mb
ocmhdodmntm gm rmstdtuodÿn
rmstdtuodÿn ms m 0 5.;, ³Ouébms scn bis vmbcodgigms gm bcs iutc`ÿvdbms
gmspuäs gm bi ocbdsdÿn3
X I 0 = `dbbis/acri XK 0 = `dbbis/acri
` I 0 ;155 bk ` K 0 7755 bk m 0 5.;
XI XK
` I v I + ` K v K 0 ` I v I '∛ ` K v K '
Z(;155) (6.??)P + Z-(7755) (6.??)P
(6.??)P 0 Z(;155) X I —P + Z-(7755) X K —P
∛ ∛
∛ ∛88
0
6 ??∛ ∛6 ??
. ( . )
0
.
Oc`c ocncom`cs mb vibcr gm m 0 5.;
(97
(97.8
.88)
8) 0
(5.;
(5.;)) (9
(97.
7.88
88)) 0
(97
(97.8
.88)
8) 0
;.4? 0
(;)
0 ;.4? (;) Zpcr ;155 y sm su`i i (9)P
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 951
XI
I K
Uiri pcgmrbc rmscbvmr prd`mrc tmnm`cs qum inibdzir mb `cvd`dmntc gmb oirrc K
gmspuäs gmb d`piotc yi qum scbc tmnm`cs dnhcr`iodÿn sckrm mb rmskibi`dmntc gm
bcs nmu`étdocs, sm oiboubiré mn kism ib trikilc y mnmrfài fmnmrigc pcr mb d`piotc.
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 954
H `f
H 0 h 0 N 0 `f 0 (9;55)
(9;55 ) (4,19) (5.1) H 0 4796.85
Z4796.85P 0 (855) ; h
∪;;; ; ; ;
(4796.85 )(;
4796.85)( ;)
;;; (4796.85 )(5
4796.85)( 5) 0 (855)
911?
911?=
= 0 (855
(855)) ;; 11?=
8
11?=
0 0 =.
=.85
85 /
5.7
+ 0 =.85 (9)
` I v I + ` K v K 0 ` I v I '∛ ` K v K '
(9?55) XI + (9;55) (5) 0 (9?55) X I — + (9;55) (=.85)
9?55
5.7
+
- 9?55
0 =.85
0 86=5
(9)
(;)
_m `ubtdpbdoi pcr 9?55 y sm su`i i ;
=;5 + 9?55
9?55 - 9?55
0 6;15 (9)
0 86=5 (;)
_m `ubtdpbdoi pcr 9?55 y sm su`i i ;
91;5 0 97555 0
1; 0 6.84 `/s
0 ;.=; `/s
7.7 OCN_M[XIODßN
OCN_M[XIODßN GM BI OINWDGIG GM @CXD@DMNWC
@CXD@DMNWC BDNMIB
_d ocnsdgmri`cs bcs `cvd`dmntcs gm virdcs oumrpcs y `cstri`cs qum sd bis humrzis
mxtmrnis pumgmn dfncrirsm, bi ointdgig gm `cvd`dmntc bdnmib tctib sm ocnsmrvi. Mstc
ms `uy ütdb piri inibdzir dntmrioodcnms mntrm oumrpcs, oc`c bis ocbdsdcnms y ncs
pmr`dtm gmtmr`dnir bis humrzis mlmrodgis sckrm bcs oumrpcs oc`c rmsubtigc gm bi
fininodi c pärgdgi gm `isi.
_upcnfi qum ndnfuni ctri humrzi mxtmrni iotüi sckrm I y K c qum ctris humrzis scn
dnsdfndhdointms
dnsdfndhdoint ms mn hunodÿn gm bis humrzi
humrziss I y K y ipbdoingc mb prdnodp
prdnodpdc
dc gmb d`pubsc
y i bi ointdgig gm `cvd`dmntc gm oigi oumrpc gurintm un tdm`pc irkdtrirdc gm t 9 i
t ; tmnm`cs<
t ;
∪ H IK
gt 0 ` I v I ;
+` I
v I
9
t 9
t ;
∪ H KI
gt 0 ` K v K ;
+`
K
v K 9
t 9
K v K 0 OCN_WINWM
` I v I + `
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 999
` I [ I + ` [
r 0 K K
` I +` K
gr
v 0
gt
9.- ]ni pmrscni gm `isi 6.8= jf msté gm pdm mn mb omntrc gm uni kiroizi gm `isi
?5.=1 jf qum sm mnoumntri mn rmpcsc. _d dfncri`cs bis humrzis mlmrodgis sckrm bi
kiroizi pcr mb ifui y tdmnm uni bcnfdtug gm ;5 `.
Oiboubir<
i) _d bi pmrscni ocr
ocrrm
rm aiodi bi
bi gmrmoai ocn vmbcodgig v 0 95 `/s rmspmotc ib
ifui, ³ouéb ms bi vmbcodgig rmsubtintm gm bi kiroizi rmspmotc ib ifui3
k) _d bi pmrscni sm gmtdmnm ouingc bbmfi ib mxtrm`c gmrmoac gm bi kiroizi
³Ouébms scn su pcsdodÿn y bi gm bi kiroizi rmspmotc i sus pcsdodcnms
crdfdnibms3
;5 `
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 99;
` p 0 6.8= jf
` k 0 ?5.=1 jf
bcnf 0 ;5 `
` p v p + `
K v K 0 OCN_WINWM
+ ( ) 0 5
(6.8=
(6.8=)(9
)(95)
5) + ?5.=1 (
?5.=1 ) 0 5
(6.8=)(95) 0 ?5.=1(
?5.=1 )
(6.8=)(95)
( )
?5.=1 0
0 ;.=5 /
X k X p
Q
Q k
95 `
Gm bi mouiodÿn gm vmbcodgig gmb omntrc gm `isi oc`kdnigc (gm d`piotcs) pmrc ocn
gmspbizi`dmntc<
0
+ (
+
)
0 5
(6.8=) + ( ) (?5.=1)
0 5
0
Oc`c Qk + Qp 0 ° bcnf.
6.
6.8=
8= + ?5.=1
0 95 `
?5.=1
0
;
(
+ +;
)
0
( )
]NDGIG =
ODNÄWDOI GM BC_ O]M[UC_ [ÀFDGC_
=.9 Dntrcguoodÿn
=.; Mouiodcnms
Mouiodcn ms gm `cvd`dmntc gm uunn oumrpc ràfdgc
=.? @c`mntc infubir gm un
un oumrpc ràfdgc mn mb pbinc
=.7
=.= @cvd`dmntc
_mfungi BmygmgmunNmwtcn.
oumrpc ràfdgc.
=.8 Wrikilc y mnmrfài
=.6 D`pubsc y oi
ointdgig
ntdgig ggmm `cvd`dm
`cvd`dmntc
ntc
Oc`pmtmnodi mspmoàhdoi
mspmoàhdo i i
Iotdtd vdgig
Io vd gig ms gm Iprm
Ip rmn
n gdzilm
gd zilm
gmsirrcbbir
Ipbdbd oir
Ip oi r b i smf un gi bbmy
my gm
g m Nmw
Nmwtc
tc n y • Inibdzir y gmtmr`dnir bis humrzis qum
bcs prdnodpdcs ocnsmrvitdvcs mn prcvcoin mb `cvd`dmntc gm oumrpcs
prckbm`is gm odnätdoi gm bcs ràfdgcs.
oumrpcs ràfdgcs.
r àfdgcs. • [mscbvmr mlmrododcs ocnsdgmring
ocnsdgmringcc bi
smfungi bmy gm Nmwtcn y bcs
prdnodpdcs
mnmrfài ocnsmrvitdv
ocnsmrvitdvcs
y ointdgig gmcs gm bi
`cvd`dmntc
piri gmtmr`dnir bis humrzis qum
iotüin mn bcs oumrpcs ràfdgcs.
• [mscbvmr prckbm`is qum rmbiodcnmn
pctmnodi y mhdodmnodi.
_]FM[MNODI_ GDGÉOWDOI_
_]FM[MNODI_
Mb gcomntm gmkm<
• (Ocnourscs,
Urcpdodir Ocnfrmscs,
iotdvdgigms _d`pcsdcs).
gm kü
küsqumgi,
squmgi, smbmoodÿn y inébd
inébdsds
sds gm dnhcr`iodÿn mn
gdstdntis humntms, oc`c bi kdkbdcfri
kdkbdcfrihài
hài mstikbmodgi c Dntmrnmt.
Urc`cvmr mb usc ggm
• m numvis tmoncbcfàis mn mb gmsirrcbbc gm bcs ocntmndgcs
gm bi isdfnituri oc`c ippbmts, vdgmcs y pmbàoubis cktmndgcs gm Dntmrnmt.
Gmsirrcbbir bi oipiodgig piri occrgdnir y trikilir mn mqudpc.
•
Urcpdodir iotdvdgigms gm `
• `mti
mti ocfndodÿn
ocfndodÿn pcr mmlm`pbc
lm`pbc rmocncomr bi hunodÿn
`itm`étdoi gm bis bmyms gmb d`pubsc y ointdgig gm `cvd`dmntc.
Hc`mntir iotdvdgig
• iotdvdgigms
ms frupibms qum prcpdodin bi oc`undoiod
oc`undoiodÿn,ÿn, dntmroi`kdc
gm dgmis y bi rmhbmxdÿn. Mstc ms, ocnsubtir rmvdstis täondois mspmodibdzigis
mn rmbiodÿn ocn oigi tm`i gmb oursc, piri un hcrc gm gdsousdÿn.
[mbiodcni
• [mbiodcnirr bcs ocntmndgcs gm msti isdfnituri ocn bis gm`és gmb pbin gm
mstugdcs i bis qum msti gi scpcrtm piri gmsirrcbbir uni vdsdÿn
dntmrgdsodpbdnirdi
dntmrgdsodpbdnirdi mn mb mstugdintm.
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 99=
=.9 DNW[CG]OODßN
_dn m`kirfc, supcnfi qum mb bigrdbbc msté pirigc sckrm mb pdsc y bc m`puli`cs piri
qum sm vcbtmm pcr qum gmsmi`cs gmtmr`dnir mb `cvd`dmntc gm su omntrc gm `isi ib
oimr. Mn mstm oisc mb bigrdbbc msté sc`mtdgc i su pmsc y i uni humrzi mlmrodgi pcr mb
pdsc y nc sm pumgm gmtmr`dnir bi humrzi mlmrodgi pcr mb pdsc nd mb `cvd`dmntc gm su
omntrc gm `isi sdn inibdzir su `cvd`dmntc rctiodcnib.
=.;.9 Wrisbiodÿn
=.;.
=.;.;
; [ctiodÿn rmspmotc i un mlm hdlc
=.? @C@MNWC
@C@MNWC INF]BI
INF]BI[ [
=.?.
=.?.9
9 Urdnodpdc g mb d`pubsc infubir y gmb `c`mntc infubir
ίH
5
Mb prcguotc vmotcrdib gm bi smfungi bmy gm Nmwtcn ocn r ms<
0 0
05
0
5
Ac 0 r x `v
( ) 0( ;
) ( )
Bi dntmfrib gm bi dzqudmrgi sm bbi`i d`pubsc infubir, y msti mouiodÿn sm bbi`i
prdnodpdc gmb d`pubsc infubir y gmb `cvd`dmntc infubir< mb d`pubsc infubir ipbdoigc
iinfubir.
un oumrpc
_d sm gurintm un`c`mntc
ocncom mb dntmrvibcr gm
x ίHtdm`pc ms dfuib
mn hunodÿn ib oi`kdc
gmb tdm`pc, mn sugmtmr`dnir
sm pumgm `c`mntcr
gmtmr`dni
mb oi`kdc mn mb `c`mntc infubir.
0
;
0 0
;
Oigi puntc qum nc msté sckrm mb mlm hdlc sm `umvm mn uni triymotcrdi odroubir
ibrmgmgcr gm äb. Ocn numstrc ocncod`dmntc gmb `cvd`dmntc gm un puntc mn uni
triymotcrdi odroubir, pcgm`cs rmbiodcnir bi vmbcodgig y bi iombmriodÿn gm un puntc
ocn bi vmbcodgig y iombmriodÿn
iombmri odÿn infubirms gmb oumrpc. Bi vmbcodgig
vmbcod gig gm un puntc i uni
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 994
0
0
0 0
Ocn mstis rmbiodcnms pcgm`cs inibdzir prckbm`is gm oumrpcs qum fdrin ibrmgmgcr
gm un mlm hdlc. Ucr mlm`pbc sd ocncom`cs bi vmbcodgig infubir w I y bi iombmriodÿn
infubir ι I gmb mnfrinm dzqudmrgc gmb sdstm`i y qumrm`cs gmtmr`dnir
gmtmr`dni r wK y ιK . Oc`c
bis vmbcodgigms gm bcs mnfrinms gmkmn smr dfuibms mn un puntc U gm ocntiotc<
0
0
( ) 0 ( )
∐
(5.5=)(5.;
5.5=)(5.; ) 0 (5.;
5.;))( )
∐
(5.5=)(5.; )
(5.;
5.;))
0
Dntmfri`cs<
∐ ; 0 5.5= /
; 0 5.5;
5.5;=
= /
0
5.5;= ; Z
;=
P
0Z
.
P
∪ ∪
0 5.55
5.551?
1??
?
? ?
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 9;9
Mn t 0 95 s
0 5.5
5.5;=
;= (95
(95)) ; /
0 ;.= /
0 5.5
5.551?
51??
? (95
(95))
?
0 1.??
1.??
Bi bcnfdtug gmb oikbm mnrcbbigc mn mb ti`kcr, qum ms bi gdstinodi qum mb finoac A
sm ai mbmvigc, ms mb prcguotc gm Ɠ K pcr mb rigdc gmb ti`kcr, pcr bc qum mb finoac
A sm mbmvi<
(1.??
) ( 5.9 ) 0 5. 5.1?
1???
Mn t 0 95 s bi vmbcodgig ms gm ;.= rig/s pcr bc qum bi vmbcodgig gm un puntc mn mb
kcrgm ms dfuib i bi vmbcodgig gmb finoac A y ms<
0 (5.9 ) ;.= 0 5.;
5.;= ⁇
=.7.; Wri
Wrisbiodÿn
sbiodÿn gm un o umrpc ràfdgc
0 5
∙ 0 55
i
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 9;;
0
Mb ivdÿn msté mn trisbiodÿn gurintm mb gmspmfum, pcr bc qum bi su`i gm bcs `c`mntcs
rmspmotc i su omntrc gm `isi ms omrc. ]singc ästi ocngdodÿn y bi smfungi bmy gm
Nmwtcn, pcgm`cs gmtmr`dnir bi iombmriodÿn gmb ivdÿn y bis humrzis ncr`ibms
mlmrodgis mn sus rumgis<
`f
I K
Oc`c bi ioodÿn gm gmspmfum sm gi mn mb mlm Q bi mouiodÿn gm `cvd`dmntc smré<
∙ ∙ ∙
0 0 0 (9) 0 + 0 5 (;)
0
0 ;=5 555
0 ;.1
;
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 9;?
0 + 0 5 (;)
∙
Uiri cktmnmr ctri mouiodÿn bc aiom`cs ocn ί@ ukdoingc ib omntrc gm `c`mntcs mn
mb omntrcdgm<
∙
0 + (;=5
(;=5 555)(4.19)) 0 5
555)(4.19 ∙
0 + ; 7=
7=;,=55 0 5
;,=55
+ 0 ; 7=;,=55 (;) ;; K ‟ = I 0 9755 555 (?)
9※755
+ 0 ; 7=;,=55 (;) _m `ubtdpbdoi pcr =
‟ = I + ;; K 0 555 (?)
+
0 ; 7=;,=55 (9)
75;,?97 0 ; 7=;,=55
+ 75
0 ; 7=;,=55
0
rmspmotc ib mlm gmkdgc i bis humrzis y `c`mntcs mxtmrncs sckrm äb sm rmbiodcni ocn
su iombmriodÿn infubir.
0
Gcngm D 5 ms mb `c`mntc gm dnmrodi gm `isi gmb oumrpc ràfdgc rmspmotc i 5. Isà
oc`c bi `isi gm un oumrpc gmtmr`dni bi iombmriodÿn qum rmsubti gm bis humrzis
qum iotüin sckrm mb. _u `c`mntc gm dnmrodi gm `isi D 5 rmspmotc i un mlm hdlc
gmtmr`dni
ib mlm. bi iombmriodÿn infubir rmsubtintm gm bi su`i gm bcs `c`mntcs rmspmotc
0
0 + @cvd`dmntc odroubir undhcr`m w 0 ocnstintm
∐ ;
0 +
0
; + + @cvd`dmntc Odroubir ι0 ocnstintm
; ;
0 + ; ( )
H 0 95 N
H 0 95 N
;
0
9
;
0
9
;
;
(?5)(5.;) 0 5.8 ;
05 0 5
05
0
0 ;47.?
95 (5.;)
95 0 5
= 0 5.8
0 ?57.
?57.?
?
0
6
5.8
⁇;
0 99.8
99.86
6 0 99.6
99.6
755 0 5
;?.7 ( )
755
0
0 96.5
96.54
4
;?.7
=.8 W[IKIL
W[IK ILC
C T MNM[FÀI
MNM[FÀI UCWMNODIB
UCWMNODIB
Mb prdnodpdc gmb trikilc y mnmrfài piri un oumrpc ràfdgc mn `cvd`dmntc pbinc ms un
mnunodigc sd`pbm m d`pbdoi mouiodcnms smnodbbis, iunqum su gmguoodÿn ms
oc`pbdoigi.
Mb prdnodpdc gmb trikilc y mnmrfài mstikbmom qum mb trikilc ] amoac pcr humrzis y
`c`mntcs mxtmrncs ib `cvmrsm mb oumrpc ràfdgc mntrm gcs pcsdodcnms 9 y ; ms dfuib
ib oi`kdc mn su mnmrfài odnätdoi.
0
;;
Mn mb `cvd`dmntc pbinc fmnmrib bi mnmrfài odnätdoi ms<
9 9 ;
W0 ` v + D w
; ;
;
0
9
;
; ;
0
9
;
+
9
;
0
9
;
;
( ) +
9
;
;
0
9
;
; ;
( + )
;
0
9
;
Mb trikilc rmibdzigc sckrm un oumrpc ràfdgc pcr uni humrzi H msté gigc pcr<
0
( )
( )
Gcngm r p ms bi pcsdodÿn gmb puntc gm ipbdoiodÿn gm H. _d mb puntc gm ipbdoiodÿn msté
hdlc, c sd bi gdrmoodÿn gm su `cvd`dmntc ms pmrpmngdoubir i H, nc sm mhmotüi trikilc.
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 9;1
0
0
_d tcgcs bcs `c`mntcs
0
∪ yhumrzisqum ∪trikilin 0
;
sckrm un oumrpc
ràfdgc scn
0
Oc`kdningc ästi rmbiodÿn ocn mb prdnodpdc gmb trikilc y bi mnmrfài, ocnobud`cs qum
bi mnmrfài odnätdoi y bi mnmrfài pctmnodib tctib ms ocnstintm<
+ 0
_d tcgis bis humrzis qum rmibdzin trikilc sckrm un sdstm`i gm oumrpcs ràfdgcs scn
ocnsmrvitdvis, bi su`i gm bi mnmrfài odnätdoi tctib y bi mnmrfài pctmnodib tctib ms bi
`ds`i mn ouibmsqudmr
ouibmsqudmrii gcs pcsdodcnms.
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 9;4
9+ 90 ;+ ;.
[ 0 5.?5 `
k 0 9.=5 `
λ 0 ;5µ
` 0 95 j
D 0 ° ` [; 0 ° (95) (5.?5); 0 5.7= j `;
_m dfuibiré mb trikilc rmibdzigc ouingc mb gdsoc rumgi uni gdstinodi k ocn mb oi`kdc
mn su mnmrfài odnätdoi. Uiri gmtmr`dnir bi vmbcodgig gmb omntrc gmb gdsoc, sm
nmomsdtiré bi rmbiodÿn mntrm bi vmbcodgig gmb omntrc y bi vmbcodgig infubir gmb gdsoc.
Gdifri`i gm oumrpc bdkrm gmb gdsoc. N y h scn bis humrzis ncr`ib y gm hrdoodÿn
mlmrodgis pcr bi supmrhdodm dnobdnigi. Mb pmsc gmb gdsoc rmibdzi trikilc ib rcgir, pmrc
bi humrzi ncr`ib y bi humrzi gm hrdoodÿn nc bc aiomn. Uiri mxpbdoir pcr quä suomgm
mstc, mb trikilc mhmotuigc pcr uni humrzi H pumgm msordkdrsm oc`c<
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 9?5
;5µ
h y 0 `f ocs ;5µ 0 (95) (4.19) (5.4?484)
`f ocs ;5µ h y 0 4;.91 j
`f h x 0 `f smn ;5µ 0 (95) (4.19) (5.?7;5;)
h x 0 ??.== j
Mb trikilc rmibdzigc pcr mb pmsc gmb gdsoc ms mb prcguotc gm bi oc`pcnmntm gmb pmsc
`f smn ;5µ
mn bi gdrmoodÿn gmb `cvd`dmntc pcr bi gdstinodi k. Cksmrvm qum mstm rmsubtigc
ti`kdän sm cktdmnm ib `ubtdpbdoir mb pmsc gmb gdsoc `f pcr bi gds`dnuodÿn mn bi ibturi
gmb omntrc gm `isi.
0( ) 0 (95)(
95)(4.19
4.19)) (5.?7;5;)(
5.?7;5;)(9.=5
9.=5)) 0 =5.?
=5.?;=
;=
Dfuibm mb trikilc ocn mb oi`kdc mn bi mnmrfài odnätdoi gmb gdsoc. Bi mnmrfài odnätdoi
dndodib ms dfuib i omrc. _mi v bi vmbcodgig gmb omntrc gmb gdsoc y v su vmbcodgig
vmbcodg ig infubir
ouingc mb omntrc sm ai `cvdgc uni gdstinodi k.
(95)(4.19
95)( 4.19)) (9.=5
9.=5)) ; ;
(5.?7;5;
5.?7;5;)) 0
9
;
(95
95)) +
9
;
5 (9)
( . ) ( . )( . ) .
0
; + 0
; 4 1+ = ?;;
(
.
)( .
)
0
+8==
.
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 9?9
0 ;.=
;.=4 /
0 ?
0 4 1 =? ?;;
( , )( . )( . )
0 ;;??
.
0 ;.=
;.=4 /
V ;5
@=
5.;
H 95
0 ; ;
; ;
0
; ; ;
0 5
; ;
; ;
0
;; 0 0
;; 0 ?5))(5.;) (;5)
(?5
; 0 9;5
+ 0 ; Z P+ Z + ( )( )P 0 Z P
∛;
Z5P + Z= + 95 (5.;)P 9;5PP
(5.;)P 0 Z9;5 9;5PP
Z5P + Z= + ; P 0 Z9;5 ;
∙
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 9?;
Z5P + Z6 P 0 Z9;5P 0
;6 0 96.9
96.97
7
96.97
9 ÿ
0 ;.6;
;.6;
;
=.6 D@U]B_C T OINWDGIG
OINWDGI G GM @CXD@DMNWC
Bi smfungi bmy gm Nmwtcn dntmfrigi rmspmotc ib tdm`pc gi mb prdnodpdc gmb d`pubsc
y bi ointdgig gm `cvd`dmntc bdnmib piri un oumrpc ràfdgc<
0 ;
Gcngm v 9 y v ; scn bis vmbcodgigms gmb omntrc gm `isi mn bcs tdm`pcs t 9 y t ; . _d sm
ocncomn bis humrzis mxtmrnis qum iotüin sckrm un oumrpc ràfdgc mn hunodÿn gmb
tdm`pc, pcgm`cs gmtmr`dnir mb oi`kdc mn bi vmbcodgig gmb omntrc gm `isi gurintm
un dntmrvibc gm tdm`pc. Mn hunodÿn gmb prc`mgdc rmspmotc ib tdm`pc gm bi humrzi tctib
mntrm t 9 y t ; .
Msti hcr`imsté
un oumrpc gmb sc`mtdgc
prdnodpdc igmb d`pubsc
humrzis y ointdgig gm `cvd`dmntc bdnmib sumbm smr ütdb ouingc
d`pubscris.
_d bis ündois humrzis qum iotüin sckrm gcs oumrpcs ràfdgcs I y K scn bis humrzis qum sm mlmromn
mntrm sà, c sd ctris humrzis scn dnsdfndhdointms, su ointdgig gm `cvd`dmntc bdnmib tctib sm
ocnsmrvi.
+ 0
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 9??
=.6.
=.6.9
9 Urdnodpdcs gmb d`pubsc y bi ointdgig gm `cvd`dmntc infubir .
0
Gcngm<
0
Dntmfringc bi mouiodÿn ocn rmspmotc ib tdm`pc sm cktdmnm uni smfungi hcr`i gmb
prdnodpdc gmb d`pubsc y bi ointdgig gm `cvd`dmntc infubirms<
9.- Mb gdsoc gm bi hdfuri pmsi ;5 bk y msté scpcrtigc pcr un mlm. Iotüi sckrm mb un
`c`mntc @ 0 7 bk pdm y uni humrzi H 0 95 bk oiboubm bi vmbcodgig infubir gmb gdsoc
; smfungcs gmspuäs gm pirtdr gmb rmpcsc y rmioodcnms.
;5 bk
V0 ³
@ 7 bk pdm
@ 7 bk pdm
5.6= [ Q
5.6=
dm
dm
H 95 bk
H 95 bk
[ T
; ; ; ?; ;;
0 0
.
(5.6=) ; 0 5.
5.96
96=
= ;
Humrzis mn Q ( + )<
( ) +
0 ;
( )
Oc`c bi v Ix 0 5
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 9?=
;?; ;
.
(5) + ∙ ∪ ;
0
;?; ; ;
.
(5) (5) + [ x (;) 0 5 ;[ x 0 5 [x 0 5
Humrzis mn T ( + )<
Oc`c bi v Ix 0 5
( ) +
0
;
( )
;?; ;
.
(5) + ∙ ∪ ; ∪; ∪;
;5 95 0
;?;; ;
.
(5)
;
+ 0
Oc`c w9 0 5<
5 + ∪ ; ∙ 95 (5.6=
5.6=)) + 7 0 5.9
5.96= ; ;
5 + Z6.= + 7 P 0 5.
5.96
96=
= ;
]NDGIG 8
XDK[IODCNM_
Oc`pmtmnodi mspmoàhdoi
mspmoàhdo i i
Iotdtd vdgig
Io vd gig ms gm Iprm
Ip rmn
n gdzilm
gd zilm
gmsirrcbbir
_]FM[MNODI_ GDGÉOWDOI_
Mb gcomntm gmkm<
8.9 XDK[IODCNM_
XDK[I ODCNM_ _DN I@C[WDF]I@DMNWC
I@C[WDF]I@DMNWC (XDGMC 8 @CX. I[@ßNDOC)
Msti mouiodÿn pumgm cktmnmrsm usingc un `ätcgc gdhmrmntm qum rmsubti `uy ütdb.
Bi ündoi humrzi qum rmibdzi trikilc sckrm bi `isi, bi humrzi mlmrodgi pcr mb rmscrtm,
Bi ündoi humrzi qum rmibdzi trikilc sckrm bi `isi, bi humrzi mlmrodgi pcr mb rmscrtm,
_d mb rmscrtm msté sdn mstdrir ouingc x 0 5, rmsubti héodb ocnhdr`ir qum bi mouiodÿn gmb
`cvd`dmntc ms<
Gcngm w ms uni ocnstintm. _m vdc qum ocn w ; 0 j/`, msti mouiodÿn gmsordkm mb
;
`cvd`dmntc gm un sdstm`i
pmqumùcs `cvd`dmntcs csodbitcrdc
gm uni `isi-rmscrtm,
kirri gmbfigi y ocn w 0 ?f/;b, gmsordkm bcs
suspmngdgi.
_m gdkuli un oàroubc ouyc rigdc ms dfuib i bi i`pbdtug y sm supcnm qum bi bànmi qum
unm i C y i U fdri mn smntdgc ocntrirdc ib gm bis `inmodbbis gmb rmbcl ocn vmbcodgig
infubir ocnstintm w. _d sm mbdfm bi pcsdodÿn gm U mn t 0 5 oc`c sm dngdoi, bi
prcymoodÿn gm bi bànmi CU sckrm mb mlm vmrtdoib ms M smn (wt - ᶻ).
0
+
;
0
.
+
; ;1 4? 8 6;
( ,
)
/
0 5.65;
5.65; ƛ 0 ƛ0
.
ƛ 0 9.7;
0 + ocs 0 ocs sdn
0 (5)
9;.8
(5)
(5) + (5.9
(5.9 )ocs 9;.8 (7 )
_m ocncom bi hrmoumnodi<
0 ; ƛ
0 ;(?,9798
?,9798))(8 ) 0 ?6.6
?6.6 /
Bi i`pbdtug smré<
∜ ; ; ;
0 + 0 (5.9??
(5.9?? ) + (5.9) ; 0 5.
5.98
988
8
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 977
( , )
0 0 9.=6
0 9.=6
; /
; ?8
(XDGMC @M_I XDK[IWC[DI ]NI@)
8.; XDK[IODCNM_ I@C[WDF]IGI_ (XDGMC
8.;.
8.;.9
9 I`cr
I`crtdfui`dmntc
tdfui`dmntc sukor
sukoràtdoc
àtdoc
y sustdtuyängcbi mn bi mouiodÿn, sm
s m cktdmnm<
Msti mouiodÿn ouigrétdoi prcguom gcs vibcrms piri bi ocnstintm κ qum sm pumgmn
msordkdr oc`c<
Gcngm<
Gmkdgc i qum sm ai supumstc qum g 2 v, bi ocnstintm w g ms un nü`mrc rmib. Bis gcs
riàoms piri κ prcpcrodcnin gcs scbuodcnms. Bi scbuodÿn fmnmrib rmsubtintm gm bi
mouiodÿn ms<
8.;.
8.;.;
; I`crtdfui`dmntcs o ràtdocs y supmroràtdoc
Gcngm
Mb ocnomptc gm i`crtdfui`d
i`crtdfui`dmntc
mntc oràtdoc tdmnm d`pcrtintms d`pbdoiodcnms mn mb gdsmùc
gm `uoacs sdstm`is.
I`crtdfui`dmntc
I`crtdfui`dmntc sukoràtdoc
I`crtdfui`dmntc
I`crtdfui`dmntc oràtdoc y supmroràtdoc
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 974
KDKBDCF[IHÀI.
9. Hmrgdning U. K Kmmr,
mmr, [ussmbb M. Lc
Lcanstcn
anstcn Lr. y Vdbbdi` M. Obiusmn @moéndoi
Xmotcrdib piri Dnfmndmrcs Gdné`doi. 1ª. Mgdodÿn. @oFriw Adbb. @äxdoc. ;556.
;. Kmghcrg Intacny- Hcwbmr Vibbiom. @moéndoi piri Dnfmndmrài< Gdné`doi.
Iggdscn- Vmsbmy Dkmrci`mrdoini. @äxdoc 9448.
?. _cutis [ckmr
[ckmrtt V.- Dn`in Gindmb L. ‟ Kibdnt Gind
Gindmb
mb _. Dnfmndmrài @moéndoi<
Gdné`doi. Mgdodÿn oc`putiodcnib. OMNFIFM Bmirndnf. @äxdoc ;551.
7. Kcrmsd Irtaur U.- _oa`dgt [doairg L. Dnfmndmrài @moéndoi< Gdné`doi.
Wac`scn Bmirndnf. @äxdoc ;559.
=. Adkkmbmr [ussmbb. O. @moéndoi vmotcrdib piri Dnfmndmrcs< Gdné`doi . 95ª.
Mgdodÿn. OMO_I. @äxdoc.
8. Adfgcn ‟ _tdbms, mt ib. Dnfmndmrài @moéndoi, Wc`c DD< Gdné`doi Xmotcrdib.
Urmntdom Aibb. @äxdoc.
6. Auinf, W. O. @moéndoi piri dnfmndmrcs. Gdné`doi, [mprmsmntiodÿn y
_mrvdodcs gm Dnfmndmrài, _. I. @äxdoc, 9417.
1. _ingcr, Kmbi L. Dnfmndmrài @moéndoi< Gdné`doi. Urmntdom- Aibb. @äxdoc.
KDKBDCF[IHÀI MBMOW[ßNDOI.
U[ÉOWDOI_
Uréotdoi
Uréotdoi unc
Humrzi
Humrziss y `c vd`dmntc
Dntrcguoodÿn<
9. Mb ocntmndgc gm msti dnvmstdfiodÿn ms mxpbcrir humrzis y mb `cvd`dmntc
mstugdingc bi humrzi, bi `isi y bi iombmriodÿn.
;. Mn bi pirtm D gm humr
humrzis
zis y gm `cvd`dmntc, ustm
ustmg
g mxpbcriré bi rmbiodÿn
rmbiodÿn mntrm bbii
`isi, bi humrzi, y bi iombmriodÿn.
?. Mn bi pirtm DD gm humrzis y gm `cvd`dmntc, ustmg dnvmstdfiré bi iombmriodÿn gm
un cklmtc. Bi iombmriodÿn ms mb oi`kdc mn vmbcodgig (c vmbcodgig) sckrm mb
oi`kdc i tdm`pc. Ms oÿ`c un cklmtc tc`i répdgi`mntm vmbcodgig.
attps<//pamt.ocbcrigc.mgu/mn/sd`ubitdcn/hcroms-ing-`ctdcn-kisdos
_däntism
_däntism bdkrm m
mxpbcrir
xpbcrir bi sd` ubiodÿn pcr = `dnutcs
Intms gm qum ustmg oc`dmnom mxpbcrm, smbmoodcnm bcs oamoj kcxms gm bis
humrzis, gm bcs vibcrms, gm bis `isis, y gm bi vmbcodgig mn bi oili i`irdbbi mn
bi gmrmoai supmrdcr.
9. Ocbcqum bi oili
oc`c bi oili mnmn
mb mb pitàn.
pitàn Hdlmvmbcodgig.
tc`i bi humrzi ipbdoigi i 955N. @drm mb vmbcoà`mtrc
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 9=?
6. [milustm mb pinc
pincri`i
ri`i y oc`prumk
oc`prumkmm ipifigc bis humrzis, bcs vibcrms,
vibcrms, bis
`isis, y bi vmbcodgig mn bi gmrmoai supmrdcr. Ucnfi bi oili gmtrés mn mb
pitàn, pmrc mstm vmz hdlÿ bi humrzi i ?55N.
i. ³Mn sus prcpdis pibikris oÿ`c ustmg gmsordkdrài bi rmbiodÿn mntrm bi
ointdgig gm humrzi ipbdoigi y bi oipiodgig gm un cklmtc gm tc`ir
vmbcodgig, c iombmrm3
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 9=7
Uirtm DD<
_mfungi Bmy gm Nmwtcn<
Oc`pbmtm mb ouigrc.
Dnvmstdfum
Dnvmstdfu m bi i
iombmriodÿn
ombmriodÿn u singc bbi
i smfungi bmy gm Nm
Nmwtc
wtc n (H 0 `i)
Iomb
Io mbmr
mrio
iodÿ
dÿnn
@isi
@i si (jdbcf
(jdbcfri`cs
ri`cs ) Humrzi (nmwtcn)
(`mtrcs/smfungc;)
75jf 955N
=5jf 955N
15jf 955N
955jf 955N
;55jf 955N
Bbmni bi tikbi
Dnvmstdfir bi iombmriodÿn
Io mbmr
Iomb mrio
iodÿ
dÿnn
@isi
@isi (jdbcf
(jdbcfri`cs
ri`cs)) Humrzi (nmwtcn)
(`mtrcs/smfungc;)
955jf =5N
955N
955jf 9=5N
955jf ;55N
955jf ;=5N
Ipbdoir<
]tdbdom su ocncod`dmntc gm bi iombmriodÿn piri mnocntrir bi `isi y bi humrzi
irristringc cklmtcs gdhmrmntms i su pitdnmti y ipbdoingc bi humrzi.
[mbbmnm bi tikbi.
Dnvmstdfir bi iombmriodÿn
Iombm
Io mbmri
riod
od ÿn
@isi
@isi (jdbcf
(jdbcfri`cs
ri`cs)) Humrzi (nmwtcn)
(`mtrcs/smfungc;)
9
;.;
;.=
7
8
Uréotdoi
Uréotdoi gcs
BI_
BI _ H]M[\I_ MN 9-GD@MN_DCN
UaMW attps<//pamt.ocbcrigc.mgu/mn/sd`ubitdcn/bmfioy/hcroms-9g
Xm i bi Vmk ib sdtdc UaMW
Xm i bis sd`ubiodcnms, y mnoumntri ‒humrzis
‒humrzis mn‐ 9-Gd`mnsdcn.
Lumfum ocn bi sd`ubiodÿn un `c`mntc piri vmr oÿ`c trikili. ]ni vmz qum ustmg
bc gc`dnm, rmstiurm bcs ilustms gm gmhmotc y gä vumbti ipifigc i bi hrdoodÿn!!!
hrdoodÿn! !! Uiri
bi prd`mri pirtm gm msti iotdvdgig nc ocnsdgmrirm`cs bi hrdoodÿn.
Uirtm 9
H]M[\I
CKLMWC [M_]BWIGC CK_M[XIGC
IUBDOIGI
IUB DOIGI
Uirtm ;
Uiri msti pirtm vi`cs i `drir sdtuiodcnms ‒`és gmb `ungc rmib‐ isà qum gä bi
hrdoodÿn (mnomngmr
(mnomngmr).
).
H]M[\I
CKLMWC [M_]BWIGC CK_M[XIGC
IUBDOIGI
IUB DOIGI
6 ³_d ustmg m`puli un cklmtc, pcr quä mb `cvd`dmntc nc ms dfuib ib qum adzc mn bi
pirtm 93 ]tdbdom bcs tär`dncs gm bi hàsdoi. ³Mn quä puntc mb cklmtc oc`dmnzi i
`cvmrsm3
4. [mfdstrm
Mntrm mn ‒`és ocntrcbms‐
bi frivmgig y oi`kdm
mn mb pbinmtibcs
qumilustms
mbdfdÿ< gm `cgc qum mstm`cs mn ctrc pbinmti.
SSSSSSSSSSSSSS.
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 9=1
95. ³Ucr quä sus rmspumstis gm # 1 y gm # 4 gdhmrmnodircn3 Inibdom bis gdhmrmnodis. ³Wdmnmn
smntdgc3
Uréotdoi trms.
Bi oiàgi gm cklmtcs
Fibdbmc dntmntÿ gm`cstrir qum tcgcs bcs cklmtcs qum oimn iombmrir bi kili mn bi
`ds`i prcpcrodÿn. Yum oimn bcs cklmtcs y sm iombmrin aiodi ikilc i bi `ds`i
vmbcodgig mn mb vioàc. Bi rmsdstmnodi gmb idrm, sdn m`kirfc, pumgm oiusir cklmtcs
qum oimn i un rdt`c gdhmrmntm mn mb idrm. Bi rmsdstmnodi gmb idrm pmr`dtm un
pirioiàgis pirioidgdsti piri rmguodr su oiàgi. Gmkdgc i bi rmsdstmnodi gmb idrm, bi
oiàgi gm cklmtcs pumgm iboinzir uni vmbcodgig `éxd`i c vmbcodgig tmr`dnib. Mn
mstm mxpmrd`mntc,
mxpmrd`mntc , qum mstugdiré bis vmbcodgigms gm gcs cklmtcs gdhmrmntms qum oimn.
CKLMWDXC_
Mn mstm mxpmrd`mnt
mxpmrd`mntc,c,
• ]tdbdom un gmtmotcr gm `cvd`dmntc ocn dntmrhiz gm oc`putigcri piri `mgdr bi
gdstinodi y bi vmbcodgig.
• Urcguodr i gdstinodi mn hunodÿn gmb tdm`pc y bcs fréhdocs gm vmbcodgig mn hunodÿn
gmb tdm`pc.
• Inibdzir y mxpbdoir bcs rmsubtigcs.
@IWM[DIBM_
crgmnigcr
pdnzi mn énfubc rmotc
Xmrndmr dntmrhiz gm bi oc`putigcri
oinisti gm hdbtrc gm oihä
Xmrndmr gmtmotcr gm `cvd`dmntc
bdkrcs
Bcffmr Urc
`mtrcs pibc
indbbc gm scpcrtm
odnti igamsdvi
virdbbi gm `mtib
dntmrhiz
`cvd`dmntc
gmtmotcr
Hdfuri 9
Mvibuiodÿn
ocpdir
U[COMGD@DMNWC
GIWC_
Bi oiàgi gmb oihä gm hdbtrc
Bdkrc qum sm oi
oimm
Gdstinodi (T) Wdm`pc (Q) Gdstinodi (T) Wdm`pc (Q)
Uuntc gm Fcti
SSSSSSS @
SSSSSSS _
SSSSSSS @
SSSSSSS _
Ucdnt Bingdnf
SSSSSSS
SSSSSSS @_
SSSSSSS @
SSSSSSS _
Xmbcodgig `éxd`i
SSSSSSSS @ / s
SSSSSSSS @ / s
Ourvi gm bi hcr`i mn rmfdÿn gm `éxd`i
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
SSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSS
SSSSS
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
SSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSS
SSSSS
Uréotdoi
Uréotdoi o uitrc.
@cvd`dmntc rctitcrdc
Ikrm bi oirpmti attps<//pamt.ocbcrigc.mgu/ms/sd`ubitdcn/bmfioy/bigykuf-`ctdcn-;g mn mb
prcfri`i UaMW
9. Ikri bi ‒gm`cstrio
‒gm`cstriodÿn
dÿn i`kis‐ mn bdnmib y bi ‒odroubir‐ mn mb hcngc
;. ³Yuä ocbcr tdmnm mb vmotcr vmbcodgig, y ouéb rmprmsmnti bi iombmriodÿn3
Oàroubc<
Xmbcodgig 0 vmrgm c izub ³mspmoàhd
³mspmoàhdoi`mntm,
oi`mntm, tinfmnodib c infubir3
Iombmriodÿn
Iombmrio dÿn 0 vmrgm c izub ³mspmoàhdoi`mntm,
³mspmoàh doi`mntm, tinfmnodib, rigdib, c infubir3
4. ³Ouéb ms bi iombmrio
iombmriodÿn
dÿn tinfmnodib3
9?. [milüstmbcs
;;. [milustm
;?. Cprd`i igmbintm bi cpodÿn ikilc i bi gmrmoai kilc ‒gm`cstriodÿn rmprmsmnti
fréhdoi`mntm‐
fréhdoi`mn tm‐ (α, mb τ, i). Oc`prumkm bi ‒iombmriodÿn gm bi gm`cstriodÿn‐
;=. ³Ucr quä bi iombmriodÿn sdfum sdmngc ocnstintm i pmsir gm bi gdrmoodÿn qum
oi`kdi gmb dnsmotc gm bi smùcri3
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 98=
Uréotdoi
Uréotdoi odnoc .
Dntrcguoo
Dntrcg uoo dÿn i bi Ocnsmrviodÿn g m bi Mnmrfài @m @moéndoi
oéndoi
Attp<//pamt.ocbcrigc.mgu
Attp<//pamt.ocbcrigc.mgu
Cklmtdvcs g m iiprmng dzilm<< Bcs mstugdintms smrén oipioms gm
prmngdzilm
• Mxpbdqum mb ocnomptc gm Ocnsmrviodÿ
Ocnsmrviodÿn n gm bi Mnmrfài @moéndoi utdbdzingc
mnmrfài pctmnodib odnätdoi y frivdtiodcnib.
• Gdsmùir un pirqum gm sjitm utdbdzingc mb ocnomptc gm mnmrfài `moéndoi
9. Dnvmstdfum quä ms bc qum ihmoti mb oi`dnc gmb pitdnigcr y gdsouti sus dgmis
ocn su oc`piùmrc. ]stmg gmkm dntmntir ifrmfir un pcoc gm pdsti, oi`kdir
hcr`is c ocnstrudr sibtcs. (prd`mrc nc aiy hrdoodÿn mn bi pdsti)
;. Mxpbdoi oÿ`c pumgms usir tu dnvmstdfiodÿn piri pbinmir uni pdsti qum smi
gdvmrtdgi, gmsihdintm y qum smi rmbitdvi`mntm smfuri. ]stmg pcgrài pmnsir
bpcr mlm`pbc< ³Ouéngc äb vi `és répdgc3 ³Oÿ`c bbmfir i bi od`i gm uni
ocbdni3 C itmrrdzir gm un sibtc.
7. ]tdbdzing
]tdbdzingcc bi bmy gm bi ocnsmrviodÿn gm bi mnmrfài `moéndoi, mxpbdoin bc qum
ms nmomsirdc ocnsdgmrir bis ocsis mn mb gdsmùc gm ouibqudmr pdsti
pdsti gm äxdtc.
Uréotdoi smds.
Mnmrfài odnätdoi y pctmnodib. Uirqum gmb pitàn gm bi mnmrfài
Cksmrviodcnms qum oc`dmnzin
?. Ormm su prcpdi pd
pdsti
sti c smbmoodcnm un
uni
i gm bis pdstis prmgdsmùigis
prmgdsmùigis (triojs)
(triojs)..
Gdkulm ouitrc puntcs mn su pdsti qum ustmg qudsdmri dnvmstdfir.
Uuntc Urm
Urmgdoodÿ
gdoodÿ n _d`ubiodÿn Mxpbdqum bis gdhmrmnodi
gdhmrmnodiss
?
7
i. pitdnigcr3
³Yuä tdpcs gm mnmrfài mb pitdnigcr tdmnm mn mb puntc `és ibtc gmb
Uirtm ; - [
[mbiodcnir
mbiodcnir vmbco dgig oc
ocnn bi mnmrfài pctmnodib y od nätdoi
i) i su vmbcodgig `éxd`i
k) pirigc
o) su vmbcodgig `mgdi
g) mb dr bmntc
m) mb dr répdgi`mntm
i) i su vmbcodgig `éxd`i
k) pirigc
o) ymngc su vmbcodgig `mgdi
g) mb dr bmntc
m) mb dr répdgi`mntm
i. Isu`i qum un pitdnigcr gmkài tmr`dnir bi pdsti. ³Mn quä pcsdodcnms msté bi
su`i gm bi mnmrfài pctmnodib y odnätdoi dfuib3 Mxpbdqum.
Uréotdoi sdmtm.
Ocbdsdcnms
Cklmtdvc<
•
• Dntmrprmtm
Ipbdqum bi ‒intms-y-gmspuäs‐
‒intms-y-g mspuäs‐ gm ouigrcs
bmy gm bi ocnsmrviodÿn gm ocbdsdcnms.
gmb à`pmtu piri scbuodcnir prckbm`is gm
ocbdsdcnms.
• Mxpbdqum pcrquä bi mnmrfài nc sm ocnsmrvi y nc virài mn ibfunis ocbdsdcnms.
• Gmtmr`dnm mb oi`kdc mn mnmrfài `moéndoi mn ocbdsdcnms gm bi ‒mbistdodgig
qum virài‐.
• Gmhdni bis ocbdsdcnms MBÉ_WDOC_ m DNMBÉ_WDOI_ mn tär`dncs gm
ocnsmrviodÿn gmb à`pmtu y gm mnmrfài
Mlmrododc
Mlmrodo dc 9<
Mb mhmotc gm bi `isi mn ocbdsdcnms
;. Mxpmrd`mn
Mxpmrd`mntm
tm gcs mlm`pbcs prd`mrc iu`mntingc 9 jf mn `isi 9 y gmlingc
dfuib `isi ;, Urmgdfi qquä
uä suomgmrài.
i. Bumfc iu`mnt
iu`mntm
m ctrc jdbc i bi `isi 9 y unc i bi `isi ;, Urmgdfi quä
suomgmrài
k. [mibdom bi mxpmrd`mntiodÿ
mxpmrd`mntiodÿn,
n, tmnài ustmg rizÿn3 Gmsordki quä suomgm<
Mlmrododc
Mlmrodo dc ;<
Mb mhmotc gm bi mbistdodgig mn ocbdsdcnms
7. Mxpmrd`mn
Mxpmrd`mntm
tm gcs mlm`pbcs prd`mrc iu`mntingc 9 jf mn `isi 9 y gmlingc
dfuib `isi ;, Urmgdfi qquä
uä suomgmrài.
i. suomgmrài
Bumfc iu`mnt
iu`mntm
m ctrc jdbc i bi `isi 9 y unc i bi `isi ;, Urmgdfi quä
k. [mibdom bi mxpmrd`mntiodÿ
mxpmrd`mntiodÿn,
n, tmnài ustmg rizÿn3 Gmsordki quä suomgm<
Uréotdoi
Uréotdoi coac.
Bikcritcrdc vdrtu ib gm Um
Umngubc
ngubc sd`pbm
Ouingc mstugdis mb pängubc sd`pbm ocn un hiotcr gmkms `intmnmr bcs ctrcs
hiotcrms ocns tintm
tintmss (@ätcgc gm bi virdiodÿn ocnoc`dtintm gm bcs hiotcrms).
9. Oc`pbmti
mn fréhdoisbcs gitcs gm tu
y prmsmnti bisdnhcr`m
tikbis, ocntmstingc
rmprmsmnti bcs
bisvibcrms gm oigi
prmfuntis uni gm imbbis
gm ioumrgc bcs
rmsubtigcs cktmndgcs.
M_W]GDC
M_W]GDC GM BI X
XI[DIODßN
I[DIODßN GMB UM[DCGC OCN
OCN BI I@UBDW]G
Infu
In fu bc (¼) 9 ; ? 7 = 8 6 1 4 95
I`pbdtug I(`) 5.59? 5.5;4 5.577 5.585 5.567 5.5
5.514
14 5.95= 5.9;5 5.9?= 5.9=5
Umrdcgc0W(s)
Infu
In fubc
bc (¼) 95 9= ;5 ;= ?5 ?= 75 7= =5 ==
I`pbdtug0I(`)
Umrdcgc W (s)
Frivmgig 0 95 `/s;
Infu
In fubc
bc 0 95 fr
frigc
igcss Bc nf dtug
dt ug 0 9 `mt
`mtrr c (tdmrri)
@isi
@is i (Jf ) 5.95 5.?5 5.=5 5.65 5
5.15
.15 9.55 9.?5 9.=
9.=55 9.65 ;.55
Umrdcgc W (s)
• Mnunodm, smfün sus pibikris, ³quä courrm ocn mb pmrdcgc gmb pängubc
i `mgdgi qum sm virài bi @isi3
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 96?
Mstugdc gm bi virdiodÿn
virdiodÿn gmb pmrdcgc o cn bi bcnfdtug gmb adbc
Frivmgig 0 95 `/s;
Infu
In fubc
bc 0 95 fr
frigc
igcss Bc nf dtug
dt ug 0 9 `mt
`mtrr c
(tdmrri)
Bcnfdtug
(`) 5.=5 5.65 5.45 9.95 9.?5 9.=5 9.15 ;.55 ;.;5 ;.=5
Umrdcgc W (s)
∜Bcnfdtug ∜5.=5 ∜5.65 ∜5.45 ∜9.95 ∜9.?5 ∜9.=5 ∜9.15 ∜;.55 ∜;.;5 ∜;.=5
Umrdcgc W (s)
Bcnfdtu
Bcn fdtu g 0 9.55
9.55 @isi0 9.55
Infu
In fu bc 0 95 fr igc
igcss
`mtrc Jdbcfri`c
Frivmgig(`/s»)
Umrdcgc W (s)
6. [mibdom un fréhdoc gm Umrdcgc (mlm T) vmrsus Frivmgig (mlm Q).
³Yuä obism gm frihdoc cktdmnm3
•
9/ ∜Frivmgig
Umrdcgc W (s)
INMQC_
Urcfri`i
Urcfr i`i gm bi `itm
`itmrdi<
rdi<
Obivm gm bi isdfnituri<
;.- U[M_MNWIODßN
Oiriotmrdziodÿ
Oiriotmrdziodÿnn gm bi isdfnituri.
isdfnitur i.
Msti isdfniturigmprcpcrodcni
gmb mqudbdkrdc prcpc rodcni ib
pirtàoubis y pmrhdb gmb Dnfmndmrc
oumrpcs Dnfm ndmrcmnOdvdb
ràfdgcs su bcs ocncod`dmntcs
mstigc késdocsy
gm `cvd`dmntc
gmsirrcbbi mn mb ibu`nc bi oipiodgig piri oc`prmngmrbcs y ipbdoirbcs mn mb
prcymotc y gdsmùc gm sdstm`i
sdstm`iss mstruoturibms, cckris
kris adgréubd
adgréubdois
ois y vàis tmrrmstrms.
Uumstc qum msti `itmrdi giré scpcrtm i ctris, `és gdrmoti`mntm vdnoubigis ocn
gmsm`pmùcs prchmsdcnibms: sm dnsmrti mn bi prd`mri `dtig gm bi triymotcrdi msocbir,
intms gm oursir iquäbbis i bis qum gi sustmntc.
Lcrfm Friodi Bd`i 968
Dntmnodÿn
Dntmnodÿn gdgéotdoi.
_m crfindzi mb tm`irdc mn smds undgigms, bis ouibms dntmfrin tintc bcs ocnomptcs
tmÿrdocs oc`c bis ipbdoiodcnms i bi scbuodÿn gm prckbm`is gm dnfmndmrài. Mb
prchmscr gmkm prcourir girbm un mnhcqum crdmntigc aiodi bi Dnfmndmrài Odvdb, mstc
ocn mb hdn gm fmnmrir mxpmotitdvis gm dntmräs gm bcs ibu`ncs pcr su oirrmri.
Mb mnhcqum sufmrdgc piri bi `itmrdi rmqudmrm qum bis iotdvdgigms préotdois
prc`umvin mb gmsirrcbbc gm aikdbdgigms piri bi mxpmrd`mntiodÿn, tibms oc`c<
dgmntdhdoiodÿn, `inmlc y ocntrcb gm virdikbms y gitcs rmbmvintms: pbintmi`dmntc gm
adpÿtmsds: trikilc mn mqudpc: isd`ds`c, prcpdodmn prcomscs dntmbmotuibms oc`c
dnguoodÿn-gmguoodÿn y inébdsds-sàntmsds ocn bi dntmnodÿn gm fmnmrir uni iotdvdgig
dntmbmotuib oc`pbmli: Mn bis iotdvdgigms préotdois sufmrdgis, ms ocnvmndmntm qum mb
prchmscr kusqum sÿbc fudir i sus ibu`ncs piri qum mbbcs aifin bi mbmoodÿn gm bis
virdikbms i ocntrcbir y rmfdstrir. Mstc ocn mb hdn gm qum iprmngin i pbindhdoir pcr sd
`ds`cs,, mb prchmscr gmkm dnvcbuorirbc
`ds`cs dnvcbuorirbcss mn mb prcomsc gm pbinmiodÿn.
Gmntrc gm mstcs mb prchmscr pumgm ocnstrudr ocn bcs ibu`ncs prctctdpcs gdgéotdocs
qum sd`ubmn mb oc`pcrti`dmntc gm bcs oumrpcs mn `cvd`dmntc c utdbdzir ibfuncs
prcfri`is gm oÿ`putc qum mhmotümn mstis `ds`is gm`cstriodcnms.
?.- OC@UMWMNO
OC@UMWMNODI_
DI_ I GM_I
GM_I[[CBB
[[CBBI[
I[
gm dnfmndmrài. Ocncod`dmntcs
Ocncod`dmntcs késdocs gm bi
•
oirrmri.
Oc`undoiodÿn crib y msordti.
•
oc`putigcri.
Aikdbdgig piri kkusoir
• usoir y inibdzir
dnhcr`iodÿn prcvmndmntm gm humntms
gdvmrsis.
_cbuodÿn gm prckbm`is
• prckbm`is..
Wc`i gm gmodsdcnms.
•
Oc`pmtmnodis
Oc`pmtmnodis dntmrpmrscnibm
dntmrpmrscnibmss
Oc`pmtmnodis
Oc`pmtmnodis sdstä`dois
7.- AD_WC
AD_WC[DI
[DI GMB U
U[CF[I@I
[CF[I@I
6. WM@I[DC
]ndgig Wm
Wm`is
`is _uktm`is
9 Odnm`étdoi gm 9.9 Dntrcguoodÿn
pirtàoubis 9.; @cvd`dmntc rmotdbànmc
9.? @cvd`dmntc gm virdis pirtàoubis
9.7 @cvd`dmntc ourvdbànmc
= Odnätdoi
ràfdgcs gm bcs oumrpcs =.9 Dntrcguoodÿngm `cvd`dmntc gm un
=.; Mouiodcnms
oumrpc
ràfdgc
=.? @c`mntc infubir gm un oumrpc ràfdgc
mn
mb pbinc
=.7 @cvd`dmntc gm un oumrpc ràfdgc.
=.= _mfungi Bmy gm Nmwtcn.
=.8 Wrikilc y mnmrfài
=.6 D`pubsc y ointdgig
o intdgig gm `cvd`dmntc
1.- _]FM[M
_]FM[MNOD
NODI_
I_ GDGÉOWDOI_
GDGÉOWDOI_ (gmsirr cb
cbbc
bc gm oc
oc`pmtmn
`pmtmnodis
odis fmnärdo is)
[mbiodcnir bcs ocntmndgcs gm msti isdfnituri ocn bis gm`és gmb pbin gm
•
4.- _]FM[MNODI_
_]FM[MNODI_ GM MXIB ]IODßN.
Oc`pmtmnodi mspmoàhdoi i
Io tdvd
td vdgig
gig ms gm Ipr
Ip r mngd
mn gd zilm
gmsirrcbbir
[mprmsmntir ocn un `ipi Gmhdndr mb ocnomptc gm odnm`étdoi gm oumrpcs
ocnomptuib bcs gdvmr scs tdpcs gm ràfdgcs.
gdvmrscs
`cvd`dmntc gm un oumrpc ràfdgc.
Obisdhdoir bcs tdpcs gm `cvd`dmntc ib qum sm
sulmtin bcs oumrpcs ràfdgcs.
Inibdzir y rmscbvmr prckbm`is
iomroi gm bi odnm`étdoi gm Gmsirrcbbir mb prcomgd`dmntc piri mstd`ir bis
oumrpcs ràfdgcs. virdikbms gm bi pcsdodÿn, vmbcodgig y
iombmriodÿn gm bcs oumrpcs ràfdgcs gm hcr`i
`inuib y ocn schtwirm.
Oc`pmtmnodi mspmoàhdoi i
Iotdtd vdgi
Io vd gigms
gms gm Iprm
Ip rmng
ng dzi
dzilm
lm
gmsirrcbbir
Ocncomr bi smfungi
Nmwtcn gmb bmy gm
`cvd`dmntc. • Gmhdndr mb ocnomptc gm odnätdoi gm bi
pirtàoubi pcr `mgdc gm uni
[mscbvmr mlmrododcs rmbiodcnig
rmbiodcnigcs
cs prmsmntiodÿn.
ocn mb `cvd`dmntc iombmrigc gm
• Ocncomr bis bmyms qum rdfmn mb
pirtàoubis ocnsdgmringc bi `cvd`dmntc gm bis pirtàoubis ocn un
smfungi bmy gm Nmwtcn y bcs ouigrc sdnÿptdoc.
prdnodpdcs ocnsmrvitdvcs.
• Inibdzir y rmscbvmr mlmrododcs
rmbiodcnigcs ocn bi odnätdoi gm
pirtàoubis ocnsdgmringc bi smfungi
bmy gm Nmwtcn y bcs prdnodpdcs
ocnsmrvitdvcs.
Oc`pmtmnodi mspmoàhdoi i
Iotdtd vdgi
Io vd gigms
gms gm Iprm
Ip rmng
ng dzi
dzilm
lm
gmsirrcbbir
• Inibdzir y rmscbvmr mlmrododcs
Gmhdndr bcs ocnomptcs gm `c`mntc rmbiodcnigcs ocn bi odnätdoi gm
infubir gm uni pirtàoubi y gm un pirtàoubis ocnsdgmringc bi smfungi
sdstm`i gm pirtàoubis.
bmy gm Nmwtcn y bcs prdnodpdcs
Ipbdoir bi smfungi bmy gm Nmwtcn ocnsmrvitdvcs.
y bcs prdnodpdcs ocnsmrvitdvcs. • Mxpcnmr mn obism bcs prckbm`is
rmsumbtcs.
Oc`pmtmnodi mspmoàhdoi i
Io td vdgi
Iotd vd gigms
gms gm Iprm
Ip rmng
ng dzi
dzilm
lm
gmsirrcbbir
Ipbdoir bi smfungi bmy gm Nmwtcn
y bcs prdnodpdcs ocnsmrvitdvcs mn Inibdzir y gmtmr`dnir bis humrzis qum
•
•
[mscbvmr
pctmnodi yprckbm`is
mhdodmnodi.qum rmbiodcnmn
Oc`pmtmnodi mspmoàhdoi i
Io tdvd
td vdgig
gig ms gm Ipr
Ip r mngd
mn gd zilm
gmsirrcbbir
Inibdzir y rmscbvmr
• Gmsordkdr bcs gdhmrmntms sdstm`is
•
9. Hmrgdning U. K Kmmr,
mmr, [ussmbb M. Lc
Lcanstcn
anstcn Lr. y Vdbbdi` M. Obiusmn @moéndoi
Xmotcrdib piri Dnfmndmrcs Gdné`doi. 1ª. Mgdodÿn. @oFriw Adbb. @äxdoc. ;556.
;. Adkkmbmr [ussmbb. O. @moéndoi vmotcrdib piri Dnfmndmrcs< Gdné`doi . 95ª.
Mgdodÿn. OMO_I. @äxdoc.
?. Adfgcn ‟ _tdbms, mt ib. Dnfmndmrài @moéndoi, Wc`c DD< Gdné`doi Xmotcrdib.
Urmntdom Aibb. @äxdoc.
7. Auinf, W.gm O.
_mrvdodcs @moéndoi
Dnfmndmrài, _. I.piri dnfmndmrcs.
@äxdoc, 9417. Gdné`doi, [mprmsmntiodÿn y
=. _ingcr, Kmbi L. Dnfmndmrài @moéndoi< Gdné`doi. Urmntdom- Aibb. @äxdoc.
8. www.hdsdoinmt.oc`.ir/hdsdoi
www.hdsdoinmt.oc`.ir/hdsdoi
6. www.iodmnodisfibdbmd.oc`
• @cvd`dmntcs gmpmngdm
gmpmngdmntms
ntms (pcbdpistc
(pcbdpistcs)
s)
• Wdrc pirikÿbd
pirikÿbdoc
oc
• @cvd`dmntc
@cvd`dmnt c infubir (mnfrinms)
• @moinds`cs
• _chtwirm gm ipbdoiodÿn