Professional Documents
Culture Documents
P o w er S yst e m D y n a mi cs St u di es
Nis c h al G ur u w a c h ar y a † , Nir a nj a n B h uj el, Ti m ot h y M.
H a ns e n, Si d d h art h S ur y a n ar a y a n a n, a n d R ei n al d o T o n k os ki Ujj w ol Ta mr a k ar a n d F eli p e Wil c h es- B er n al
2021 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT) | 978-1-7281-8897-3/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ISGT49243.2021.9372183
1
9 7 8- 1- 7 2 8 1- 8 8 9 7- 3/ 2 1/ $ 3 1. 0 0 © 2 0 2 1 I E E E
Authorized licensed use limited to: California State University Fresno. Downloaded on June 19,2021 at 22:21:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Fi g. 3: E x a m pl e fr e q u e n c y- dr o o p c h ar a ct eristi c.
t h e gri d. W h e n t h e r ef er e n c e v olt a g e (V r e f ) f alls f urt h er fr o m
t h e a dj ust a bl e d e a d b a n d (r e gi o n b e y o n d w hi c h G S Fs a cti v at e),
Fi g. 1: E x a m pl e v olt a g e-r e a cti v e p o w er c h ar a ct eristi c.
t h e i n v ert er b e gi ns t o i nj e ct r e a cti v e p o w er ( + v ar) a n d as t h e
v olt a g e ris es a b o v e t h e d e a d b a n d, r e a cti v e p o w er is c o ns u m e d.
T h e v olt a g e-r e a cti v e pi e c e wis e li n e ar c h ar a ct eristi cs ar e s h o w n
i n Fi g. 1, w h er e V 1 , V 2 , V 3 , a n d V 4 ar e v olt a g e p ar a m et ers a n d
Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , a n d Q 4 ar e r e a cti v e p o w er p ar a m et ers t h at ar e
c o n fi g ur e d i n a c c or d a n c e wit h t h e d ef a ult p ar a m et er v al u es
s p e ci fi e d i n t h e u p d at e d I E E E 1 5 4 7- 2 0 1 8 st a n d ar d if n ot
s p e ci fi e d b y ar e a E P S o p er at or.
D. Volt a g e- a cti v e P o w er F u n cti o n or Volt- w att M o d e
T h e u p d at e d I E E E 1 5 4 7- 2 0 1 8 st a n d ar d st at es t h at w h e n
t h e v olt- w att f u n cti o n is e n a bl e d, D E R s h all a cti v el y li mit
Fi g. 2: E x a m pl e v olt a g e- a cti v e p o w er c h ar a ct eristi c.
t h e D E R m a xi m u m a cti v e p o w er (P ) as a f u n cti o n of t h e
2 0 1 8 st a n d ar d b e y o n d w hi c h D E R c e as es t o s u p pl y p o w er t o v olt a g e f oll o wi n g a v olt a g e- a cti v e p o w er pi e c e wis e li n e ar
E P S. A n o v er vi e w of s o m e of t h e G S Fs m o d el e d i n t his p a p er c h ar a ct eristi c. R e d u cti o n i n p o w er f or v olt- w att m o d e o c c urs
is pr es e nt e d b el o w. i n t h e gri d v olt a g e r a n gi n g fr o m V 1 t o V 2 w h er e V 1 v ari es
A. Volt a g e Ri d e-t hr o u g h F u n cti o n fr o m 1. 0 5 p. u. t o 1. 0 9 p. u. a n d V 2 v ari es fr o m V 1 + 0. 0 1 p. u.
W h e n t h e s yst e m v olt a g e ( V ) is o utsi d e n or m al o p er ati n g t o 1. 1 0 p. u. Fi g. 2 s h o ws a c h ar a ct eristi c of a r e n e w a bl e D E R
r a n g e (V L = 0. 8 8 p. u. — V H = 1. 1 0 p. u.) t h e n t his m o d e s yst e m w hi c h c a n i nj e ct a n d a bs or b a cti v e p o w er, w h er e P 1 is
is a cti v at e d. If t h e s yst e m v olt a g e is l ess t h a n t h e u n d er- t h e m a xi m u m a cti v e p o w er t h at is i nj e ct e d b y t h e D E R, i. e.,
v olt a g e t hr es h ol d li mit ( V u = 0. 3 0 p. u.) or gr e at er t h a n t h e P r a t e d , a n d P 2 is t h e m a xi m u m a m o u nt of a cti v e p o w er t h at
o v er- v olt a g e t hr es h ol d li mit ( V o = 1. 2 0 p. u.), t h e n t h e D E R c a n b e a bs or b e d b y t h e D E R a n d c a n v ar y fr o m 0 t o − P r a t e d .
c e as es t o e n er gi z e t h e Ar e a E P S a n d tri ps wit hi n a s p e ci fi e d E. Fr e q u e n c y- dr o o p F u n cti o n or Fr e q u e n c y- w att M o d e
cl e ari n g ti m e. U n d er a n d o v er- v olt a g e tri p pi n g t hr es h ol ds a n d
D E Rs s h all h a v e t h e c a p a bilit y of m a n d at or y o p er ati o n wit h
cl e ari n g ti m es ar e a dj ust a bl e o v er t h e r a n g es of all o w a bl e
fr e q u e n c y- dr o o p d uri n g l o w a n d hi g h-fr e q u e n c y ri d e-t hr o u g h.
s etti n gs s p e ci fi e d i n t h e u p d at e d I E E E 1 5 4 7- 2 0 1 8 st a n d ar d.
W h e n fr e q u e n c y d e vi at es fr o m t h e a dj ust a bl e d e a d b a n d d u e
Wit hi n t h at cl e ari n g ti m e, D E R s h all i nj e ct p o w er t o t h e gri d.
t o t e m p or ar y fr e q u e n c y dist ur b a n c es, b ut is still b et w e e n t h e
B. Fr e q u e n c y Ri d e-t hr o u g h F u n cti o n tri p s etti n gs, t his f u n cti o n is a cti v at e d a n d t h e D E R a dj usts
T his m o d e is a cti v at e d o nl y w h e n t h e s yst e m fr e q u e n c y ( f ) t h e a cti v e p o w er o ut p ut b as e d o n t h e s yst e m fr e q u e n c y f ol-
is o ut of n or m al o p er ati n g r a n g e (f L = 5 8. 8 0 H z — f H = l o wi n g pi e c e wis e li n e ar c h ar a ct eristi c as s h o w n i n Fi g. 3. T h e
6 1. 2 0 H z). If t h e s yst e m fr e q u e n c y is l ess t h a n l o w-fr e q u e n c y a dj ust a bl e fr e q u e n c y d e a d b a n d is b et w e e n 1 7 m H z t o 1 H z;
tri p pi n g t hr es h ol d (f u = 5 7 H z) or gr e at er t h a n hi g h-fr e q u e n c y b y d ef a ult it is s et t o 3 6 m H z. Als o, t h e fr e q u e n c y dr o o p s h all
t hr es h ol d (f o = 6 2 H z), t h e n D E R c e as es t o e n er gi z e t h e Ar e a b e b et w e e n 3 % a n d 5 %, wit h a d ef a ult v al u e of 5 %.
E P S a n d tri ps wit hi n t h e r es p e cti v e cl e ari n g ti m e. Hi g h a n d III. B A SI C C O N CEPTS OF D Y N A MI C M O D E LI N G
l o w-fr e q u e n c y tri p pi n g li mits a n d cl e ari n g ti m es ar e a dj ust a bl e
o v er t h e r a n g es of all o w a bl e s etti n gs s p e ci fi e d i n t h e u p d at e d I n t his s e cti o n, t h e d y n a mi c m o d eli n g of a gri d- c o n n e ct e d
I E E E 1 5 4 7- 2 0 1 8 st a n d ar d. Wit hi n t h at cl e ari n g ti m e, D E R i n v ert er o p er ati n g i n c urr e nt c o ntr ol m o d e is i ntr o d u c e d.
s h all i nj e ct p o w er t o t h e gri d. A m o n g s e v er al p o w er el e ctr o ni c c o n v ert ers, gri d- c o n n e ct e d
i n v ert ers ar e wi d el y us e d f or t h e i nt er c o n n e cti o n of b att eri es
C. Volt a g e-r e a cti v e P o w er F u n cti o n or Volt- v ar M o d e a n d p h ot o v olt ai cs; t his p a p er f o c us es dis c ussi o n o n t his p ar-
If t h e v olt- v ar f u n cti o n is e n a bl e d, D E R s h all a cti v el y ti c ul ar c o n v ert er. T his is f oll o w e d b y a si m ul ati o n s et u p us e d
c o ntr ol its r e a cti v e p o w er ( Q ) o ut p ut t o s u p p ort t h e v olt a g e of t o v ali d at e t h e G S Fs.
Authorized licensed use limited to: California State University Fresno. Downloaded on June 19,2021 at 22:21:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
s et u p is s h o w n i n Fi g. 4. T h e si m ul ati o n p ar a m et ers ar e
s u m m ari z e d i n Ta bl e I. T h e s yst e m c o nsi d er e d is a 6 k V A
i n v ert er c a p a cit y a n d 2 0 k V A, 2 0 8 V mi cr o gri d s yst e m. T o t est
v olt- v ar a n d fr e q u e n c y- w att m o d e, t h e r ef er e n c e a cti v e p o w er
s et d uri n g n or m al o p er ati o n is 0. 7 p. u. C h a n g es i n t h e r esisti v e
l o a d c o n n e ct e d at t h e P C C c a n b e utili z e d t o c a us e v olt a g e a n d
fr e q u e n c y d e vi ati o ns. I niti all y, a 1 0 k W l o a d is c o n n e ct e d at
P C C. A 5 k W l o a d is t h e n a d d e d at t h e si m ul ati o n ti m e of 2 0
s, f oll o w e d b y a 5 k W l o a d d e cr e as e at 3 5 s. D uri n g t esti n g
of fr e q u e n c y- w att m o d e, t h e v olt- w att m o d e is dis a bl e d.
Si mil arl y, t o t est v olt- w att m o d e, t h er e s h o ul d b e a c o n diti o n
of o v er- v olt a g e i n t h e s yst e m ( V ≥ 1. 0 5 p. u.). T o m e et t his
c o n diti o n, t h e g e n er at or r ef er e n c e v olt a g e is s et t o 1. 0 2 p. u.
U p t o 2 5 s, b att er y i nj e cts 0. 7 p. u. a cti v e p o w er. T o st u d y t h e
v olt- w att m o d e o p er ati o n, t h e D E R a cti v e p o w er is r a m p e d u p
at t h e r at e of 0. 0 5 p. u./s fr o m a si m ul ati o n ti m e of 2 5 s t o
3 0 s, w h er e it r e a c h es a fi n al v al u e of 0. 9 5 p. u. T his l e a ds
t o o v er- v olt a g e i n t h e s yst e m a n d t h e v olt- w att m o d e i n t h e
D E R is a cti v at e d. N e xt, t o st u d y t h e d y n a mi c o p er ati o n of t h e
Fi g. 4: S c h e m ati c di a gr a m of t h e v ari o us c o m p o n e nts a n d c o ntr ol v olt- w att m o d e, i niti all y a 1 5 k W l o a d is c o n n e ct e d at P C C.
l o o ps i n a gri d- c o n n e ct e d i n v ert er s yst e m wit h b ot h n or m al a n d G S Fs. A 1 0 k W is t h e n dis c o n n e ct e d at t h e si m ul ati o n ti m e of 2 0
A. D y n a mi c M o d eli n g of I n v ert er s. D uri n g t esti n g of v olt- w att m o d e, fr e q u e n c y- w att m o d e is
A s c h e m ati c di a gr a m of a gri d- c o n n e ct e d i n v ert er s yst e m dis a bl e d.
o p er ati n g i n c urr e nt c o ntr ol m o d e is s h o w n i n Fi g. 4( a). T h e T A B L E I: Si m ul ati o n p ar a m et ers
i n v ert er is c o n n e ct e d t o t h e el e ctri c gri d t hr o u g h a l o w- p ass P ar a m et ers Val u es P ar a m et ers Val u es
filt er wit h i n d u ct a n c e L f ; t h e i n d u ct a n c e a n d r esist a n c e of R g 0. 1 0 6 Ω L f 7. 4 0 m H
L g 5 6. 1 8 µ H Vg 2 0 8. 0 0 V li n e
t h e gri d ar e r e pr es e nt e d b y L g a n d R g , r es p e cti v el y. A p h as e k V A r ati n g of i n v ert er 6. 0 0 k V A K p of P L L 1 8 0. 0 0
l o c k e d l o o p ( P L L) is us e d t o tr a c k t h e p h as e- a n gl e (θ P L L ) a n d k V A r ati n g of g e n er at or 2 0. 0 0 k V A K i of P L L 3 2 0 0. 0 0
fr e q u e n c y (f ) of t h e gri d. T h e v olt a g e at p oi nt of c o m m o n B a n d of H B C C 1. 0 0 % K d of P L L 1. 0 0
c o u pli n g ( P C C) is d e n ot e d b y V c .
T h e i n v ert er is o p er at e d eit h er i n t h e gri d-f e e di n g m o d e T o st u d y t h e d y n a mi c m o d el of t h e gri d c o n n e ct e d i n v ert er,
( n or m al i n v ert er) or i n gri d-s u p p orti n g m o d e. I n gri d-f e e di n g t hr e e c as es w er e si m ul at e d a n d e v al u at e d:
m o d e, t h e i n v ert er i nj e cts/ a bs or bs c o nst a nt a cti v e a n d r e a cti v e • C as e I: S wit c h S 1 is o p e n e d, i. e., i n v ert er p o w er is n ot
p o w er ( P n∗ o r a n d Q ∗n o r ) t o/fr o m t h e gri d, w h er e as i n gri d- i nj e ct e d i nt o gri d
s u p p orti n g m o d e, t h e a cti v e a n d r e a cti v e p o w er ( P g∗ s f a n d • C as e II: S wit c h S 1 is cl os e d a n d S 2 is o p e n e d, i. e., t h e
Q ∗g s f ) i nj e ct e d/ a bs or b e d b y t h e i n v ert er is c h a n g e d s o as t o i n v ert er is c o n n e ct e d t o t h e gri d wit h o nl y t h e n or m al
mi ni mi z e t h e v olt a g e a n d fr e q u e n c y v ari ati o ns i n t h e s yst e m. f u n cti o ns a cti v at e d
T h e r ef er e n c e a cti v e a n d r e a cti v e p o w er ( P ∗ a n d Q ∗ ) ar e • C as e III: S wit c h es S 1 a n d S 2 ar e cl os e d, i. e., n or m al
o bt ai n e d eit h er fr o m t h e n or m al f u n cti o n or fr o m t h e G S Fs as f u n cti o n al o n g wit h G S Fs of t h e i n v ert er ar e e n a bl e d
s h o w n i n Fi g. 4( b). P ∗ a n d Q ∗ ar e f e d t o t h e c urr e nt r ef er e n c e I V. VA LI D A TI O N O F T H E I N V E R T E R G S F S
g e n er at or. R ef er e n c e c urr e nt t h us o bt ai n e d is f e d t o c urr e nt
c o ntr ol l o o p. T o v ali d at e t h e si m ul at e d m o d el of t h e i n v ert er wit h G S Fs,
T h e d y n a mi cs of t his i n v ert er s yst e m d e p e n d o n t h e o p- w e c o m p ar e t h e si m ul ati o n r es ults o bt ai n e d fr o m t h e d e v el o p e d
er ati o n p o w er l e v el, D C v olt a g e, a n d t h e p ar a m et ers of t h e si m ul ati o n m o d el wit h t h e c h ar a ct eristi c c ur v e of t h e I E E E
c urr e nt c o ntr oll er a n d P L L. T h e d y n a mi c r es p o ns e of t h e gri d 1 5 4 7- 2 0 1 8 st a n d ar d, w hi c h is c o n fi g ur e d i n a c c or d a n c e wit h
c urr e nt d e p e n ds l ar g el y o n t h e c o ntr ol s yst e m e m pl o y e d. T h e t h e d ef a ult p ar a m et er v al u es f or diff er e nt G S Fs. B as e d o n t h e
c urr e nt c o ntr oll er c a n b e i m pl e m e nt e d usi n g diff er e nt c o ntr ol si m ul ati o n d at a a n d t h at fr o m t h e I E E E 1 5 4 7- 2 0 1 8 st a n d ar d
a p pr o a c h es s u c h as a h yst er esis b a n d c o ntr oll er or a PI or a c h ar a ct eristi c c ur v e, t h e fit of t h e m o d el is c al c ul at e d usi n g
P R c o ntr oll er a m o n g v ari o us ot h er p ossi biliti es [ 4] w hi c h will t h e n or m ali z e d r o ot- m e a n-s q u ar e- err or ( N R M S E) [ 5] d e fi n e d
als o aff e ct t h e d y n a mi c b e h a vi or of t h e c urr e nt r es p o ns e. I n i n 1:
y (t) − ŷ (t)
t his p a p er, H B C C is e m pl o y e d t o c o ntr ol t h e c urr e nt i nj e ct e d N R M S E = ( 1)
y (t) − m e a n y (t)
i nt o t h e gri d.
w h er e y (t) is t h e d at a o bt ai n e d fr o m t h e d e v el o p e d si m ul ati o n
B. Si m ul ati o n S et u p m o d el wit h t h e c h ar a ct eristi c c ur v e of I E E E 1 5 4 7- 2 0 1 8 st a n-
M A T L A B/ Si m uli n k w as us e d t o d e v el o p m o d els of gri d- d ar d, a n d ŷ (t) is t h e d at a o bt ai n e d fr o m t h e si m ul at e d m o d el
c o n n e ct e d i n v ert er wit h b ot h n or m al a n d G S Fs. T h e si m ul ati o n of t h e i n v ert er wit h G S Fs.
Authorized licensed use limited to: California State University Fresno. Downloaded on June 19,2021 at 22:21:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Fi g. 5: Vali d ati o n of a) v olt- v ar c h ar a ct eristi c, b) v olt- w att c h ar a ct eristi c, a n d c) fr e q u e n c y- w att c h ar a ct eristi c.
F or t h e v eri fi c ati o n of G S Fs, t h e g e n er at or i n Fi g. 4( a) w as
r e pl a c e d b y a c o ntr oll a bl e v olt a g e s o ur c e ( C V S). F or v olt-
w att a n d v olt- v ar m o d es, t h e v olt a g e i n p ut t o t h e C V S w as
c h a n g e d i n st e ps of 0. 0 1 p. u. at e v er y 0. 0 5 s i nt er v al f or
n or m al o p er ati n g r a n g e b y k e e pi n g t h e fr e q u e n c y c o nst a nt at
6 0 H z. Si mil arl y, t h e fr e q u e n c y of t h e C V S w as c h a n g e d f or
fr e q u e n c y- w att m o d e b y k e e pi n g t h e v olt a g e c o nst a nt at 1 p. u.
D uri n g t his pr o c ess, all ot h er p ar a m et ers ar e k e pt c o nst a nt a n d
t h e si m ul ati o n o ut p ut of t h e i n v ert er m o d el is r e c or d e d.
T h e r e a cti v e p o w er i nj e ct e d/ a bs or b e d b y D E R t o s u p p ort
t h e gri d v olt a g e is pl ott e d i n Fi g. 5( a). T h e si m ul ati o n r es ults
of d e v el o p e d m o d el a n d c h ar a ct eristi c c ur v e fr o m t h e I E E E Fi g. 6: C o m p aris o n of gri d fr e q u e n c y a n d a cti v e p o w er i nj e ct e d t o
1 5 4 7- 2 0 1 8 st a n d ar d ar e c o nsist e nt a n d t h e N R M S E o bt ai n e d gri d f or C as e I, II, a n d III. I n C as e III, fr e q u e n c y- w att m o d e is
i n t his c as e w as 1. 2 5 %. As s e e n i n Fi g. 5( b), t h e a cti v e a cti v at e d.
p o w er i nj e ct e d/ a bs or b e d b y D E R w as r e d u c e d b as e d o n t h e
s yst e m v olt a g e. Si m ul ati o n r es ults m at c h t h e c h ar a ct eristi c
c ur v e fr o m t h e I E E E 1 5 4 7- 2 0 1 8 st a n d ar d wit h a N R M S E
1. 0 9 %. Fi g. 5( c) d e pi cts t h e b e h a vi or w h e n fr e q u e n c y- w att
r e g ul ati o n w as a cti v at e d. Si m ul ati o ns w er e p erf or m e d f or t hr e e
p o w er o ut p uts ( 5 0 %, 7 5 %, a n d 9 0 %) of t h e n o mi n al i n v ert er
p o w er. Vali d ati o n of t h e m o d el w as p erf or m e d fr o m 5 7 H z,
b e c a us e b el o w t h at fr e q u e n c y l e v el, t h e pr ot e cti o n s etti n g
of t h e fr e q u e n c y ri d e-t hr o u g h m o d e will b e a cti v at e d. T h e
N R M S E o bt ai n e d i n t h os e c as es w er e 0. 7 9 %, 0. 8 5 %, a n d
0. 9 3 % f or t h e 5 0 %, 7 5 %, a n d 9 0 % of t h e n o mi n al i n v ert er
p o w er, r es p e cti v el y, a n d i n di c at es t h at t h e d e v el o p e d m o d el
h as a c c e pt a bl e l e v els of a c c ur a c y. Fi g. 7: C o m p aris o n of gri d v olt a g e a n d r e a cti v e p o w er i nj e ct e d t o
gri d f or C as e I, II, a n d III. I n C as e III, v olt- v ar m o d e is a cti v at e d.
V. R ES U LTS A N D A N A L Y SI S fr e q u e n c y- w att m o d e of o p er ati o n. Aft er 2 0 s, a 5 k W l o a d
T h e si m ul ati o n m o d el of t h e i n v ert er wit h G S Fs w er e w as a d d e d i n t h e s yst e m w hi c h c a us e d t h e gri d fr e q u e n c y t o
v ali d at e d i n S e cti o n I V. T h e d e v el o p e d m o d el is t h e n us e d dr o p as s h o w n i n Fi g. 6( a). T h e fr e q u e n c y n a dir i n C as es I
t o st u d y p o w er s yst e ms d y n a mi cs u n d er v ari o us o p er ati n g a n d II w as 5 8. 8 H z, b e c a us e i n t h es e c as es n o f u n cti o n f or
c o n diti o ns. A c o m p aris o n of D E Rs wit h n or m al f u n cti o n a n d fr e q u e n c y s u p p ort w as a cti v e. H o w e v er, f or C as e III, w h e n
G S Fs f e at ur es i m pl e m e nt e d i n i n v ert ers ar e p erf or m e d, a n d t h e t h e G S F w as e n a bl e d t h e fr e q u e n c y n a dir w as r e d u c e d t o 5 9. 2
r es ults o bt ai n e d b y m o d eli n g i n v ert ers i n M A T L A B/ Si m uli n k H z b e c a us e a d diti o n al a cti v e p o w er is i nj e ct e d t o t h e gri d
wit h n or m al a n d G S Fs t o st u d y p o w er s yst e ms d y n a mi cs ar e d u e t o t h e fr e q u e n c y- w att f u n cti o n. Fi g. 6( b) s h o ws t h at as
pr es e nt e d a n d a n al y z e d i n t his s e cti o n. t h e s yst e m fr e q u e n c y d e cr e as es, t h e a cti v e p o w er i nj e ct e d b y
D E R t o t h e gri d i n cr e as es. Si mil arl y, w h e n a 5 k W l o a d w as
A. Fr e q u e n c y- w att M o d e dis c o n n e ct e d at 3 5 s t h e s yst e m fr e q u e n c y i n cr e as es i n all t hr e e
Fi g. 6 s h o ws t h e c o m p aris o n of gri d fr e q u e n c y a n d a cti v e c as es. H o w e v er, t h e fr e q u e n c y i n cr e as e f or C as e III w as l o w er
p o w er i nj e ct e d t o gri d f or C as es I, II, a n d III. T h e si m ul a- c o m p ar e d t o t h e ot h er t w o c as es d u e t o t h e fr e q u e n c y- w att
ti o n s et u p d es cri b e d i n S e cti o n III- B w as us e d t o st u d y t h e f u n cti o n b ei n g a cti v e.
Authorized licensed use limited to: California State University Fresno. Downloaded on June 19,2021 at 22:21:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Fi g. 8: C o m p aris o n of gri d v olt a g e, a cti v e p o w er, a n d r e a cti v e p o w er i nj e ct e d t o gri d f or C as e I, II, a n d III. I n C as e III, b ot h v olt- w att m o d e
a n d v olt- v ar m o d e ar e a cti v at e d si m ult a n e o usl y.
Authorized licensed use limited to: California State University Fresno. Downloaded on June 19,2021 at 22:21:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.