o Wrote notes on hospitals
EDUCATIVE PERIOD
 Florence Nightingale
o Became the Superintendent of
the Establishment for Gentle
Women during the illness (refers
to the ill governess or instructors
of Nursing)
o She disapproved restriction on
admission of patient and
considered this unchristian and
contrary to health care.
o Upgraded the practice of Nursing
and made Nursing a honorable
profession
o Led other nurses in taking care of
the wounded and sick soldiers
during the Crimean War
o She was designated as
Superintendent if the Female
Establishment of English General
Hospital in Turkey during the
Crimean War
o She reduced the casualties of
war by 42%-2% through her effort
by improving the practice of
sanitation techniques and
procedure in the military barracks
 The Concepts of Florence Nightingale
on Nursing School:
o School of Nursing should be self-
supporting not subject to the
whimps of the Hospital.
o Have decent living quarters for
students and pay Nurse
instructors
o Correlate theories of practice
o Support nursing research and
promote continuing education for
nurses
o Introduce teaching knowledge
that disease could be eliminated
by cleanliness and sanitation and
Florence Nightingale likewise did
not believed in the Germ Theory
of Bacteriology.
o Opposed central registry of
nurses
o Wrote Notes on Nursing. “What is
and what it is not.”
 Other Schools of Nursing
o Bellevue Training School for
Nurses – New York City
o Alexian Brothers Hospital School
of Nursing in US exclusively for
men. It opened in 1348 and it
closed down in 1969.
 Linda Richards – the first graduate
nurse in US. Graduated in September 1,
1873.
 2 Nursing Association / Organizations
that upgraded Nursing Practice in US:
o American Nurses Association
o National League for Nursing
Education
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
 World War II – present
 This refers to the period after World War
I and the changes and development in
the trends and practice of Nursing
occurring since 1945 after World War II.
 Includes scientific and technological
development, social changes occurring
after the war.
 Nursing is offered in College and
Universities.
 Development and Trends:
o W.H.O established by U.N to fight
diseases by providing health
information, proper nutrition,
living standard, environmental
conditions.
o The use of Atomic energy for
diagnosis and treatment.
o Space Medicine and Aerospace
Nursing
o Medical equipment and machines
for diagnosis and treatment
o Health related laws
o Primary Health Care – Nurses
involvement in CHN
o Utilization of computers
o Technology advances such as
development of disposable
equipment and supplies that
 relieved the tedious task of
Nurses.
o Development of the expanded
role of Nurses.
 Factors affecting Nursing today:
o Economics
o Consumer’s demand
o Family Structure
o Information and
Telecommunications
o Legislation
HISTORY OF NURSING (PHILIPPINE
SETTING)
 Early beliefs and practices
o Beliefs about causation of
diseases:
 Caused or inflicted by
other person (enemy or
witch)
 Evil spirits
o Beliefs that Evil spirits could be
driven off by person with powers
to expel bad spirits:
 Believed in Gods of
healing
 Word doctors – priest
physicians
 Herbolarios – herb doctors
 Early Care of the sick
o Herbicheros – herbmen who
practice witchcraft
o Mangkukulam / Mangagaway – a
person suffering from disease
without any identified cause and
were believed bewitched by such
o Difficult child birth and some
disease attributed to (NONO)
midwives
o Difficult birth, witches were
exposed to be the cause,
gunpowder exploded from a
bamboo pole close to the head of
the mother to drive evil spirits
 Early Hospitals
o Hospital Real de Manila – 1577
 1st hospital established
 Gov. Francisco de Sande
 To give service to the
king’s Spaniard soldiers
o San Lazaro Hospital – 1578
 Fray Juan Clemente
 Named after the Knights of
St. Lazarus
 Hospital for the lepers
o Hospital de Indios – 1586
 Francisco Orders
 Hospital for the poor
Filipino people
o Hospital de Aguas Santas – 1590
 Fray Juan Bautista
 Named after its location
(near spring) because
people believed that spring
has a healing power.
o San Juan de Dios Hospital –
1596
 For poor people
 Located at Roxas
Boulevard
 Personages:
o Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo
 1st wife of Emilio Aguinaldo
 Established Philippine Red
Cross – February 17, 1899
o Don Maria Agoncillo de Aginaldo
 2nd wife of Emilio
Aguinaldo
 1st president of Philippine
Red Cross (Batangas
Chapter)
o Josephine Bracken
 Helped Rizal in treating
sick people
o Melchora Aquino
 Took care of the wounded
Katipuneros
o Anastacia Giron Tupaz
 Founder of Filipino Nurses
Association – established
on Octiber 15, 1922
  1st Filipino chief nurse of BEHAVIOR IN THE PROFESSIONAL
PGH ROLE.
 1st Filipino Superintendent - FUNDAMENTALS OF
of Nurses in the NURSING.POTTER/PERRY.PAGE3
Philippines

o Francisco Delgado
 1st president of Filipino
Nurses Association

o Cesaria Tan
 1st Filipino to receive
Masteral Degree in
Nursing abroad BENNER’S LEVEL OF PROFICIENCY
o Socorro Diaz (FROM NOVICE TO EXPERT)
 1st editor of PNA magazine
called, “The Message”
o Conchita Ruiz
 Full time editor of the PNA
newly named magazine,
“The Filipino Nurse”
 Early Nursing Schools
o Iloilo Mission Hospital and School
of Nursing
 Established in 1906 under
the supervision of Rose
Nicolet (American)
 Nursing course = 3 years
 Produced 1st batch of
Nursing graduates in 1909
= 22 nurses
 1st Trained Nurses:
1. Nicasia Cada
2. Felipa Dela Pena
3. Dorotea Caldito
 April 1944 – 1st Nursing
Board Exam at Iloilo
Mission Hospital
o PGH School of Nursing – 1907  
o St. Paul School of Nursing – 1907 FIELDS OF NURSING
o St. Luke’s School of Nursing –
1907 Nursing in Primary Care Setting
o UST – 1946  Primary – initial health care for general
o Fatima – 1947 complaints
 Usually the person’s 1st contact with the
ANA PROFESSIONAL NURSING health care delivery system
PERFORMANCE  Managing current health care needs,
 THE ANA STANDARDS OF and preventing further problems.
PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE 1. Public Health Nursing
DESCRIBE A COMPETENT LEVEL OF 2. Occupational nursing
3. Clinic nursing
 4. School nursing  Types of Care
5. Private duty nursing o Full Care  for completely
6. Military nursing dependent patient
7. Ambulatory care nursing o Partial Care  for partially
8. Nursing in correlational facilities dependent patient
 Institutional nursing: Hospital nursing o Supportive-Educative care  to
o Director if nursing assist clients in attaining their
o Clinical coordinator highest possible level of health
o Head nurse and wellness; for learnings
o Staff nurses
 OB-Gyne nursing Communicator
 Pediatric nursing  Integral to all nursing roles
 Orthopedic nursing  Nurses communicate with the client,
 OR nursing support persons, other health
 Med-surgical nursing professionals, and people in the
 Psychiatric nursing community
 ER nursing  Nurses identify client problems and then
 Critical care nursing communicate these verbally or in writing
o Flight nurse to other members of the health team
o Infection-surveillance nurse
Teacher
Nursing in Tertiary Care Setting  Nurses help clients learn about their
1. Skilled care setting health and the health care procedure
2. Rehabilitation setting they need to perform to restore or
3. Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) maintain their health.
o Clinical nurse specialist  Nurses assesses the client’s learning
o Nurse anesthetist needs and readiness to learn, sets
o Nurse educator specific learning goals in conjunction
o Nurse administrator with the client, enacts teaching
o Nurse researcher strategies, and measures learning.
ROLES OF A NURSE  Nurses also teachers unlicensed
 Role assistive personnel to whom they
- A goal directed act or behavior that is delegate care, and they share their
considered acceptable to the culture expertise with other nurses and health
of given situation. professionals
o Caregiver
o Communicator Client Advocate
o Teacher  Acts to protect the client
o Client Advocate  Nurse may represent the client’s needs
and wishes to other health
o Counselor
professionals, such as relaying the
o Change Agent
client’s wishes for information to the
o Leader physician.
o Manager  Nurses assist clients in exercising their
o Case Manager rights and help them speak up for
o Research Consumer themselves.
o Role Model
o Administrator Counselor
o Expanded Career Roles  Helping a client recognize and cope
Caregiver with stressful psychologic or social
 Primary Goal problems, to develop improved
 interpersonal relationships, and to
promote personal growth.
 Involves providing emotional,
intellectual and psychologic support.
 Nurses counsel primarily healthy
individuals with normal adjustment
difficulties and focuses on helping the
person develop new attitudes, feelings,
behaviors by encouraging the client to
look at alternative behaviors,
recognizing the choices, and develop
sense of control.
Change Agent
 Assisting others to make medications in
their own behavior
 Nurses also often act to make changes
in a system if it is not helping client
return to health.
Leader
 Influences others to work together to
accomplish a specific goal.
 Can be employed at different levels:
individual client, family, groups of
clients, colleagues, or the community
Case Manager
 Work with the multidisciplinary health
care team to measure the effectiveness
of the case management plan and to
monitor outcomes.
 Works with primary or staff nurses to
oversee the care of a specific caseload.
 Primary nurse or provides some level of
direct care to the client and family
 Helps ensure that care is oriented to the
client, while controlling costs.
Research Consumer
 Often use research to improve client
care
 Have some awareness of the process
and language of research
 Be sensitive to issues related to
protecting the rights of human subjects
 Participate in the identification of
significant researchable problems
 Be a discriminating consumer of
research findings.
Role Model
 Hs good physical appearance
 Practices proper hygiene
 Practices healthy lifestyle
Administrator
 Assumes middle management position
 Connects the patient to other services of
the hospital
Expanded Career Roles
 Nurse practitioner, clinical nurse
specialist, nurse midwife, nurse
educator, nurse researcher, and nurse
anesthetist
 All of which allow greater independence
and autonomy
CHARACTERISTICS AND ATTRIBUTES OF
A PROFESSIONAL PERSON
 Is concerned with quality. – ksa
 Is self-directed, responsible and
accountable for his actions.
 Is able to make independent and sound
judgment including high moral judgment.
 Is dedicated to the improvement of
human life.
 Is committed to the spirit of inquiry.
NURSING AS A PROFESSION
 Primary Characteristics:
o Education
o Theory
o Service
o Autonomy
o Code of Ethics
o Caring
 Professional Nursing
- Art and science, dominated by an
ideal of service in which certain
principles are applied in skillful care
of the well and ill, and through
relationship with the client, significant
others and other members of the
health team.
 Professional Nurse
- A person who has completed a basic
nursing education program and is
licensed in his country or state to
practice professional nursing.

QUALITIES AND ABILITIES OF A home and workplace.
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
 Has faith in the fundamental values that
underlie the democratic way of life:
o Respect for human dignity
o Self sacrifice for the common
good
o Strong sense of responsibility for
sharing in the solution of the
problems of the society.
 Has a sense of responsibility for
understanding those with whom he
works or associates with through the
use of skills,
 Has the basic knowledge, skills and
attitudes necessary to address present
day social problems, realistic and well-
organized thought through the use of
critical thinking
 Has skills in using written and spoken
language, both to develop own thoughts
and to communicate them to others.
 Appreciates and understands
importance of good health
 Has emotional balance.
 Accepts and tries to understand people
of all sorts, regardless of race, religion
and color.
FIVE FOLD NURSING FUNCTIONS
1. Promoting Health and Wellness
2. Preventing Illness
3. Pain/suffering alleviation
4. Restoring Health
5. Creation of a spiritual environment
Promoting Health and Wellness
 Wellness – state of well-being. Engaging
in attitudes and behavior that enhance
the quality of life and maximize personal
potential
 For both healthy and ill.
 Involve individual and community
activities to enhance healthy lifestyle,
such as improving nutrition and physical
fitness, preventing drug and alcohol
misuse, restricting smoking, and
preventing accidents and injury in the
Preventing Illness
 The goal is to maintain optimal health by
preventing diseases
 Nursing activities includes
immunizations, prenatal and infant care,
and prevention of sexually transmitted
disease.
Pain/Suffering Alleviation
 The goal is to provide relief from pain to
promote comfortable healing process.
Restoring Health
 Focuses on the ill client
 Extends from early detection of disease
to helping the client during the recovery
period.
Nursing Activities:
 Providing direct care to the ill person:
administering medications, baths, and
specific procedures and treatments
 Providing diagnostic and assessment
procedures: measuring BP and
examining feces for occult blood
 Consulting with other health care
professionals about client’s problems
 Teaching clients about recovery
activities: exercise that will accelerate
recovery after a stroke
 Rehabilitating clients to their optimal
functional level following physical or
medical illness, injury, or chemical
addiction.
CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSING
 Code of Ethics for Nurses in the
Philippines was devised as a guide for
carrying out nursing responsibilities
which would tackle difficult issues and
decisions that a profession might be
facing, and give clear instruction of what
action would be considered ethical or
right in the given circumstance.
 The code of Ethics for Registered
Nurses in the Philippines is promulgated
by the Board of Nursing (BON) and was
consulted with accredited professional
 organizations like the Philippine Nurses
Association. It also coincides with the
ideals of Republic Act No. 9173 or the
“Philippine Nursing Act of 2002”

SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE

 This bill seeks to institute reforms to
further protect and develop the
Nursing Profession, amending the
purpose Republic Act (RA) No.
9173, otherwise known as the
“Philippine Nursing Act of 2002.”
RA 9173 was enacted in 2002 to
provide a comprehensive definition
and understanding of the nursing
profession.