4

PMKD @G @GIEYEMOGY LDJM EOIG\PE@WKL\G

PWPM\ 
IDKECM G\OGYPM PEOMIM LG\ODC

GYPW@EDOPG
KD\HD\GPB JMBDOD AGCEZZMCD HD\IED
\DTWGC UWCEGPB @G CD I\WZ \GDCGY

AWO@DIEÙO WOEQG\YEPD\ED @GC Ä\GD DO@EOD

GY^GIEDCEZDIEMO GO HG\GOIED AEODOIEG\D
@GYEIEMOGY AEODOIEG\DY LDJM \EGYHM G EOIG\PE@WKL\G

<><>
 

 <

Eotrm`uiieùo

Go cds midsemogs `mo`g om pug`go dsehodrsg prmldlece`d`gs d cms gvgotms pmselcgs, d cd bmrd
`g tmkdr uod `gieseùo, sg ccdkd tmkd `g `giesemogs ldjm eoigrte`uklrg. Yg ldsd go cd
gxpgregoied `g cd pgrsmod qug tegog qug tmkdr cd `gieseùo y sg prgsgotd iudo`m om sg pug`g
 prg`gier gc auturm go auoieùo `g cds gxpgregoieds pdsd`ds omrkdckgotg vd dsmied`m imo
kuibds vdredlcgs eoimotrmcdlcgs. Go gstg tepm `g `giesemogs om sg imomig imkm pug`go
vdredr m eotgrditudr cds `eagrgotgs vdredlcgs `gc prmlcgkd pmr cm qug bdy qug pcdotgdr
p cdotgdr cds
`eagrgotgs dctgrodtevds pdrd cd smcuieùo.

Yg sdlg qug bdy qug tmkdr `giesemogs y go imosgiugoied, dsuker regshms

regshms.. Cd rgimkpgosd
sgrä cd hdodoied gkprgsdredc se cd hgsteùo bd
hgsteùo bd se`m cd d`giud`d m pår`e`d gkprgsdredc se om cm

bd se`m m om sg bd sdle`m rgdcezdr imrrgitdkgotg.

Imo rgcdieùo d cm dotgremr gotrdkms dc `gsdrrmccm `g < gjgrieiems `mo`g sg pmog go prditeid
cd tmkd
tmkd `g `gie
`giese
semo
mogs
gs ldjm
ldjm eoigr
eoigrte
te`u
`ukl
klrg
rg y qug ku
kugs
gstr
trgg cd idp
idpdi
die`
e`d`
d` qug
qug tego
tegogg gc
gspgiedcestd go Hgrgoied Aeodoiegrd, pm`gr gotrdr
go trdr d rdzmodr ldjm gstd setudieùo.
 

 9

@gsirepieùo `g cd tdrgd

\gspmo`do d cms sehuegotgs pcdotgdkegotms `g tmkd `g `giesemogs.

Iuäc sgrëd gc prgiem d`giud`m pdrd id`d uod `g cds sehuegotgs mpiemogs:

d. Hdodr $<>>>
$<>>> imo uod prmldlece`d`
prmldlece`d` `g >.1 y pgr`gr
pgr`gr $<>>> imo uod prm
prmldlece
ldlece`d`
`d`
`g >.1.

Gc prgiem justm gstdrä `d`m pmr gc vdcmr gspgrd`m `gc prgkem `g id`d jughm.

d. G(prgkem); <>>>*>.1+(-<>>>) *>.1;4<>>-4<>>;>

l. l. Hdodr
dodr $<
$<>>
>>>> im
imo
o uod
uod pr
prml
mldl
dleece`d
ce`d`
` `g >.7
>.7 y pgr`
pgr`gr
gr $<>>
$<>>>> imo
imo uo
uodd
prmldlece`d` `g >.9.

l. G(prgkem); <>>>*>.7+(-<>>>) *>.9;4>>>-1>>;0>>

i. Hdodr $<>>>
$<>>> imo uod prmldlece`d
prmldlece`d`
` `g >.8, pgr`gr $9>
$9>>>
>> imo uod prmldl
prmldlece`
ece`d`
d`
`g >.< y pgr`gr $44>>> imo uod prmldlece`d` `g >.4.

i. G(prgkem); <>>>*>.8+(-9>>>) *>.<+(-44>>>) *>.4;40>>-1>>-44>>;-9>>

 

 0

<. Eoigrte`uklrg y `giesemogs `g eovgrseùo:

  Wo hmlegrom
hmlegrom x bd gkpgzd`m
gkpgzd`m bdig
bdig pmims kgsgs
kgsgs uo prmhrdkd
prmhrdkd `g ggstdlec
stdlecezdie
ezdieùo,
ùo, pgrm
om tegog cd igrtgzd qug gc keskm tgo`rä åxetm. Yg gstekd uod prmldlece`d` `gc 7>%
pdrd dklms idsms. D pdrter `g gstg gsigodrem uo eovgrsemoestd `glg gsimhgr gotrg `ms
dctgrodtevds `g eovgrseùo
dctgrodtevds eovgrseùo go gc hmlegrom
hmlegrom x (D) u mtrm pdës (L). Cds utec
utece`d`gs
e`d`gs `g cd
dctgrodtevd D sgräo `g 1>> kec `ùcdrgs, eo`gpgo`egotg `g se gc pcdo `g gstdlecezdieùo
auoiemod m om. Cds utece`d`gs `g cd dctgrodtevd L go gc mtrm pdës sgräo `g 9>> kec
`ùcdrgs se gc pcdo `g gstdlecezdieùo om auoiemod y `g 5>> kec se åstg mpgrd imo åxetm. Gc
eovgrsemoestd gs ogutrm dc regshm.

Dimr
Dimr`g
`g d cm do
dotgr
tgrem
emrr imotgs
imotgstg
tg d cm
cmss sehue
sehuegot
gotgs
gs pcdo
pcdotgd
tgdke
kego
gotms
tms juste
justeae
aeid
ido`m
o`m sus
sus
rgspugstds:

d) ½Iuäc dctgrodtevd `g eovgrseùo sgcgiiemodrä gc eovgrsemoestd=

l) ½Iuäc gs cd kdymr idote`d` `g gagitevm qug gc eovgrsemoestd gstdrëd `espugstm d pdhdr pmr
sdlgr, dotgs `g sgcgiiemodr uod dctgrodtevd, se gc prmhrdkd `g gstdlecezdieùo auoiemod m om=

i) ^rgsgotgo cms rgsuctd`ms go uo `miukgotm usdo`m uod bgrrdkegotd `g usm imcdlmrdtevm,

rgiugr`go ecustrdr sus e`gds imo rgprgsgotdiemogs hräaeids, dsë keskm, eotghrdr uod lrgvg
eotrm`uiieùo y cds imoicusemogs tgùreids y kgtm`mcùheids `gc gjgrieiem.

`) Govëgo uo `miukgotm `g Xmr`

Xmr` dc gspdiem `g tdrgds `gc kù`ucm.

@gsdrrmccm `g cd diteve`d`

^cdo
^cdo Ardi
Ardids
dsdd (pl
(pll
l >>,7
,7)) ^cdo
^cdo Ardi
Ardids
dsdd ((pl
pll
l >>.7
.7))
Wtece`d`gs prmygitm gxtrdojgrm 1>>.>>> 1>>.>>>
Wtece`d`gs Hmlegrom Eotgrom 5>>.>>> 9>>.>>>

d.) Gc hmlegrom gsimhgrä cd dctgrodtevd

dctgrodtevd qug go cms rghes
rghestrms
trms cg rgpmrt
rgpmrtgg gc kdymr eohrg
eohrgsm
sm
(sg `glg tgogr go iugotd qug gs ogutrm dc regshm, pmr cm tdotm, su utece`d` gs ceogdc imo
rgspgitm dc eohrgsm.
Eohrgsm prmygitm gxtrdojgrm; 1>>.>>> (eohrgsm iegrtm)
 

 7

G(eohrgsm prmygitm eotgrom); 5>>.>>>*>.7+9>>.>>>*>.7;1>>.>>>

Go gstg idsm gc eohrgsm gs ehudc sgd tmkdo`m gc prmygitm `gc gxtrdojgrm m sgd `gc
hmlegrom eotgrom.

l. Go gstg idsm `glgkms idciucdr iudc gs gc vdcmr gspgrd`m `gc eohrgsm imo eoamrkdieùo
gxditd y imkpdrdrcd imo gc puotm (d) seo eoamrkdieùo:
Ye eoverteårdkms
eoverteårdkms eoamrkdi
eoamrkdieùo
eùo gxditd y supeårdkms
supeårdkms qug gc pcdo sgrä gxetm
gxetmsm
sm eoverteår
eoverteårdkms
dkms
go gc pdës, pgrm se sdlgkms qug sgrä uo ardidsm, eovgrterëdkms go gc gxtrdojgrm.

Pgohdkms segkprg prgsgotg qug sg trdtd `g uo hmlegrom ogutrm dc regshm.

Gotmoigs:

G (eohrgsm imo eoamrkdieùo) ; 5>>.>>>*>.7+1>>.>>>*>.7 ; 07>.>>>+9>>.>>> ; $87>.>>>

G (e
(eohr
ohrgsm
gsm seo eoamrk
eoamrkdie
dieùo)
ùo) ; $1>
$1>>.>>
>.>>>
> (sm
(smcui
cuieùo
eùo pdrtg
pdrtg (d)
(d))) ^mr cm tdo
tdotm
tm gst
gstdrg
drgkms
kms
`esp
`espug
ugst
stms
ms d pd
pdhd käss $47>.>>>   pmr tgogr eoamrkdieùo gxditd. (vdcmr `g cd
hdrr d cm kä
eoamrkdieùo)

@dtms pdrd Eovgrr

5>>,>>>
2>>,>>>
8>>,>>>
1>>,>>>

7>>,>>>
0>>,>>>
9>>,>>>
<>>,>>>
4>>,>>>
>
^cdo A rdids d ( pll >,7) ^cdo A rdids d ( pll >.7)

Wce`d`gs
Wce `d`gs prmy
prmygitm
gitm Eotgrom Wce`d`gs
Wce `d`gs Hmlegrom Gxtrdojgrm
 

 1

Imoicusemogs:

Iudo`m sg tmkd uod `gieseùo, seo imomigr cds prmldlece`d`gs qug tegog `g qug åstd, sgd m om
gxetmsd, sg goargotd d uod setudieùo `g eoigrte`uklrg. ^grm uod vgz qug tmkd gsd `gieseùo,
imomiego`m gsds prmldlece`d`gs, sg goargotd d uod setudieùo `g regshm.

Pmkdr `giesemogs segkprg gs imkpceid`m, smlrg tm`m iudo`m om sg `espmog suaeiegotg

eoamrkdieùo pdrd pm`gr tmkdrcds imo cd kdymr sghure`d` pmselcg. ^mr gsm, dotgs `g tmkdr 
iudcquegr `gieseùo y käs go dqugccds `giesemogs ekpmrtdotgs go cds qug tg jughds gc oghmiem
`glgs pdrdr y dodcezdr cds dctgrodtevds.