Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Science
Physical Science
Formation of Heavy Elements
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been
exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright
owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
1
For the learner:
Welcome to the Physical Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Formation of Heavier Elements!
The hand is one of the most symbolic parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands, we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that as a learner, you
are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
2
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
3
W
e
This module will walk you through the beginning of everything. It focuses on how
some elements today were formed as stars were born right after the universe
existed. You will be provided with activities such as filling out graphic organizer,
reading story board and illustrations which make you remember the lesson. Make
sure to answer the pretest first before going through this module and the posttest
at the end of the module.
Have you ever wondered what stars are made of? What keeps them shine so bright?
Well, this module will help you understand some of the important concepts about
stars. Are you ready? Let’s go!
4
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer in each item and write it on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. The accepted theory about the origin of the universe which accounts for its
continuous expansion and the probable existence of a primordial atom.
a. big bang theory c. steady state theory
b. divine creation theory d. oscillating theory
3. The term used to describe the process which formed the elements in the
universe is:
a. generation c. nucleosynthesis
b. genesis d. synthesis
4. Light elements such as hydrogen and helium are formed through the
process of __________ nucleosynthesis.
a. big bang c. stellar
b. fusion d. supernova
5. Which element is the lightest and at the same time the most abundant in
universe?
a. hydrogen c. lithium
b. helium d. iron
7. What element is primarily formed when three atoms of helium are fused
through the tri-alpha process?
a. carbon c. oxygen
b. hydrogen d. silicon
5
9. The process in which elements are formed at the center of a star.
a. big bang nucleosynthesis c. stellar nucleosynthesis
b. nuclear fusion d. supernova nucleosynthesis
11. The element that is formed when Carbon atom is combined with Helium atom:
a. magnesium c. oxygen
b. neon d. silicon
12. Average stars have longer life span than massive stars. This is
because_____;
a. they have less fuel to burn c. they burn their fuel at faster rate
b. they have more fuel to burn d. they burn their fuel at slower rate
15.In which stage do massive stars explode and release large amount of energy?
a. main sequence
b. protostar
c. super nova
d. white dwarf
6
Lesson
Stellar Nucleosynthesis:
1 Rise of the Stars!
The world where we live today is just a small part of our universe. In your
previous science lessons, you have learned different theories about the
origin of the universe that led to the formation of galaxies, solar system and
other heavenly bodies. This lesson will focus on one of those wonderful
things in outer space, the stars. Although stars are millions of light years
away from us, we can still see them twinkling in the night sky. Let’s find out
how they emit light and what keeps them shining for a long time.
7
What’s In
Scientists believe that the formation of the universe began through the
explosion of a primordial atom which happened approximately 13.7 billion
years ago. The origin of the universe is described by the Big Bang theory
which was introduced by Edwin Hubble. In 1929, Hubble demonstrated
that all celestial objects in the universe move away from each other.
Right after Big Bang, protons and neutrons combined and formed light
elements Hydrogen and Helium through the process of Big Bang
Nucleosynthesis. Other light elements such as Lithium and Beryllium were
also formed during this process.
8
What’s New
Stellar Nucleosynthesis
The word “stellar” means star and the formation of elements in the center of the
star is called stellar nucleosynthesis. Carl Sagan said that “We are made of star
stuff.” What did he mean by that? If we know how some important heavy elements
were formed same as stars, that maybe a clue.
Label the sequence of star life cycle. Use the hints/clues found in the table below
this diagram.
1. ______
2. ______
3. ______
8. _____ 4. ______
______
9. _____ 5. ______
______
10. _____
______
7. ______ 6. ______
9
Hints/ Clues
Average Star
1. The star is unable to generate heat when it runs out of
hydrogen in its core leading to its contraction and expansion.
It cools down and glows red. The Helium fused into Carbon.
The star is now RED GIANT
2. Red giant star becomes exhausted of nuclear fuel, the outer
material is blown off into space leaving the inert Carbon. The
remnant is known as WHITE DWARF.
3. Giant cloud of gas and dust known as NEBULA.
4. It is formed from nebula due to the gravity that pulled
Hydrogen gas together until it spins faster and faster and
becomes ignited. A PROTOSTAR rises.
5. MAIN SEQUENCE STAR starts to form when nuclear fusion
occurs at the core of the star, it begins to contract, glow and
become stable. Hydrogen is converted into Helium.
6. This is said to be the remain of the white dwarf that cooled down
and no longer emits light and heat. The hypothetical BLACK
DWARF.
Massive star
1. It is believed that a NEUTRON STAR is formed from supernova
explosion. This is also the smallest star
2. Explosion of star or SUPERNOVA releases large amount of
energy. Because of that, elements are dispersed into the space.
3. BLACK HOLE is a region in space where gravity is too strong
that no matter can escape from it.
4. A more massive main sequence star evolves, cools and expands
faster than low mass star and will turn into RED SUPER GIANT
star, the largest known star. Carbon fusion still occurs and
Oxygen formed.
10
What is It
Were you able to label all the stages of star? Review the hints/clues in the previous
activity. You will notice that following the sequence will reveal what happens in
each stage of star.
1. What element from space is pulled by gravity and turned into a protostar?
______________________________________________________________________
2. What will happen if a low mass main sequence star runs out of hydrogen fuel?
_______________________________________________________________________
3. How are heavy elements such as Carbon, Oxygen and Neon formed during
star formation?
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Why is it impossible for any matter such as light and radiation to escape
from a black hole?
________________________________________________________________________
5. Why do you think massive star has shorter life span than average stars?
________________________________________________________________________
11
Look at the diagrams below in order to understand how stars are formed into
different stages because of nuclear fusion (combination of nuclei to form heavier
one) among heavy elements.
12
Tri alpha process happens in red giant star once they leave the stage of
main sequence star. This is how three Helium-4 are converted into Carbon.
A star accumulates more mass and continues to grow into red super
giant. Alpha particle fusion happens at its core and creates more heavy
elements until Iron. This is known as the Alpha ladder process.
13
How do elements heavier than Iron form? As the energy at the
core of the star decreases, nuclear fusion cannot produce
elements higher than Iron. A different pathway is needed for
heavier elements to be formed.
Neutron capture, a neutron is added to a seed nucleus.
Below is the representation of how neutron is captured,
and a heavier nucleus is formed.
Example:
Example:
14
What’s More
15
What I Have Learned
Read the paragraph then fill in the blanks with the correct word/s.
It all starts with 1. ____________, cloud of gas and dust particle in outer space.
Due to the force of gravity, the 2. ____________ gas is pulled together and eventually
became a protostar. Nebular fusion occurs at the center of the protostar and becomes
stable. During this time, hydrogen is converted into 3. _____________ forming main
sequence star. The size of the star can be average or massive. A massive main
sequence star that runs out of hydrogen fuel will begin to expand and cool down.
This is 4. ________________, the collective term for massive stars in the universe. The
red super giant continues to fuse with heavy elements and stops when 5. ___________
is converted in the core of the star. At this point, red super giant will become a
supernova after hundreds of years.
What I Can Do
Now you have learned how stars are formed, go through their lifespan and how
each stage of the life of a star leads to formation of elements. There are many
processes that stars have to undergo before they evolve from one stage to another.
For your next task, you will write a story which relates the events of your life from
past, present and future to the life cycle of a star. Use also those elements which
could symbolize something or anything in your story. (Use another sheet of paper
for this task).
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
16
Rubrics for Story of Your Life
17
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
3. If the sun reaches the end of red giant phase, it will evolve into a _______.
a. black hole c. red super giant
b. supernova d. white dwarf
8. In main sequence star, Hydrogen atoms fuse to form Helium. Helium is then
converted into ________ at its core.
a. carbon c. neon
b. iron d. silicon
18
9. This element is produced through Big Bang nucleosynthesis and is
considered as the second most abundant element in the universe.
a. carbon c. hydrogen b. helium d. oxygen
10.What object is formed from gas and dust particles which are pulled together
by gravity wherein no nuclear fusion has happened yet?
a. nebula c. protostar
b. main sequence star d. red supergiant star
12. What is the sign that a protostar will transform into the next stage?
a. When the it starts to spin faster
b. When it starts to glow
c. When Hydrogen nuclear fusion begins
d. When it increases temperature igniting the Hydrogen
19
Additional Activities
On this activity, you will see a star with the topic written on its center. Fill out the
parts of the stars with concepts that you have learned in this module.
7 2
Star Formation
6 3
5 4
20
Answer Key
.15 D .15 C
.14 D .14 B
.13 A .13 A
.12 C .12 B
.11 A .11 C
.10 C .10 E .10 D
.9 B .9 F .9 C
.8 A .8 I .8 A
.7 B .7 C .7 A
.6 B .6 A .6 C
.5 D .5 G .5 A
.4 C .4 H .4 A
.3 D .3 J .3 C
.2 D .2 D .2 D
.1 D .4 B .1 A
Assessment What’s More What I Know
21
References
National Aeroautics and Space Administration. (2015, May 7).Imagine the Universe.
Retrieved from
https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/lifecycles/LC_main_p2.html
Strassler, M. (2013, March 4). What Holds Nuclei Together?. Retrived from
https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-
basics/the-structure-of-matter/the-nuclei-of-atoms-at-the-heart-
of-matter/what-holds-nuclei-together/
22
Esiegel. (2014, February 28). Burn Baby Burn!
https://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2014/02/28/ask-ethan-
26-burn-baby-burn
Canoy, W.Z. ( 2019, November 10). We Are all Made of Star Stuff. Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.com/notes/physical-science/lesson-2-we-are-all-
made-of-star-stuff-formation-of-the-heavy-elements/
3024639240885614/
23
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
24
Physical
Science
Quarter 1
25
Physical Science
Concept of Atomic Number Led to the Synthesis of New Elements in the
Laboratory First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.
26
Physical Science
Concept of Atomic Number
Led to the Synthesis of New
Elements in the Laboratory
27
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Concept of Atomic Number Led to the Synthesis of New Elements in the
Laboratory!
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
28
For the learner:
Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Concept of Atomic Number Led to the Synthesis of New Elements in the
Laboratory!
The hand is one of the most symbolic parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that as a learner, you
are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
29
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you apply your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
30
Week
1
What I Need to Know
This module is especially designed for you. It will help you track the
development of your understanding on how the concept of atomic number led
to the synthesis of new elements in the laboratory.
To make learning easy for you, the module provides activities to develop your
curiosity on how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of new
elements in the laboratory
31
What I Know
32
8. The process that can produce elements up to bismuth (atomic
number 83).
a. Nuclear Fission c. S Process
b. R-Process d. Stellar Nucleosynthesis
11. It is also known as nuclear fusion and the formation of new nuclei
actions in the early stages of development of the universe.
a. Nucleosynthesis c. R-Process b. S-Process d.
Singularity
33
Lesson Physical Sciences: Concept of
Atomic Number that Led to the
6 Synthesis
of New Elements in the Laboratory
The atoms that make up the elements are further composed of tiny particles,
the neutron, proton and electron. H and Helium are the elements that exist in
the early beginning of the Big Bang. As the Universe expanded and cooled, there
was a period of proton-proton chain reaction wherein protons fused into
Helium. Red giant cores get past this via the Triple-Alpha process, but the
Universe expands right through this possibility and the density/temperature
are quickly too low to support synthesis of any additional elements.
What’s In
You learned earlier how all matter in the universe is made from tiny building
blocks called atoms. All modern scientists accept the concept of the atom, but
when the concept of the atom was first proposed about 2,500 years ago, ancient
philosophers laughed at and opposed the idea. It has always been difficult to
convince people about the existence of things that are too small to be seen. We
will spend some time considering the evidence (observations) that helped
convince scientists of the existence of atoms.
Do you have any idea how the different elements on the periodic table were
formed, known and identified? Let’s have a short review.
There is what we call Big Bang Theory that has some key stages: Singularity,
Inflation, Nucleosynthesis and Recombination: Let us differentiate them.
Singularity is a one-dimensional point which contains a huge mass in an
infinitely small space, where density and gravity become infinite and space-time
curves infinitely, and where the laws of physics as we know them cease to
operate. The basic homogeneity in distribution of matter in the universe was
established as a consequence of the first phase of inflation. Nucleosynthesis
was the nuclear fusion and the formation of new nuclei actions in the early
stages of development of the universe. Recombination - the formation of the
capture of free electrons by the cations in a plasma.
34
What’s New
a. P and Pr both have one electron each. Pr has a bigger atomic size.
b. Od, Ri, and E are in the same series as P, C, and I. In terms of
atomic size, P is the biggest while C is the smallest. E is a metal
while I is a non-metal. Od is smaller than Ri in atomic size.
c. O has a bigger atomic size than E in the same group. Y is also a
bigger atom than C in the same group. R is more nonmetallic than
Pe but more metallic than Ti.
What is It
Key Points
35
Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (atomic number of
uranium) are called transuranium elements They were discovered
in the laboratory using nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.
Activity 1.1 Making Your Own Periodic Table shows how theoretical
elements where arranged according to their atomic weights. For example, H
has an atomic mass of 1.00794 amu, which makes hydrogen the lightest
element on the periodic table. Hydrogen, H, was named by Laviosier and is
the most abundant element on the periodic table. It is followed by He, Li, Be
and so on and so fort because atomic weight is used to arrange elements
from lightest to heaviest.
By arranging the elements based on the square root of the frequency that
they emitted, he was able to arrange the elements that approximates their
observed properties as proposed by Mendeleev.
36
Henry Moseley proposed that the elements’ atomic number, or place in the
periodic table, was uniquely tied to their “positive charge”, or the number of
protons they have. This discovery allowed for a better arrangement of the
periodic table, and predicted elements that were not yet discovered. His
method of identifying elements by shooting electrons and looking at x-rays
became a very useful tool in characterizing elements, and is now called x-ray
spectroscopy.
When the elements were arranged according to their atomic numbers, there
were four gaps in the table. These gaps corresponded to the atomic numbers
43, 61, 85, and 87. These elements were later synthesized in the laboratory
through nuclear transmutations.
However, both alpha particles and atomic nuclei are positively charged, so
they repel each other. Therefore, instead of using fast-moving alpha particles
in synthesizing new elements, atomic nuclei are often bombarded with
neutrons (neutral particles) in particle accelerators.
The first synthesized element that does not occur naturally on the earth,
technetium, was created by bombardment of molybdenum by deuterons
2
(heavy hydrogen,
1 , by Emilio Segre and Carlo Perrier in 1937:
2
1 +4297
2 10 +4397
The first controlled nuclear chain reaction was carried out in a reactor at the
University of Chicago in 1942. One of the many reactions involved was:
235
92 + 10 → 8735 + 14657 + 310
37
The Discovery of the Missing Elements
Recall that in 1925, there were four vacancies in the periodic table
corresponding to the atomic numbers 43, 61, 85, and 87. Two of these
elements were synthesized in the laboratory using particle accelerators. A
particle accelerator is a device that is used to speed up the protons to
overcome the repulsion between the protons and the target atomic nuclei by
using magnetic and electrical fields. It is used to synthesize new elements. In
1937, American physicist Ernest Lawrence was also able to synthesize
element with atomic number 43 using a linear particle accelerator. He
bombarded molybdenum (Z=42) with fast-moving neutrons. The newly
synthesized element was named Technetium (Tc) after the Greek word
"technêtos" meaning “artificial.” Tc was the first man-made element.
The two other elements with atomic numbers 61 and 87 were discovered
through studies in radioactivity. Element-61 (Promethium) was discovered as
a decay product of the fission of uranium while element-87 (Francium) was
discovered as a breakdown product of uranium.
The invention of cyclotron paved the way for artificial transmutation of one
element into another. The high-energy particles produced by the cyclotron
produce heavier nuclei upon hitting heavy target nuclei.
The Universe ran into the Be problem. Red giant cores get past this via the
Triple-Alpha process, but the Universe expands right through this possibility
and the density/temperature are quickly too low to synthesis any additional
elements.
38
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
The oldest stars in the Galaxy are deficient in elements heavier than
Helium.
The current record holder has Fe/H about 130,000 times smaller than
the solar value.
Not quite down to Big Bang abundances, but we are getting pretty close
and still looking.
Chemical Evolution
Chemical Evolution II
For more massive stars, `equilibrium’ fusion reactions produce
elements all the way up to Fe.
Freshly made elements are delivered via stellar winds or,
sometimes more spectacularly via supernova explosions
39
Neutron Capture Elements
• There are two principle paths to building the elements heavier than
Fe. Both use the addition of neutrons to existing `seed’ nuclei
(neutrons have no charge so are much easier to add to positively-
charged nuclei).
S-process (slow addition of neutrons)
R-process (rapid addition of neutrons)
The S-process
Here a neutron
changed into a
proton by emitting
an electron
The R-process
40
• We see an overabundance of R-process elements in the oldest
stars. As the early chemical enrichment of the Galaxy was through
SNII, this is evidence of SNII as the source of r-process elements.
• If we look at the Crab Nebula or other SNII remnants we don’t see
r-process elements.
• We DO see regions of enhanced O, Si, Ne and He which appear to
reflect the `onion skin’ structure of the massive star progenitor.
Crab Nebula
1Diagram (How R-Process Occur) https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/multimedia/crab_
nebula.html
In the 1930s, the heaviest element known was uranium, with an atomic
number 92. Early in 1940, Edwin McMillan proved that an element having
an atomic number 93could be created. He used a particle accelerator to
bombard uranium with neutrons and created an element with an atomic
number 93 which he named neptunium.
Plutonium (Z = 94)
238
92 + 21 → 23993 + 210
238
93 → 23994 +1
+ −10
41
Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (atomic number of uranium)
are called transuranium elements. Hence, neptunium and plutonium are
both transuranium elements. They are unstable and decay radioactively into
other elements. All these elements were discovered in the laboratory as
artificially generated synthetic elements. They are prepared using nuclear
reactors or particle accelerators. In the next lesson, you will learn the
nuclear reactions involved in the synthesis of these transuranium elements.
Stellar nucleosynthesis
This process creates elements within stars by combining the protons and
neutrons together from the nuclei of lighter elements. Fusion inside stars
transforms hydrogen into helium, heat, and radiation. Heavier elements are
created in different types of stars as they die or explode.
Superheavy elements are elements with atomic numbers beyond 103. These
are produced by bombarding heavy nuclear targets with accelerated heavy
projectiles.
Following are the equations of several nuclear reactions that have important
roles in the history of nuclear chemistry:
• The first naturally occurring unstable element that was isolated, polonium,
was discovered by the Polish scientist Marie Curie and her husband Pierre in
1898. It decays, emitting particles:
212 208 4
84 → 82 + 2
42
What’s More
43
Timeline Rubric
44
What I Can Do
Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. He successfully carried out a nuclear transmutation reaction, a process
of transforming one element or isotope into another element.
a. James Chadwick c. Dmitri Mendeleev
b. Henry Moseley d. Ernest Rutherford
45
6. This is known as the origin of light elements.
a. Stellar Nucleosynthesis c. R-Process
b. Primordial Nucleosynthesis d. Supernova Nucleosynthesis
46
Additional Activities
47
Answer Key
b .15
c .14 266109Mt + 10n
c .13 5826Fe—> + 20983Bi .c
d .12 Mendeleev.
c .11 Dmitri after named
a .10 10n Mv is + 256101Mv
a .9 42He —> + En 25399 .b
b .8 radioactivity.
a .7 natural on research
b .6
extensive done
c .5
c .4 who had Curie Pierre
a .3 named after Marie and
c .2 is Cm 10n 24296Cm+
d .1 —> 42He + 23994Pu .a
a .15
c .14
d .13
b .12
a .11
a .10
c .9
c .8
b .7
a .6
b .5
c .4
c .3
d .2
c .1
What I Know
48
References
Coyne, Glynis L. (2012). Lead to Gold, Sorcery to Science: Alchemy and the
Foundations of Modern Chemistry. University of North Carolina PIT
Journal, 4. Retrieved October 10, 2015
http://pitjournal.unc.edu/article/lead-gold-sorcery-sciencealchemy-and-
foundations-modern-chemistry;
Navarro, Mary Grace. “The Atomic Number and the Synthesis of New
Elements.” Academia. Academia.edu. Accessed May 22, 2020.
https://www.academia.edu/33928561/The_Atomic_Number_and_the
_ Synthesis_of_New_Elements.
“The Synthesis of the Elements.” Lick Observatory. Accessed May 23, 2020.
http://www.ucolick.org/~bolte/AY4_04/class6_04bwd.pdf.
49
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
50
Physical
Science
51
Physical Science
Polarity of Molecules
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks,
etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been
exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners.
The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
52
Physical Science
Polarity of Molecules
53
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Polarity of Molecules!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you, are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.
54
For the learner:
Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Polarity of Molecules!
The hand is one of the most symbolic part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills
at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
55
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.
This contains answers to all activities in the
Answer Key module.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
56
Week
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the varied
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence
of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.
57
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
3. What type of chemical bond holds the atoms of water molecule together?
a. Hydrogen bond
b. Ionic bond
c. Polar covalent bond
d. Nonpolar covalent bond
58
7. What is the molecular shape of BeF3?
a. Linear
b. Trigonal
c. Tetrahedral
d. Trigonal bipyramidal
8. A molecule with a polar bond is always polar. Molecules consists of polar bonds
can be nonpolar.
a. Statement 1 is false, while statement 2 is true.
b. Statement 1 is true, while statement 2 is false.
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false.
9. Which of the following pairs of atoms are bound by a polar covalent bond?
a. Cl-Cl
b. Mg-O
c. N-H
d. C-S
True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write FALSE.
59
Lesson
1 Polarity of Molecules
It is interesting to have a quick glance at the lessons you have learned about
compounds and chemical bonds when you were in Grades 8, 9 and 10. Can you still
recall them? If you still do, then that is great!
Studying this module will certainly increase your understanding about the
polarity of molecules. This module is packed with interesting activities which will
make you enjoy your Chemistry lessons even more. So, are you ready to delve on an
exciting quest for chemistry learning? You may start now by doing the activity below.
Goodluck and happy learning!
What’s In
Chemical bonds are formed when atoms lose, accept or share electrons. An ionic bond
occurs when there is a transfer of one or more valence electrons form one atom to
another. It exists between metal and nonmetal atoms where metal loses electron/s
while nonmetal accepts the electron/s donated by the metal. On the other hand, when
two nonmetal atoms combine, neither of them loses or gains electron Instead, electron
pairs are being shared by both atoms and the type of chemical bond formed is called
covalent bond.
60
Notes to the Teacher
Periodic Table is an indispensable tool in studying chemistry. In
order for the learners to answer the above activity, they must first
be familiar on how to use all the information written on the
periodic table. At this point, they should be able to effectively use
the periodic table in order to classify elements as to metal, non-
metal or semi-metals.
ANSWER: NaCl, CaCl2, Fe2O3,KBr, and AlCl3 are all ionic compound because
the atoms involved are combination of metal and nonmetal. On the other hand,
CO2, CCl4, N2O, PCl5 and HCl are covalent compounds because the atoms involved
are both nonmetals.
It’s good that you were able to recall the difference between ionic bond and
covalent bond.
You have learned that a covalent is a shared pair of electrons between two atoms.
But are the electrons equally shared by the combing atoms? How does a polar
covalent bond differ from a nonpolar covalent? Did you know that electronegativity
of an atom can be used to further classify covalent bond into polar and nonpolar?
As you perform the activity below, you will find out that substances have different
polarities, and this explains why there are substances that do not mix while others
do.
61
What’s New
Guide Question:
a. Which of the following set-ups mixed well? Which did not?
b. What can you infer from the result of this activity?
In addition to what you did in the activity, answer the table that follows:
Calculate the electronegativity difference and give the type of bond that
exists between the atoms in each of the following pairs.
62
What is It
The polarity of molecules is determined by the two factors: the polarity of bonds
based on the electronegativity difference of the atoms involved and the
geometrical shape of the molecules which can be predicted via valence shell
electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
63
Table 1. Type of bond based on electronegativity difference (∆EN) of bonded atoms
Electronegativity
Type of Bond
Difference (∆EN)
Ionic ≥1.7
Polar Covalent 0.5 to 1.6
Nonpolar Covalent ≤ 0.4
For example, you are asked to predict what type of bond is present between
the following pairs of atoms by determining their electronegativity difference.
1. Ca and Cl
2. Cl and Cl
3. H and Cl
4. S and O
5. C and N
Solution:
3. ENH = 2.1 (∆EN) = 2.1 – 3.0 = │-0.9│= 0.9 polar covalent bond
ENCl= 3.0
4. ENS= 2.5 (∆EN) = 2.5 – 3.5 = │-1.0│= 1.0 polar covalent bond
ENO = 3.5
5. ENC= 2.5 (∆EN) = 2.5 – 3.0 = │-0.5│= 0.5 polar covalent bond
ENN = 3.0
Using the above examples, let us know more about polar and nonpolar covalent bonds.
A polar covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared unequally by two atoms in
a compound. The bonded pair of atoms form an electric dipole (represented
by ). Dipole means “two poles” which means that a molecule has one
positive end and one negative end. In this type of bond, the atom with the higher
EN value becomes the partial negative pole (symbolized as ẟ-) while the atom with
the lower EN value becomes the partially positive (symbolized as ẟ+) pole. Always
bear in mind that the direction of the arrow is always pointing from a more
electropositive pole to the more electronegative pole. Take HCl for example, H has
higher EN than Cl, thus the direction of the arrow is pointing away from H and
towards Cl. There is unequal electron density as represented by a size of the circle
(refer to figure 2). On the other hand, a nonpolar covalent bond develops if both
atoms equally share a pair of electrons between them.
64
This occurs when the bonding atoms have approximately equal EN value or equal
ability to attract electrons to each side. Nonpolar covalent bond is an example of
bond formed when two chlorine atoms combine.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a) Polar bond between H and Cl and (b) nonpolar bond between two
Cl atoms
You can predict the shape or molecular geometry of a substance using the
following steps:
Step 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is the
least electronegative element.
Step 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis dot structure for the molecule.
Step 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and non-bonding (or
lone pairs) around the central atom.
Step 4: Determine the electron pair orientation using the total number
of electron pairs.
Step 5: Identify the shape of the molecule of based on the location of
the atoms.
65
Consider the examples below:
Step 1: ENB = 2.0 ENCl= 3.0 therefore, B will be the central atom and three
Cl atoms are attached to it. By looking at the chemical formula, you will also
have an idea that boron will be the central atom and three atoms of choline
are attached to it.
Step 2:
Step 3: The central atom has three electron pairs: 3 bonded pairs and no
lone pair
Step 4: The electron pair orientation for three electrons is trigonal planar.
Step 5: The molecular shape of BCl3 is trigonal planar.
Example 2: Predict the molecular geometry of CO2
Step 1: ENC= 2.5 ENO= 3.0 therefore, C will be the central atom and two O
atoms will be the attached to it. (Use may also use the chemical formula to
predict which atom will be the central atom
Step 2:
Step 3: For the purpose of determining the position of the bonding pairs,
let us count the double bonds as one bonding pair. Therefore, CO 2 has two
bonding pairs of electron.
Step 4: The electron pair orientation for two electron pairs is linear.
Step 5: The molecular shape of CO2 is linear.
Example 3: Predict the molecular geometry of CHCl3.
Step 1: ENC = 2.5, ENH= 2.1 and ENCl= 3.0. Because carbon is less
electronegative than chlorine and hydrogen is normally terminal atom, C
must be the central atom.
Step 2:
66
Now that you have learned how to determine the molecular geometry, let us
now go on to our discussion of polarity of molecules based on molecular
shapes. You may study the diagram below and we will use it as our guide.
Is the shape
NO YES
symmetrical
in 3D?
YES
Note: You must think about a molecule
in 3-D according to VSEPR Theory The molecule
is NONPOLAR
Going back to our previous examples, let us try to determine the polarity
of molecules of BCl3, CO2 and CHCl3.
For both BCl3 and CO2, the atoms are symmetrically arranged (trigonal
planar and linear) and the attached atoms to the central atom are also the same.
You must also take note that in a symmetrical molecule, the sum of the bond
dipole is equal to zero (because they cancel out) and leads to the formation of
nonpolar molecule. Therefore, both BCl3 and CO2 are nonpolar. On the other hand,
CHCl3, although it has a symmetrical arrangement (tetrahedral), the atoms
attached to the central atom are not all the same (3 chlorine atoms and 1 hydrogen
atom). This causes CHCl3 to become a polar molecule.
Now, let us see if you fully understood our discussion. I want you to try answering
the exercises below.
67
Identify which molecule is polar and which is nonpolar given the Lewis structure
and molecular shapes of the following molecules.
1. NH3 Trigonal
pyramidal
2. H2 O Bent or
angular
3. CCl4
Tetrahedral
4. Linear
If you were able to answer that NH 3 and H2O are polar molecules because the bond
dipole cannot be cancelled because of the presence of lone pairs on the central
atom and CCl4 and HBr are nonpolar molecules, you are correct. Job well done!
You may now proceed to the rest of this module.
What’s More
1. PCl5
2. BeCl2
3. CH4
4. OF2
5. SF6
So far, we have discussed how polarity of molecules is being determined. At this
point, you will perform the activity below to find out if you fully understood our
topic. If you think you need to go back to the discussion part of this module while
answering this activity, please feel free to do so.
68
What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The following molecules have polar covalent bonds EXCEPT?
a. NH3
b. CS2
c. BCl3
d. HBr
69
2. Which of the following bonds is the MOST polar?
a. H-Cl
b. C-Cl
c. H-H
d. N-F
3. What is the molecular shape of CHBr3?
a. Linear
b. Trigonal planar
c. Trigonal bipyramidal
d. Tetrahedral
4. Which of the following pairs of atoms are bound by a nonpolar covalent bond?
a. Na-Cl
b. Ca-O
c. P-N
d. C-S
5. From the given Lewis structure of NH3, how many nonbonding pair/s of
electron are around the central atom?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
6. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
a. Polar covalent bonds can be present in a nonpolar molecule.
b. Polar covalent bond is present if the electronegativity difference
between atoms is equal or less than 0.4.
c. Polarity of bond and molecular geometry are the two factors that
affect the polarity of molecules.
d. Polar bond forms when electrons are unequally shared by two
atoms in a compound.
7. What is the relative ability of a bonded atom to attract shared pair of electron?
a. Electron affinity
b. Electronegativity
c. Ionization energy
d. Metallic property
70
8. Which description below correctly describes polar molecules?
a. Polar bonds are present.
b. The polar bonds are arranged so that they do not cancel.
c. Lone pairs on the central atom are arranged so that they do not cancel.
d. Lone pairs on the central atom are arranged so that they can be
cancelled out.
9. Which of the following molecules is tetrahedral?
a. H2O
b. SF6
c. CH4
d. BF3
10. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about CO2?
a. Has an electronegativity difference of 1.0
b. Polar bond is present
c. Has a linear molecular shape
d. Is a polar molecule
True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write FALSE.
11. S and O are bound by a polar covalent bond because their electronegativity
difference value is 1.0.
12.Atoms with high electronegativity have a greater tendency to attract
electrons toward themselves.
13.Polarity of molecules are determined both by polarity of bonds and
molecular geometry.
14. Among C-Cl, H-Cl, C-H and Cl-Cl, only Cl-Cl is polar.
15. Methyl alcohol, CH3OH, is a nonpolar molecule.
Additional Activities
71
Answer Key
F .15 .15 T
F .14 .14 T
T .13 .13 T
T .12 IC.10 .12 F
T .11 CC .9 .11 F
D .10 IC .8 .10 A
C .9 CC .7 C .9
C .8 CC .6 A .8
B .7 IC .5 B .7
B .6 CC .4 C .6
B .5 IC .3 C .5
D .4 CC .2 C .4
D .3 IC .1 C .3
D .2 D .2
B .1 What’s More B .1
Assessment What I Know
6
non- polar Octahedral Polar 7.1 SF .5
2
polar Bent Polar 5.0 OF .4
4
nonpolar Tetrahedral Non-polar 4.0 CH .3
2
nonpolar Linear Polar 5.0 BeCl .2
bipyramidal
polar polar 8.0 5
Trigonal PCl .1
72
.bond
of valence electrons that is not shared with another atom in a covalent
covalent bonds while lone pair (nonbonding electrons) refers to a pair
Answer: Bonding electrons are those electrons involved in the formation of
Differentiate bonding and non-bonding .electrons .4
molecular geometry satisfies the condition of VSEPR .theory
bond but still be classified as a nonpolar molecule as long as its
bond and molecular .geometry A molecule can have a polar covalent
Answer: .Yes Because polarity of molecule is determined both by polarity of
polarity of nonpolar?
overall have a polar bond but have an to Is it possible for a molecule .3
04. but less than 17,. the bond is .polar
the ∆EN is 4.0 or less, the bond is nonpolar. But if the ∆EN is beyond
can be used to predict whether the bond will be polar or .nonpolar If
attract shared electrons toward .itself The concept of electronegativity
Answer: Electronegativity measures the tendency of an atom in a molecule to
polarity of molecules?
.2 What is electronegativity and how can it be used in in determining the
is equal sharing of electrons between .atoms
electrons between atoms, while nonpolar bonds are formed when there
Answer: Polar bonds are formed when there is an unequal sharing of
.1 In your own words, differentiate polar and nonpolar covalent .bond
73
.nonpolar
configuration will exhibit a trigonal bipyramidal shape and therefore it is
3
E Using the concept of VSEPR theory, a molecule with an AB
E – lone pair (nonbonding electrons)
B - terminal atom
Note: A – corresponds to central atom,
the molecule is polar or nonpolar by determining its molecular .shape
3
E, a hypothetical molecule, is .discovered Predict whether Suppose that AB .2
has no lone pair, making it .nonpolar
trigonal planar geometry with three bonding pairs of electron and central atom
has a 3 nonbonding pair/lone pair), this makes it .polar On the other hand, BF
a trigonal pyramidal shape, with four electron pairs (3 bonding pairs and 1
has 3 Answer: Polarity of molecule is determined by its molecular .geometry Since NH
.molecule Explain the difference in the polarity of these .compounds
3 3
) is a nonpolar ) is polar molecule while boron trifluoride (BF Ammonia (NH .1
What I can do
Additional Activities:
74
References
75
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
76
Physical
Science
77
Physical Science
Polarity of Molecules and Its Properties
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks,
etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has
been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
78
Physical Science
Polarity of Molecules and
Its Properties
79
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.
80
For the learner:
Welcome to the Physical Science 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Properties of Molecules based on its Polarity!
The hand is one of the most symbolic parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills
at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
81
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.
This contains answers to all activities in the
Answer Key module.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
82
Week
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the concept of polarity of molecules. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the varied vocabulary level
of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.
83
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
84
8. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about water?
a. has high surface tension
b. has high boiling point
c. has low viscosity
d. becomes denser when freezes
85
Lesson
Properties of Molecules
1 based on its Polarity
From the previous module, you learned how to determine the polarity of bonds
using the concept of electronegativity. Also, you learned that polarity of molecules
is affected by both the polarity of bonds and its molecular shape or geometry.
What’s In
Let us have some warm up exercise for our nerve cells before we proceed to the
presentation of our lesson. You will perform a simple activity that will help you
recall some basic concepts related to polarity of molecules. Have some fun!
86
WORD CRYPTOGRAM
Directions: Unscramble the letters by placing the correct letter sequence in the
shaded boxes to come up with the correct answer for each number. Use the
numbered boxes to complete the answer to the riddle below.
1.
L E C M O U L E
1 5 6
2.
O P A L R O D N B
3 9
3.
L E C M O U L E
O N L E A P I R
1 5 6
2 14 8 16
4.
NAROPOLN BDON
7 12
5.
A C E G T R O T L I Y E I T E N V
11 15 4 10 17
6.
M A T O
13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Can you define the following words/terms that you have decoded?
87
What’s New
Analyze the lyrics of the song, “Tubig at Langis”, and answer the questions below.
TUBIG AT LANGIS
Sharon Cuneta
Chorus:
Tubig at langis
Idarang man sainit, ‘di rin tatamis
Dahil ang halo’yluha’tpaghihinagpis
Ang kirot ay di maalis kung labis
Bakitnanaig ang dusasaligayasa ‘ting daigdig ?
May dasalbaakonghindiN’yanarinig ?
Papelnatinsapag-ibig
Ako’ylangis, ika’ytubig
Repeat Chorus:
Bakitnanaig ang dusasaligayasa ‘ting daigdig ?
May dasalbaakonghindiN’yanarinig ?
Papelnatinsapag-ibig
Ako’ylangis, ika’ytubig
Ako’ylangis, ika’ytubig
Guide Question:
1. What is the message of the song?
2. If you add oil to the water, what will happen? Will it create a single
homogenous phase or will it form two layers? Why?
3. Why do you think water and oil cannot be mixed even when heated?
Support your answer.
88
What is It
The general rule to remember about the solubility and miscibility of molecular
compounds can be summarized in a phrase, “like dissolves like” or “like mixes with
like”. This means that polar substances will only be dissolved or mixed with polar
substances while nonpolar substances will be soluble or miscible with another
nonpolar substance.
Try the exercises below in order to assess how much you have understood the
solubility (and miscibility) rule of substances in relation to their polarity.
Which of the following substances below will most likely mix with each other?
What chemistry concept did you used in answering the question above? If you
answered polarity of molecules, then you are on the right track. Great job! Benzene
and chloroform are both nonpolar compounds while water and vinegar are both
polar compounds, thus they are miscible to each other. However, the rest is a
combination of polar and nonpolar molecules and therefore will not mix and
instead will form two layers even if shaken or carefully stirred.
From the previous module, you learned the intramolecular forces of attraction, the
attractive force that binds atoms together. In this module, you will learn another
type of attractive force, the intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA) which exists
between molecules.
89
In this lesson, we will not discuss IMFA in so much detail because it will be tackled
next module. We will just focus on the following salient features of IMFA and its
effect on the physical properties of covalent compounds:
1. There are several types of IMFA and below they are arranged
from STRONGEST to WEAKEST.
Ion-dipole → H-bonding→ dipole-dipole→dipole-induced dipole→
London forces of attraction
2. The strength of IMFA greatly affects the physical properties of
substances such as boiling point, melting point, vapor pressure, surface
tension, etc.
Before we move further, try to perform the exercise below to test your ability
to analyze concepts and principles that you have learned from the discussion.
How well did you perform in this exercise? Continue reading for you to find out the
correct answers for this activity.
From the above discussion you learned that there are several types of IMFA and
their relative strength as compared to other types. Strong intermolecular forces
tend to yield solids and liquids while weak intermolecular forces favor formation of
gases.
Table 1 shows the comparison of the various types of IMFA while table 2 shows the
physical properties of polar and nonpolar molecules as affected by the type of IMFA
present.
90
London forces All substances and solely O2, N2, He gas, Br2
for nonpolar molecules
and noble gases
Table 2. General Properties of polar and nonpolar molecules
In the simplest sense, boiling point, melting point, viscosity and surface tension
increase as the strength of intermolecular forces increases. On the other hand,
vapor pressure and volatility decrease with increasing strength of IMFA. London
dispersion forces increase as the molecular mass of a substance increases.
91
What’s More
BP MP ST VP
92
What I Have Learned
2. In your own words, explain the Solubility Rule for polar and non polar
substances.
3. Compare and contrast polar and non-polar molecules based on their physical
properties.
4. What relationship can you derive between the strength of IMFA and the
physical properties of covalent molecules?
What I Can Do
A. Using the concept of bond polarity and solubility, explain why water (H 2O)
and vinegar are miscible, but vinegar and oil are immiscible.
93
Assessment
Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
2. The boiling point of water is greater than dihydrogen sulfide because of ______.
a. Dipole-dipole bond
b. H-bonding
c. London dispersion
d. Ion-dipole
5. ______ refers to the energy required to increase the surface area by a unit
amount.
a. Viscosity
b. Surface tension
c. Vapor pressure
d. Density
94
7. Which of the following substances is miscible in hexane (C6H14)?
a. Acetone (C3H6O)
b. Vinegar (CH3COOH)
c. Chloroform (CHCl3)
d. Methanol (CH3OH)
9. Which of the following properties has indirect relationship with the strength of
IMFA?
a. Boiling point
b. Melting point
c. Surface tension
d. Vapor pressure
10. In which of the following solvents would molecular iodine (I 2) be most soluble?
a. Vinegar
b. Water
c. Ethyl alcohol
d. Carbon tetrachloride
95
Additional Activities
H2 O 100 0
96
Answer Key
F .15 F .15
T .14 T .14
F .13 F .13
T .12 T .12
F .11 F .11
D .10 B .10
D .9 B .9
C .8 D .8
C .7 C .7
C .6 B .6
B .5 D .5
A .4 A .4
C .3 C .3
B .2 CRYPTOGRAM A .2
D .1 WORD C .1
Assessment What's More What I Know
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Y R T E M O E G R A L U C E L O M
RIDDLE
13
M O T A
.6
17 10 4 15 11
Y T I V I T A G E N O R T C E L E
.5
12 7
D N O B R A L O P N O N
.4
16 8 14 2
R I A P E N O L
.3
9 3
D N O B R A L O P
.2
6 5 1
E L U C E L O M
.1
What's More
97
3 3 3
acetone, CH OCH Acetic acid, CH COOH
acid
molar mass than acetic
however acetone has lower
Both have H-bonding
3 3 3
COOH CH CH OCH 2 3 3
OH ethanol, CH CH OHMethanol, CH
ethanol
molar mass than
but methanol has lower
Both have H-bonding
2 3 3
CH OHCH OH CH 2 2
dipole O water, H SDihydrogen sulfide, H
which is stronger than dipole-
2
and IMFA type is H-binding
SH Because it is polar molecule
2
HO
4 4
carbon tetrachloride, CCl Methane, CH
London forces
dipole which is stronger than
CH4 and IMFA type is dipole Because it is polar molecule
CCl4
VP ST BP MP V
What’s More
98
is inversely proportional to the strength of .IMFA and ST are
directly proportional to the strength of IMFA while VP
increases with decreasing strength of .IMFA Therefore, BP, MP,
V increase with increasing strength of .IMFA Vapor pressure
Answer: Boiling point, melting point, viscosity and surface
tension and the physical properties of covalent molecules?
.4 What relationship can you derive between the strength of IMFA
Answer:
physical .properties
.3 Compare and contrast polar and non-polar molecules based on its
What I Can Do
99
membrane .effectively
membrane can perform its function of being selectively permeable
water while its hydrophobic part is oriented .inward In this way, the cell
it forms a micelle wherein its hydrophilic part has a close contact with
loving) end and hydrophobic (water-fearing) .end When placed in water,
hand, are present in the cell .membrane It has a hydrophilic (water-
it can no longer perform its basic .function Phospholipids, on the other
polar and nonpolar .groups Once its shape has been altered or modified,
The shape of proteins is affected by attraction and repulsion among its
a long chain and it also has the ability to bend to form various .shapes
nonpolar ends which are essential for life processes to .occur It can form
Possible answer: Proteins are macromolecules having polar and
processes such as in the structure of proteins and .phospholipids
.C Explain the importance polarity of molecules to biological
What I Can Do
100
References
101
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
102
Physical
Science
103
Physical Science
General Types of Intermolecular Forces
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.
104
Physical Science
General Types of
Intermolecular Forces
105
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Physical Science 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
General Types of Intermolecular Forces!
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
106
For the learner:
Welcome to the Physical Science 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on General Types of Intermolecular Forces !
The hand is one of the most symbolic parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that as a learner,
you are capable and empowered to learn by yourself. Relevant competencies and
skills can be successfully achieved at your own pace and time. Your academic
success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
107
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you apply your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with
it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
108
Week
3
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the General Types of Intermolecular Forces. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the varied vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
109
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
3. The ease with which the electron distribution in the atom or molecule can be
distorted
a. diffusion
b. polarizability
c. dipole moment
d. induced dipole
110
7. Attractive forces between polar molecules where the positive end of one
molecule aligns to the negative end of another molecule
a. ion-dipole
b. dipole-dipole
c. dispersion forces
d. ion-induced dipole
11.The measure of the shift of the electron density towards the atom with a
higher electronegativity value
a. Polarity
b. Polarizability
c. Dipole moment
d. Forces of interaction
111
13.At any point of time the shift in the position of the electrons in an atom will
likely create a temporary positive and negative poles known as:
a. dipole forces
b. dipole moment
c. dispersion forces
d. instantaneous dipole
-
14. The force/s of attraction present between the species I2 and NO 3
a. London dispersion forces
b. H-bonding and ion-induced dipole interaction
c. Van der Waals interaction and dipole-dipole interaction
d. London dispersion forces and ion-induced dipole interaction
112
Lesson
Types of
1 Intermolecular Forces
Atoms in molecules and ionic substances are attracted to each other either by
sharing or complete transfer of electrons. These attractive forces keep the
molecules intact.
But, how do molecules or substances stay together and exhibit properties that are
unique to them? This is known as bulk properties.
In this lesson, you will learn how the different forces of attraction known as
intermolecular forces keep substances together. You will also be able to identify the
intermolecular forces present between and among substances, thus their bulk
properties can be predicted.
What’s In
This simple activity will help you recall what you understood about Lewis electron
dot structure and polarity of molecules. The polarity of substances will guide you in
identifying the intermolecular forces present between and among molecules.
113
Directions:
1. CCl2F2
2. N2
3. CH4
4. H2O
5. CO
114
What’s New
Activity 1:
Using the illustrations below, describe the attractions between substances by
completing each sentence with the correct words. Tell what kind of attractive forces
keep the substances together.
1.
This attraction happens between polar molecules. The charges align so that the
________________ pole of one molecule is attracted to the ____________ end of the
other molecule. This kind is called of interaction __________________.
2.
The ____________ sodium ion is attracted to the partially ___________ end of water
molecules. this attraction is referred to as ____________________.
3.
4.
5.
115
Activity 2: Identify the intermolecular forces present among the following
2+
e. Fe and O2
116
What is It
There are three general types of intermolecular forces (IMF), namely, van
der Waals forces, ion-dipole interaction, and H-bonding.
Van der Waals forces, after the Dutch chemist Johannes van der Waals
(1837-1923) consist of dipole-dipole interaction, dipole-induced dipole
interaction, and dispersion forces. Dipole-dipole attraction is present among
polar molecules. Through constant movement, the charges of the molecules align
in such a way that the positive (+) end of one molecule is attracted to the negative
(-) end of the other molecule. This happens due to the shift of electron density
towards the more electronegative element in the molecule resulting to (+) and (-)
ends. The measure of this electron shift is known as dipole moment, represented
by crossed arrow, .
117
Ion-dipole interaction results from the attraction either between a cation
( or an anion (-) with permanent polar molecules. The ions will be attracted to
the opposite charges present in the dipole resulting to this type of attraction.
With the presence of an ion (cation or anion), the charged ends of polar
molecules will be attracted to the dipole. This is true in the case of Na + and
formaldehyde. The positive sodium ion will be attracted to the partially-negative
oxygen in formaldehyde, resulting to an ion-dipole interaction.
In both NH3 and H2O, the hydrogen atoms are bonded to more
electronegative atoms, nitrogen and oxygen, respectively. This permits them to
form H-bonds with other molecules with the same condition. Thus, H-bond is
present between NH3 and H2O.
In all of the examples above, London dispersion forces are also present.
118
What’s More
4. Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2)
119
What Have I Learned
c. H-bonding
d. CH3COOH
e. Br2
What I Can Do
120
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
4. Which of the following sets of interactions are all van der Waals forces?
a. ion-induced dipole; dipole-dipole; London dispersion forces
b. dipole-dipole; dipole-induced dipole; London dispersion forces
c. London dispersion forces; ion-induced dipole; dipole-induced dipole
d. dipole-induced dipole; ion-induced dipole; London dispersion forces
121
6. How does dipole-dipole interaction form?
a. Polar molecules shift electron density that gives rise to neutral
substances.
b. The electron distribution in the polar molecules is distorted that
results to (-) and (+) poles.
c. Polarization of big nonpolar molecules causes the formation of
permanent (+) and (-) charges.
d. The (-) and (+) ends of one polar molecule align themselves to the
(+)and (-) ends of another polar molecule and attract each other.
8. H-bonding forms when the substances involved are polar and there are
____________.
a. H-atoms of a molecule interact with to O, N, F of other molecules.
b. C-atoms attached to O, N, F.
c. central atoms with O, N, F as attached atoms.
d. unshared pair of electrons in the central atom.
10) CH4
11) CH3COOH
12) O3
13) N2
14) NH3
15) PCl5
122
Additional Activities
This part will test whether you fully understood what intermolecular forces
are present between and among molecules. You can answer this by recalling the
strategies discussed earlier in this module. Remember also that there may be more
than one IMF present in the among molecules of the given substances.
2) Acetone, CH2O
4) Methane, CH4
123
Answer Key
What’s In
4. H2O (Water)
Bent
Nonpolar
5. CO (Carbon
monoxide) Linear Polar
124
What’s New
London dispersion forces, ion-induced dipole .5
.Act 2
1. Act
.molecules
be either repulsive or attractive depending on the distance of the
2a) van der Waals forces are interactions between molecules that can
Additional Activities
London dispersion forces , dipole-dipole interaction .5
125
References
_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_F
orces/11.S%3A _ Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces_(Summary)
chemlibretexts. “Properties of Matter.” Accessed May 25, 2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemist
ry_Textbook_M
aps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical
_Properties_of_ Matter
chemlibretexts. “Solubility and Intermolecular Forces.” Accessed May 21, 2020.
https://www.google.com/search?q=solubility+and+intermolecular+forces&o
q=solubility+and+intermolecular&aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j0l4.13287j0j8&sour
ceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Clutch. “Formal Charges of Ozone.” Accessed May 25, 2020.
https://www.clutchprep.com/chemistry/practice-problems/131828/what-
are-the-formal-charges-in-o3-ozone
Clutch. “Lewis Structure of HF.” Accessed May 25, 2020.
https://www.clutchprep.com/chemistry/practice-problems/110784/look-
at-the-lewis- structure-for-hf-where-are-the-nonbonding-electrons
Clutch. “Molecular Geometry of CH3NH2.” Accessed May 25, 2020.
https://www.clutchprep.com/chemistry/practice-problems/108201/what-
is-the-molecular- geometry-about-nitrogen-in-ch3nh2
Elmhurst College. “Intermolecular Forces.” Accessed May 20, 2020.
http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/160Aintermolec.html
126
Nutrients Review.com. “Glycerin (Glycerol).” Accessed May 22, 2020.
http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/edible- glycerin.html
Quora. “What is the formula and structure of water?” Accessed May 24,
2020. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-formula-structure-of-water
Study.com. “Ether: Preparations and Reactions.” Accessed May 20, 2020.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/ether-preparation-reactions.html
127
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
128
Physical
Science
129
Physical Science
Effects of Intermolecular Forces on Properties of Substances
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.
130
Physical Science
Effects of Intermolecular Forces
on Properties of Substances
131
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
132
For the learner:
Welcome to the Physical Science 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Effects of Intermolecular Forces on Properties of Substances!
The hand is one of the most symbolic parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that as a learner,
you are capable and empowered to learn by yourself. Relevant competencies and
skills can be successfully achieved at your own pace and time. Your academic
success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
133
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
134
Week
3
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Effects of Intermolecular Forces on the Properties of Substances. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the varied vocabulary levels of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
3. predict which among the given substances will exhibit higher boiling,
135
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Liquids can form spherical elastic film to minimize surface area. What
intermolecular force is responsible for the formation of this film in water?
a. H-bonding
b. ion-induced dipole
c. dipole-induced dipole
d. London dispersion force
4. Substances like heavy syrup and molasses flow slowly than water. The
ability of these substances to resist flow is known as
a. viscosity
b. pressure
c. surface tension
d. capillary action
136
7. Which of the following occurs when the vapor pressure of a liquid becomes
equal to the atmospheric pressure?
a. boiling
b. melting
c. freezing
d. condensing
8. Using the chart on the vapor pressure of the four substances, which among
them has the lowest boiling point?
Vapor Pressure @
Substance
250C, atm
Diethyl ether (C2H5)2O 0.7
Bromine (Br2) 0.3
Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) 0.08
Water (H2O) 0.03
a. water
b. bromine
c. ethyl alcohol
d. diethyl ether
9. Based on the LEDS below, which has a lower boiling point and what
accounts for the difference based on the intermolecular forces present in each
species?
10. The atmospheric pressure on top of a mountain is lower than at sea level.
As a consequence, what will happen to the cooking time of an egg on top of the
mountain?
a. The egg will cook faster since the boiling temperature will
be lower.
b. The egg will cook at a shorter time since the boiling temperature will
be higher.
c. The egg will cook at a longer time due to a lower
boiling temperature.
d. The egg will cook at a shorter time due to higher
boiling temperature.
137
11. Sodium chloride is completely soluble in water. What is
responsible for its solubility in water?
a. London dispersion forces in NaCl predominate leading to strong
dipole interactions with water.
b. The presence of charged ends in NaCl enables dipole-dipole
interaction with water.
c. The ions in NaCl participate in ion-induced dipole attractions with
water.
d. Na+ and Cl- ions are favorable sites for H-bonding to form.
12. Xenon has a higher atomic mass than neon. Xe has 131.3 amu while Ne
has 20.2 amu. The boiling points are 166.1K and 27.3K, respectively.
How do intermolecular forces account for the difference?
a. Dipole- dipole interaction is greater in Xe than Ne so more
energy is needed to break the bonds.
b. H-bonding is greater for substances with higher atomic mass
so greater energy is needed to change Xe to vapor.
c. Atomic weight increases the chance of lesser dispersion forces
so greater energy is needed to separate Xe atoms to change to
vapor
d. London dispersion forces is greater in substances with
heavier atomic mass so greater energy is needed to separate
the atoms of Xe than Ne.
13. Which is more viscous between glycerol and water based on their
LEDS and intermolecular forces?
Glycerol Water
a. Glycerol because it has more OH- groups that form
London dispersion forces among the molecules.
b. Glycerol because it has more OH- groups that form H-bonding
among the molecules.
c. Glycerol because it has less OH- groups that form London
dispersion forces among the molecules.
d. Glycerol because it has less OH- groups that form H-
bonding forces among the molecules.
138
15. Which is true of vapor pressure?
a. It is affected by the surface area of the liquid or solid.
b. Vapor pressure is higher when the temperature of
the molecule is low.
c. Molecules with high molar heat of vaporization has low
vapor pressure.
d. When vapor pressure is lower than atmospheric
pressure, boiling occurs.
Lesson
Effects of Intermolecular
1 Forces on the Properties of
Substances
The properties of matter can be seen from either the sub-microscopic or
macroscopic level. The sub-microscopic level includes the atoms, molecules, and
ions which we cannot see. The macroscopic level shows how the bulk properties are
exhibited by matter. These properties include surface tension, viscosity, boiling,
melting, and freezing points, and solubility. Intermolecular forces play a very
important role to determine how substances behave at the macroscopic level.
In this lesson, you will learn how the different forces of attraction bring about the
bulk properties exhibited by substances. This lesson will help you understand why
a certain substance behaves differently from others.
What’s In
This simple activity will help you recall what you understood about the types of
intermolecular forces present in each substance.
139
Notes to the Teacher
1. This module will help the students remember the concepts of
intermolecular forces (IMF) and the forces of attraction present
among species.
2. Allow the students to answer each part thoroughly,
either individually or in pairs.
3. Let the students check the answers to each part. Have a short
discussion of the concepts involved after checking.
4. The students will then move to the next part of the module. They
will have the feedback and discussion after every part.
5. Inputs can be given in addition to the discussion in this module.
6. Kindly entertain questions for further discussions.
Directions:
1. Use a clean sheet of paper to answer this part.
Intermolecular
Substance LEDS Shape Polarity
Forces Present
1) CH3OH
2) O3
3) CH3NH2
4) I2
5) HF
140
What’s New
Activity 1:
Factors affecting the strength of intermolecular forces among molecules
Refer to the pairs of substances to answer the questions that follow.
Activity 2:
1. Refer to the chart below on physical properties of matter. Answer the
questions and relate the intermolecular forces present among the species
to explain the different properties exhibited by the substances.
Fluorine (F2) 38 53 85
141
What is It
This section gives brief and thorough explanation on how intermolecular forces
affect the bulk properties of matter, namely surface tension, viscosity, boiling,
melting, and freezing points, and solubility.
Activity 1:
The properties of substances as viewed on the macroscopic level can be explained
by the types of intermolecular forces present between and among substances.
These bulk properties can be predicted through an analysis of the interplay of
intermolecular forces in each substance.
The chart below tells us of the relative strengths of intermolecular forces. This
can be used as reference when the IMF is being related to the properties of
substances.
Ion-dipole Strongest
H-bonding
Dipole-dipole
Dipole-induced dipole
142
Properties of substances affected by intermolecular forces
Surface Tension
This is the amount of energy required to stretch the surface area of liquids (e.g.,
1 cm2). Liquids with high intermolecular forces tend to have high surface
tensions. When water is dropped on a waxy surface, it tends to form a round
bead to minimize the surface area that it occupies.
Water molecules exhibit cohesion while the attraction between water and the
sides of the glass tube is adhesion. If adhesion is stronger than cohesion, the
liquid is pulled upward.
The stronger the intermolecular forces possessed by molecules, the higher is the
surface tension of the substance.
143
Viscosity
The strength of intermolecular forces affects the ease with which substances
flow. Liquids that have high intermolecular forces are highly viscous. Also, the
presence of strong H-bonds in some liquids makes these substances highly
viscous. The LEDS of glycerol below shows three (3) OH - groups that can
participate in H-bonding whereas water has only one OH - group to form H-
bonding. Glycerol is more viscous than water.
Glycerol
Water
144
Boiling Point and Melting Point
Boiling point depends on the equilibrium vapor pressure exerted by the liquid or
solid above the liquid or the solid. This means that the rate of vaporization is equal
to the rate of condensation of the substance in a closed container. Vapor pressure
also varies with temperature. The graph below shows the effect of temperature on
the vapor pressure of water.
Source: https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/vpress.html
At 100OC, the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure of 1.00 atm.
Boiling occurs at this point, where the vapor pressure of water is equal to the
pressure of the atmosphere.
There are substances that boil at a lower temperature and some at a higher
temperature. These temperatures depend on the vapor pressure exerted by the
liquids or solids. Vapor pressure, on the other hand, depends on the intermolecular
forces present in the substances. When the intermolecular forces are strong, the
vapor pressure is low.
145
This condition is also true for melting point. The ease with which bond breaks
affects the melting points of substances. The greater intermolecular forces there are
among molecules, the higher is their melting point.
The strength of dispersion forces also depends on the size of the molecules of the
substance or the number of electrons in the molecules of the substance. The ease
with which the electron distribution is distorted explains the amount of dispersion
forces that a substance exhibits. The distortion of the electron distribution is
known as polarizability.
The greater the polarizability of the electron distribution the greater are the
dispersion forces. When the dispersion forces are high, the boiling and melting
points are also high.
Br2 and F2 are both diatomic gases. They are also both nonpolar, but Br 2 is a bigger
molecule than F2. The polarizability of Br2 is greater than F2 so it has greater
dispersion forces. This explains why Br 2 has a higher boiling point than F 2. Greater
amount of energy is needed to overcome the big dispersion forces in Br 2 than in F2.
Solubility
The rule “like dissolves like” applies to solubility. This means that the kind of
substances being dissolved should exhibit the same properties or should be
compatible for them to form solutions. The polarity of molecules is an important
factor for substances to dissolve in certain molecules. Highly polar molecules will
dissolve substances that have dipoles. The negatively-charged particles will be
attracted to the positively-charged particles of the involved substances. This
attraction will subsist in the solutions.
146
Nonpolar substances, on the other hand will also dissolve nonpolar substances.
Intermolecular forces, such as dispersion forces, will prevail to maintain the
dissolution of substances.
Since dipole-dipole forces are stronger than dispersion forces, NaCl will have
higher boiling and melting points. It is also highly soluble in water due to ion-
dipole interaction that will prevail. Mwthane is not soluble in water because there
are no poles that will participate in the dissolution process with water.
Ammonia (NH3) and methyl fluoride (CH3F) are both polar but the ability of NH3
to form H-bonds qualifies it for higher boiling and melting points than CH 3F. At
the same time, H-bonding also enables NH3 to be more soluble in water than
CH3F.
Phosphorus pentachloride (PCL5) and phosphorus pentabromide (PBr 5) have the
same molecular shape and polarity. What matters here is the size of the molecule
when comparing the properties of these substances. Bromine contains more
electrons than chlorine. This makes PBr 5 bigger and heavier. In this case,
dispersion forces are greater in PBr5 so it has higher boiling and melting points
than PCL5. Since these two substances are both nonpolar, then they are not
soluble in water.
Pentane (C5H12) and isopentane (C5H12) both contain the same number of C and
H atoms in the formula. However, their molecular structures are different.
Below are the LEDS of the two substances.
147
Pentane has an extended structure while isopentane has a compact structure.
Extended structures provide more opportunities for interactions than compact
structures. Extended molecules have stronger intermolecular forces than the
compact structures. As such the boiling point of pentane is higher than that of
isopentane. It is also true for their melting points. Both molecules are nonpolar
so they are not soluble in water.
Pentane
Isopentane
148
What’s More
Activity 1.1
1. Identify the principal type of solute-solvent interaction responsible for
forming the following solutions:
a. KNO3 in H2O
d. HF in H2O
149
2. Which pair/s of substances will dissolve in each other?
a. CH3NH2 and H2O
b. CH3-CH3 and CH3OH
c. SO2 and CH4
d. MgCl2 and H2O
e. CH2 = CH2 and CH4
a. Ethanol b. Ethane
e. Methanol
150
What Have I Learned
What I Can Do
Situation:
You are asked by your mother to cook pork nilaga. You have only an ordinary
kettle to use for cooking. She even reminds you to save energy because we are in a
state of pandemic due to covid-19. Saving resources nowadays is a must because
we are not sure of the world’s economy. As a student of Physical Science and with
your knowledge of properties of matter in relation to intermolecular forces, how are
you going to perform your task in such a way that energy is not wasted?
151
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. The properties of matter seen in the macroscopic level influenced
by intermolecular forces
a. bulk
b. ionic
c. covalent
d. individual
152
6. When intermolecular forces are high, the boiling point is
expected to be
a. low.
b. high.
c. dependent on the kind of atoms.
d. dependent on the number of atoms.
8. Which intermolecular forces among the following allows for easy escape of
molecule to the vapor phase?
a. H-bonding
b. ion-dipole forces
c. dipole-dipole interaction
d. London dispersion forces
9. The vapor pressure on top of the mountain is low so what will happen to
the cooking time of an egg up there?
a. The cooking time will be longer since the temperature of the water
is higher.
b. The cooking time will be shorter since the temperature of the water
is higher.
c. The cooking time will be longer since the temperature of the water
is lower.
d. The cooking time will be shorter since the temperature of the water
is lower.
153
11. Which among the following substances has lower viscosity than methyl
alcohol?
a. I, II, III, IV
b. III, I, II, IV
c. III, II, I, IV
d. II, I, IV, III
154
Additional Activities
This part will test whether you fully understand the influences of intermolecular
forces present between and among species to the bulk properties of substances.
You can answer this by recalling the strategies discussed earlier in this module.
Remember also that the predominant intermolecular forces are the determinants
of what the bulk properties of substances will be.
155
Answer Key
.15 Ion-dipole
forces C .15
.14 London dispersion Ethylene glycol
C .14
.13 H-bonding B .13
< Methanol < Ethanol
.12 B D .12
.11 C < .3 Methane B .11
.10 D <Ethane e) C .10
C .9 Soluble B .9
D .8 d) Soluble D .8
D .7 c) Insoluble A .7
B .6 b) Insoluble A .6
C .5 a) Soluble .2 D .5
C .4 d) H-bonding A .4
D .3 c) dipole-dipole D .3
D .2 forces B .2
A .1 b) London dispersion A .1
a) ion-dipole .1
Assessment What I Know
What's More
What’s In
dipole interaction
Polar Linear HF .5
dispersion forces, dipole-
H-bonding, London
dipole interaction
bent amine)
dispersion forces, dipole- Polar
Tetrahedral, (Methyl
H-bonding, London 2 3
NH CH .3
Present
Polarity Shape LEDS Substance
Intermolecular Forces
156
What’s New
.substances
of the
.e The greater the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling and melting points
2 2 2
< At Br < .d F
greater are the intermolecular forces among the .molecules molecule the
the
.c Intermolecular forces vary with the size of the .molecule The greater the size of
– London dispersion forces 2 At
– London dispersion forces; – London dispersion forces; Br2 .b F
2
Activity 2
(Bromine) 2 .f Br
(pentane) 12 5 .e C H
5
.d PBr
3
.c NH
3
.b CHCl
.a NaCl 4.
(Bromine) 2 .f Br
(pentane) 12 5 .e C H
5
.d PBr
3
.c NH
3
.b CHCl
.a NaCl 3.
forces
(Bromine) : London dispersion 2(Fluorine) : London dispersion forces; Br 2 .f F
forces
dispersion
(isopentane) : London 12 5 (pentane) : London dispersion forces; C H
12 5
.e C H
London dispersion forces : 5 : London dispersion forces; PBr 5 .d PCl
3 3:
H-bonding ; CH F : dipole-dipole .c NH
: dipole-dipole 3 CHCl : London dispersion forces; 4 .b CCl
4
: dipole-dipole; CH : London dispersion forces .a NaCl 2.
forces
(Bromine) : London dispersion 2(Fluorine) : London dispersion forces; Br 2 .f F
dispersion forces
London
: .e Pentane (C5H12 (pentane) : London dispersion forces; C5H12
(isopentane) .d PCl5 : London dispersion forces; PBr5 : London dispersion
forces
London dispersion forces
dipole,
3 3:
F : dipole- dipole -dipole, H-bonding, London dispersion forces ; CH .c NH
forces
: dipole-dipole, London dispersion 3 : London dispersion forces; CHCl 4 .b CCl
forces
dispersion : London : dipole-dipole, London dispersion forces; CH 1. .a NaCl
4
.Act 1
157
What Have I Learned
compact will also tell which one has the greater intermolecular .forces
.f Determination whether the structure of the molecule is extended or
intermolecular .forces
molecule will tell which between the two substances has greater
atoms and molecular .geometry If they are identical, then the mass of the
.e Determine the polarity of substances with the same number of
.prevail
.d If the substance is ionic then ion-dipole forces of attraction will
properties of .matter
Steps or considerations to take to determine the effects of IMF to the .3
LDF < dipole-induced dipole < dipole – dipole < H-bonding < ion – dipole .2
158
Additional Activities
3 3 3
has a higher boiling point than CHCl . in CHCl , thus CHBr
3
than It needs greater amount of energy to break the bonds in CHBr
3 3
. CHCl , then the London dispersion forces is greater than in CHCl
3
is greater than the mass of .molecules Since the mass of CHBr
and molecular .geometry Thus, the basis will be the masses of the
.attraction Both have the same number of atoms in the molecule
.b Both have dipole-dipole and London dispersion forces of
point of .HF
bonds of HF than the bonds in .HCl This results to higher boiling
interactions so greater amount of energy is needed to break the
stronger than dipole -dipole H-bonding is .forces dipole-dipole
a. The prevailing IMF in HF is H-bonding while in HCl is
159
References
160
Clutch. “Molecular Geometry of CH3NH2.” Accessed May 25, 2020.
https://www.clutchprep.com/chemistry/practice-problems/108201/what-
is-the-molecular- geometry-about-nitrogen-in-ch3nh2
Quora. “What is the formula and structure of water?” Accessed May 24, 2020.
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-formula-structure-of-water
161
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
162
Physical
Science
163
Physical Science
Biological Macromolecules
First Edition 2020
Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that “no copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.”
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.
164
Physical Science
Biological Macromolecules
165
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
166
For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at
your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
167
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
168
Week
4
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties and functions. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which
you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
169
What I Know
True or False. Read each statement carefully. Identify whether the statement is
true or false. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
_________12. A nucleotide has three parts: nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate
group.
170
Lesson
1 Biological Macromolecules
Analyze the Nutritional Facts of a food product given below and rank the nutrients
needed by the following patients based on importance.
A. a patient with hypertension
Serving Size 32 g
Serving Per Pack 1
Amount/Serving %RENI
Total Calories 150 6%
Calories from Fat 45
Total Fat 5g
Saturated Fat 3g
+ Trans Fat 0g
Cholesterol 3mg
Sodium 170mg 35%
Total Carbohydrates 23g
Dietary Fiber 0g 0%
Sugars 4g
Protein 3g 4%
Calcium 55mg 8%
Iron 1mg 8%
171
What’s In
Food is a source of molecules that are needed for life. These are biological molecules.
What you eat contains biomolecules. There are four biological molecules that make
up all of life. Now, I have here a word hunt for your warm up.
Look for the following words in the puzzle: biomolecule, carbohydrate, lipid,
protein, and nucleic acid.
F A T S H Y L I P I D P
U P I A T E P R O T E R
N U C L E I C A C I D O
Y T K T L P D G O G O T
C A R B O H Y D R A T E
A R O A A H L E W V W I
B I O M O L E C U L E N
You are really doing great! It seems that you are now ready for our first
biomolecule.
172
What’s New
1. Write inside the first plate an example of food rich in carbohydrates that you
have eaten a while ago and tell us what you feel after eating it.
What did you feel after eating the food rich in carbohydrates?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Write inside the second plate an example of food rich in lipids that you have
eaten a while ago.
What did you feel after eating the food rich in lipids?
____________________________________________________________
173
3. Write inside the third plate an example of food rich in protein that you have
eaten a while ago and tell us what you feel about what you have eaten.
What did you feel after eating the protein - rich food?
_____________________________________________________________
174
What is It
Monomer – a molecule that can react with other molecule to form very
large molecules or polymers
Hormones – special chemical messengers that are created by the endocrine gland
Enzymes – proteins which make the biochemical reaction occus in faster rate
Biological Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates
The word carbohydrate may be broken down to carbon and hydrate, and
this is due to the fact that most carbohydrates follow the formula C n(H2O)n. Another
term for carbohydrate is saccharide. Carbohydrates are classified either as simple
or complex. Simple sugars are monosaccharide and disaccharides. Complex
sugars are polysaccharides.
Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy in the human body. The
different saccharides that humans eat are converted to glucose which can be
readily used by the body. The excess carbohydrates taken into the body is
converted to glycogen that is stored in the liver and in muscles.
175
Monosaccharide (one saccharide)
Carbohydrates
Monomer: saccharides
176
Did you know that?
Marathon runners, tri-athletes, and other runners consume
carbohydrates for weeks leading up to a big event. They call it “carbo-
loading”. What’s the point?
As the athletes consume massive amounts of starch and pasta, the energy begins
to store up in their body, saving itself for use during the event.
2. Lipids or Fats
Lipids or fats are important nutrients in your body but eating too much
unhealthy fats such as saturated fats and trans fats can lead to heart disease and
obesity. Lipids also serve other functions such as material for cell membrane,
insulation to maintain body temperature, aid in digestion, and as signal molecules.
Fat and oil are the most common examples of lipids. They are under
triglycerides because they are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.
Fat refers to solid triglyceride usually from animal sources such as meat,
milk, butter, margarine, eggs, and cheese. Oil refers to liquid triglycerides from
plant sources. Examples are olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil.
Animal fats contain high percentages of saturated fatty acids while plant oils are
mostly unsaturated fatty acids.
Lipids
They are soluble (dissolve) in oil but are insoluble (don’t dissolve)
in water.
177
3. Proteins
Proteins
They are made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur.
Proteins are made up of amino acids combined through a dehydration link
called a peptide bond.
Monomer: amino acid
178
4. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids play an essential role in the storage, transfer, and expression of
genetic information. Nucleic acid was discovered by a 24-year old Swiss physician
named Friedrich Miescher in 1868. He was puzzled that an unknown substance in
white blood cells did not resemble carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids. He was able to
isolate the substance from the nucleus and initially called it nuclein. He eventually
was able to break down nuclein into protein and nucleic acids. He found out that
nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
The most common examples of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic code of
organisms. It is fondly termed as the blueprint of life. RNA, on another hand,
carries the information from the DNA to the cellular factories for the synthesis of
proteins called ribosome. If carbohydrates are composed of saccharide units and
proteins of amino acids, nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides. Nucleic acids
are also known as polynucleotides.
Nucleic Acids
They are made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Monomer: nucleotide
Function: DNA carries the genetic code of organisms. RNA, carries the
information from the DNA to ribosomes to produce proteins.
179
Structures of the Different Biomolecules
Remember this mnemonic device of biomolecules: CHO CHO CHON CHONP
C stands for the element Carbon N stands for the element Nitrogen
H stands for the element Hydroge P stands for the element Phosphorus
O stands for the element n Oxygen
180
What’s More
Think of a 3 – day healthy meal plan for a teenager like you following the table
below. Make sure that you choose the right kind of food containing carbohydrates,
proteins, and lipids.
181
Hello! My name is Bimol. I have a
problem. I cannot go back home.
Please help me by answering the
questions.
Carbohydrates Lipids
What elements are they composed of? What elements are they composed of?
___________________________________ ___________________________________
______________________ ______________________
What is its function for the body? What is its function for the body?
________________________________ ________________________________
What elements are they composed of? What elements are they composed of?
___________________________________ ___________________________________
______________________ ______________________
What is its function for the body? What is its function for the body?
________________________________ ________________________________
HOME
182
What I Can Do
Now, you already know the different biomolecules. Oops! I heard something in your
stomach. Since you did great, I have a reward for you. Help me to prepare your
lunch by encircling the words related opposite to each biomolecule on the left side.
BIOMOLECULES
Complete the table filling out the required information. Identify the
disorder/disease, related macromolecule and its function based on the
given scenario.
2. One of the students of Mr. Corona shared her story when she was hospitalized
at the age of three. She showed her picture with enlarged tummy, loss of muscle
mass and inflamed patches on her skin. She even mentioned that she was also
irritable and had failure to grow in height according to her mother.
3. While presenting the lesson on Circulation and Gas Exchange, the teacher of
Pandemic Integrated National High School complains shortness of breath,
tightness and aching sensation in his chest that radiates to his neck and jaw.
Disorders/ Diseases Related Macromolecules Function of
Macromolecules
183
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Read and analyze the given statements below. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.
184
6. Which of the following is NOT a lipid?
a. hemoglobin
b. fat
c. steroid
d. triglyceride
8. Which of the following is the storage form of excess glucose in the body,
particularly in the liver and muscles.
a. creatinine
b. glycogen
c. hemoglobin
d. uric acid
185
13. Which of the following is a major insoluble fibrous protein found in connective
tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage and the cornea of the eye?
a. albumin
b. collagen
c. keratin
d. pepsin
Additional Activities
Summarize the topics and creatively translate them into a poem describing what you
have learned about biomolecules. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.
186
Answer Key
.15 C
.14 D
.13 B
.12 B
.11 A
.10 A
C .9
B .8
A .7
A .6
B .5
A .4
C .3
D .2
C .1 Answers may vary.
Assessment Additional Activities
False .15
False .14
True .13
True .12
True .11
False .10
False .9
False .8
True .7
True .6
True .5
False .4
.learner False .3
the chosen food by the True .2
Answers may .vary Answers may vary on True .1
What's New What's In What I Know
187
egg root crops, sugar
fish products, nuts, fruits, grains, Examples
___ Oil, butter, nuts, Meat, dairy Bread, rice,
Signal molecules ;Antibody
membrane; molecule
Material for cell Transport
digestion; molecule; material in plants
Code of life
heat; Aid in Enzyme; Storage body; Structural
synthesis; Maintaining body material; energy in the Used/Function
Protein Source of energy; Structural Primary source of
for lipids)
uniform sub-unit
there is not one
(technically, Monomer
Nucleotides Fatty acids Amino acids Saccharides
Phospholipids .metals
Can be with P for and also other C, H, O Elements
Sometimes S
C, H, O, N, P C, H, O
C, H, O, N
Nucleic Acids Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Description
What I Can Do
188
References
Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Physical
Science. Book.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B869YF0KEHr7SHFGVG5mVFFhcXc/view.
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
189
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
190
Physical
Science
191
Physical Science
Collision Theory and the Rate of Chemical Reaction
First Edition 2020
Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that “no copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.”
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.
192
Physical Science
Collision Theory and the
Rate of Chemical Reaction
193
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Collision Theory and the Rate of Chemical Reaction!
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
194
For the learner:
Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Collision Theory and the Rate of Chemical Reaction!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at
your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
195
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
At the end of this module you will also find answer key to serve as your guide to
check your level of understanding.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Do not forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
196
Week
5
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the use of simple collision theory to explain the effects of concentration,
temperature, and particle size on the rate of reaction. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
197
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. A chemical change that occurs when two or more substances combine to form a
new substance.
a. Activation Energy
b. Chemical Kinetics
c. Chemical Reaction
d. Product
2. The measure of how fast is the change in the concentration of the reactants or
products in a chemical reaction.
a. Activation Energy
b. Activation Rate
c. Chemical Reaction
d. Concentration
3. The substance that enter into and is altered in the course of a chemical reaction.
a. Catalyst
b. Enzyme
c. Product
d. Reactant
4. The number of particles present in a given volume of solution.
a. Catalyst
b. Concentration
c. Product
d. Temperature
5. The measure of how fast or slow a reaction happens.
a. Activation Energy
b. Collision theory
c. Particle Size
d. Rate of Reaction
6. Condition that needs to be met for a chemical reaction to occur.
a. Substance must be homogeneous.
b. Temperature should be kept constant.
c. Particles should maintain a certain distance to each other.
d. Particles in the substance must collide and have enough energy.
7. The factor that would NOT affect the rate of chemical reaction.
a. Concentration
b. Humidity
c. Particle Size
b. Temperature
198
8. The factor that will slow down the rate of chemical reaction.
a. Manual stirring of the substance.
b. Placing substance in a hot water.
c. Placing catalyst in iced water.
d. Placing reactants in ice bath.
9. The factor that does NOT show evidence of chemical reaction.
a. Absorption of heat
b. Change of color
c. Change of size
d. Liberation of heat
10. The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object
a. Energy
b. Humidity
c. Temperature
d. Thermometer
12. The measure of how much exposed area a solid object has, expressed in
square units.
a. Volume
b. Surface
c. Surface Area
d. Concentration
15. A form of matter that has definite composition and distinct characteristics.
a. Atoms
b. Compound
c. Mixture
d. Substance
199
Lesson
1 Collision Theory
Chemical reactions have been a part of this world ever since everything began.
From Big bang to the present day, everything happening around us has something
to do with chemical reactions and chemical processes. Chemical reactions are
commonly observed in our daily lives such as in cooking, eating, cleaning and in
processes like respiration, corrosion and fermentation. Even how our body lives
and grows are all but some of the many chemical reactions that take place,
although you may not recognize them. This is the reason we need to understand
how chemical processes take place, be it naturally occurring or not.
This lesson will help enhance your understanding about how chemical reaction
occurs and what are the different factors affecting chemical reaction.
What’s In
Simple Recall
Chemical or Physical Change?
Directions: Identify the type of change that id describe in each item. Write the word
Physical or Chemical on the right side of the picture.
1. Baking a Cake
2. Burning Paper
200
What’s New
Picture Analysis
When we talk about reactions in science, what does that make you think of? Write
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
What is It
201
The collision theory states that reacting substances must come into contact (collide)
with enough activation energy, and in the correct orientation (facing the correct
way), so that their electron shells can rearrange to form the products of the
reaction. Therefore, any factor which changes the frequency or energy of the
collisions will change the rate of the reaction.
As shown on the picture, the diatomic Nitrogen gas reacts with diatomic Oxygen
gas to yield two molecules of Nitrogen Oxide. The shared atoms form a bond by
completing the valence shells of both atoms.
A chemical reaction does not take place if the collision between molecules does not
have sufficient energy to break the bonds in the reactants and if the molecules are
not properly oriented.
Figure 1 Figure 2
202
As shown in figure 2, no reaction can take place between two particles if they are
far apart. To form new bonds, atoms must come in contact with each other and
have correct relative orientations so that the correct bonds are broken, atoms
transfer to the correct positions (see Figure 1).
When two particles collide, sometimes a chemical reaction can occur, which means
the bonds between two or more particles are broken and reformed, creating one or
more new substances. The substances or particles that enter and is changed in the
chemical reaction are called reactants and the substances that are formed are
called products.
The reactants (left part of the equation) are carbon dioxide, water, and light while
the products (right side of the equation) are sugar and oxygen. But for a chemical
reaction to occur, several things must happen:
1. The particles must come into contact with one another or collide.
2. When they collide, the particles must be lined by correctly so that the right
parts of the atoms or molecules are exposed. If they are not oriented correctly,
no chemical reaction will take place.
3. The particles must collide with enough energy to break their chemical bonds.
The amount of energy that must be available for a reaction to occur is referred
to as the activation energy.
The reaction rate of a chemical reaction is a measurement of the increase in the
concentration of a product or the decrease in the concentration of a reactants as
the reaction proceeds over time.
Keep in mind that not all reactions occur at the same speed. Some are very slow
while others are fast.
203
The rate of reaction also depends on the type of molecules that combine. If there are
low concentrations (does it refer to the terms in boldface in the previous statement?
Type od molecule and concentration are not related to each other, maybe the number of
Lesson
Factors Affecting the Rate
2 of Reaction
1. Activation Energy
The activation energy refers to the minimum energy required for a reaction to take
place. When a collision provides energy equal to or greater than the activation
energy, a product can form. On the other hand, if the energy of the particles is less
than the activation energy, the collision may not effective, and they just could
bounce off each other unchanged.
The figure above shows a man trying to push a rock over the cliff. For the man to
push the rock, he needs to have enough energy. If the man does not have enough
energy, the rock will not move down the cliff. This energy needed for the man to
push the rock over the cliff represents the activation energy.
Can you think of another example to show how activation energy works?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Temperature
204
Let us try to apply:
Arrange the following samples according to the rate of solubility of sugar.
(1 -fastest, 3-slowest)
3. Concentration
To illustrate:
205
Now, let us try to do Picture Analysis:
Based on the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) and properties of matter, why do you
think there is less collision on the left side while there is more collision on the right
side?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
What can you deduce (conclude) about the effect of concentration on the rate of
chemical reaction?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
To understand this further, try to analyze the picture and answer the questions
below:
Figure 1 Figure 2
206
How many reactant particles can be seen on Figure 1? __________________________
Which do you think is the solid particle on Figure 1? _____________________________
What have you observed to the reactant particles in Figure 2? ____________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
In which container will the solid particle dissolve faster and why?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
What’s More
The rate at which reactants are consumed and products are formed during
chemical reactions vary greatly. In this part of the module, you will discover how
the different factors, such as concentration, temperature and particle size affect the
rate of chemical reactions.
The following video links are experiments that you will watch and observe before
answering the “Activity Assessment.”
A. Effects of concentration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_TJEHzjBLM
B. Effects of Temperature: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izqJkdj1d4U
C. Effects of Particle Size: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQtKRBL3rJY
207
4-5. Explain the effects of concentration on the rate of chemical reaction.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Show the correct chemical equation for the reaction of Magnesium (Mg) ribbon
and Hydrochloric (HCl) acid.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. In which temperature of Oxalic acid (C2H2O4) and Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) mixture
did the Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) dissolves faster?
______________________________________________________________________________
12-13. Compare the speed reaction of powdered Calcium Carbonate (CaCO 3) with
that of a lump of Calcium Carbonate placed in water?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
14-15. How does particle size affect the rate of chemical reaction?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
208
What I Have Learned
SENTENCE COMPLETION
Directions: Complete the group of words to form relevant ideas about the lesson.
1. According to the collision theory, there are three (3) requirements for a reaction
to occur: these are _________________________, _________________________ and
___________________________.
2. The factors that can affect the rate of reaction are ____________________________,
_________________________________, ___________________________________ and
_________________________________.
7. The greater the size of particles, the ______________ is the surface area.
8. The smaller the size of particles, the ______________ is the surface area.
9. Remember, not all reactions happen at the same speed. Some are _____________
while others are ______________.
What I Can Do
Create your own 5-minute experiment video by choosing one of the factors
discussed in this lesson.
209
Rubric for Grading
The video will be scored from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest. The criteria for
grading are as follows:
Criteria Expectations
Visuals The video is clear and engaging. Camera shots tell the
story visually and no lighting problems.
Assessment
Directions: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct. If FALSE, change the
italicized word or group of words to make the statement correct.
_______________3. Increasing the surface area of the reactant, increases the rate of
the reaction.
_______________4. Raising the temperature of the reaction increases the rate of the
reaction by increasing the energy of the collisions between
reacting particles.
_______________5. If the reactant particles collide with less than the activation
energy, the particles bounce back, and no reaction will occur.
210
PART B. IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Identify what factor affects the rate of chemical reaction in the following
situations. Use the choices below by writing the correct letter before the
number.
11. What condition/s must be met in order for a chemical reaction to occur?
A. Collision with proper orientation
B. Sufficient activation energy
C. Adding more reactant particles
D. Both A and B
12. Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of reaction?
A. Increasing the temperature
B. Adding catalyst
C. Increasing the volume
D. Increasing the concentrations
13. Suppose you dissolve Zinc (Zn) in Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and add more acid
than usual. Then drop pieces of Zinc. What factor does NOT affect the rate of
the reaction?
A. Surface area of the Zinc
B. Concentration of the reactant
C. Temperature of the solution
D. Amount of Hydrochloric acid
15. Why does a candle burn more rapidly when placed in an open jar than in
air? What accounts for this reaction?
A. Higher Oxygen concentration
B. Greater surface area of the jar
C. Increasing the surrounding temperature
D. Length of the candle
211
Additional Activities
Now is the time for you to explore your knowledge about collision theory and the
factors affecting the rate of chemical reaction. Only short answers are needed.
1. Use the collision theory to explain why a lump of sugar is better to use in hot
cup of tea, but granulated sugar is better to use in iced tea.
Granulated sugar is somehow smaller in particle size than lump sugar. Granulated sugar dissolves
reliably and faster in hot mugs compared to lamp sugar, but granulated sugar dissolves faster in iced
tea than lamp sugar. The particles slowly collide with other particles, but because they are granular,
they melt into iced tea.
2. Suppose you held a lighted match to a solid piece of wood and another match to
a pile of wood shavings. Which form of wood would catch fire more easily and
why?
Wood shavins ignite more easily, causing larger collisions and accelerating chemical reactions, as more
particles are exposed to other reactants.
Directions: Find and encircle the missing words hidden in the grid. The words
may be hidden in any direction.
212
Answer Key
4-.5 The rate of reaction increases with increase of concentration of the reactants
than in tube A containing diluted Hydrochloric .acid concentrated Hydrochloric acid
2-.3 The rate of formation of Hydrogen gas is higher in the boiling tube B containing
.1 Formation of gas .bubbles
Effects of Concentration
What’s More Activity 12.
Figure 2 because the particles are smaller which increases the surface area
Size of particle/surface area- 3; Magnesium atom; they are broken into smaller pieces;
What Is it (continuation)
C .9
elements D .8
A bond was formed between B .7
.15 D D .6
elements to form a .compound Chemical .5 .14 C D .5
There is combining of two or more .2 Physical .4 .13 B B .4
Physical .3 .12 C D .3
Presence of mold, rotting or spoiling Chemical .2 .11 A B .2
Change of color, .1 Chemical .1 .10 C C .1
What’s New What's In What I Know
213
WORD SEARCH
reactant creating greater collision and increasing the rate of chemical .reactions
.1 Wood shavings will catch fire more easily because more particles are exposed to other
Additional Activities .(cont)
Slow/Slower, Fast/Faster .9
.10 Greater .8
.10 C Smaller .7
.9 B Increases .6
.8 B .5 Increases
.7 C Solute .4
.6 A Increases .3
.15 A .5 True Area
.14 B .4 True Concentration and Particle Size/Surface
.13 D .3 True Activation Energy, Temperature, .2
.12 C .2 True Activation
.11 D .1 increasing Collision of particles, Orientation and .1
Assessment What I Have Learned
.3 3
) dissolves faster than a lump of CaCO .1 Powdered Calcium Carbonate (CaCO
Effects of Particle Size
What’s More Activity 12. (continuation)
214
References
“Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence.”
https://courses.lumenlearning. com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/
activation -energy-and-temperature-dependence/. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
“Activation Energy. What do you want to activate?” The Mazemaster Blog. May 14,
2012. https://agritourismspeaker.com/2012/05/14/activation-energy-
what-do-you-want-to-activat/.
Davidson, Ashlie. “Collision Theory of Reactions” https://slideplayer.com/
slide/7517587/. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
King, Lorin. “Chemical and Physical Reactions” Reactions Power Point. April 29,
2011. https://betterlesson.com/community/document/156325/reactions-
power-point-pptx.
Klepner, Jackie. “What is the correct equation for photosynthesis?” January 28,
2018.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-balanced-equation-rate-
photosynthesis
“Making Reactions Faster: Factors Affecting Rates of Reaction. February 17, 2016.
https://www.compoundchem.com/2016/02/17/rate-of-reaction/.
Padua, Alicia L., Ma. Cristina D. Padolina, Ricardo M. Crisostomo, and Marie
Jessica B. Alumaga. Physical Science. Vibal Group Inc., 2016.
215
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
216
Physical
Science
217
Physical Science
Catalyst
First Edition 2020
Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that “no copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.”
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.
218
Physical Science
Catalyst
219
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Catalyst!
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
220
For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at
your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
221
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
222
Week
5
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you to
define catalyst and describe how it affects reaction rate. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module contains discussion about catalyst as one of the factors affecting the
reaction rate.
223
What I Know
Directions: Modified TRUE or FALSE. On the space at the left, write TRUE if the
statement is true. If the statement is false, change the italicized word to make it
correct.
224
______________________10. Catalysts permit reactions to proceed along a higher
energy path.
225
Lesson
1 Catalyst
Figure 1: The figure shows how temperature affects the rate of reaction as it
increases the kinetic energy of the molecules, thus increasing their chances
of overcoming the energy barriers they need to have the reaction go to
completion.
226
What’s In
Word Search: Search and encircle to unlock the pool of words in the box then use
them by filling in the blanks to complete the passage.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction
A C T I V A T I O N E N E R G Y M G
B W D N B M L Y L M A W D M T M Q Y
R T A C P A R T I C L E S I Z E Z E
N S I T A S I E A R T V E N D T T N
D Y T R N R R M Q A B N D Q G R M Z
A L L E G E Y P T M O V K Z E V C Y
C A C J M S M E X I D C L I O V Y M
T T L O T P P R T O I D N T D B L E
I A T Q M I E A C M T H Y O Y L R S
V C O N C E N T R A T I O N D B B P
A N Z E L I O U A B L P E L D P Q L
I K R D X Y H R I T M P Z R W M T R
I P Y O K T M E I X U N S N M B N R
227
Notes to the Teacher
A Word of Caution!
Now suppose a tunnel is cut through the mountain. Many more people will
now manage to get from one valley to the other by this easier route. It could
be said that the tunnel route has a lower activation energy than going over
the mountain, but the mountain itself is not lowered. The tunnel has
provided an alternative route but has not lowered the original one. The
original mountain is still there, and some people still choose to climb it. In
chemical terms, if particles collide with enough energy, they can still react in
exactly the same way as if the catalyst was not there; it is simply that the
majority of particles will react via the easier catalyzed route.
228
What’s New
Excellent! You are good in analyzing information. As a reward, I will share a story
with you.
I am more than glad and happy hearing that from you. I’ll just get my book and
read it for you.
229
What a happy ending! They are very lucky for having friends like Sarah and Juan.
They act like catalyst in their relationship. In chemistry, it is any substance that
increases the rate of reaction without itself being consumed. One good example are
enzymes that are naturally occurring catalyst responsible for essential biochemical
reactions.
So, apples go brown when their flesh reacts with air. In the pictures below, which
apple will go brown the quickest? Why?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
A B C D
Figure 2: Apple set ups in different sizes.
What is It
Key Terms
230
The Effect of a Catalyst on Rate of Reaction
This part explains how adding a catalyst affects the rate of reaction. It assumes
familiarity with basic concepts in the collision theory of reaction rates, and with the
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in a gas. A catalyst is a
substance which speeds up a reaction, but is chemically unchanged at its end.
When the reaction has finished, the mass of catalyst is the same as at the
beginning. Several examples of catalyzed reactions and their respective catalysts
are given below:
Reaction Catalyst
Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2
Nitration of benzene concentrated sulfuric acid
Manufacture of ammonia by the Haber iron
Process
Conversion of SO2 into SO3 during the vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5
Contact Process to make sulfuric acid
Hydrogenation of a C=C double bond nickel
Collisions only result in a reaction if the particles collide with a certain minimum
energy called the activation energy for the reaction. The position of activation energy
can be determined on a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution:
Number of
particles
Activation energy
Only those particles represented by the area to the right of the activation energy
will react when they collide. The majority do not have enough energy, and will
simply bounce apart.
231
To increase the rate of a reaction, the number of successful collisions must
be increased. One possible way of doing this is to provide an alternative way for the
reaction to happen which has a lower activation energy. In other words, to move
the activation energy to the left on the graph:
Energy
232
What’s More
Catalyst is one of the factors that can affect the rate of reaction along with
concentration, temperature, and size of the particles as discussed on the previous
module.
The video links below show a simple experiment and a discussion on how catalyst
react with substances, hence affecting its rate.
Link 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_9bpZep1QM&t=41s
Link 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JpGbhAP3ZE
1. What is a catalyst?
2. How does catalyst work?
3. In the video, where are catalysts used in everyday life?
233
What I Have Learned
Complete the group of words to form relevant ideas about the lesson.
A catalyst is…
An enzyme…
Activation energy is related to rate of reaction because…
Without catalyst, life is…
What I Can Do
Just like catalysts explained in science, there are also some factors that may affect
us to grow or hinder our rate of success.
My Journal
234
Assessment
5. What is an enzyme?
a. An inorganic substance added to food for better digestion.
b. An organic molecule that dissolves nutrients in the body.
c. A biomolecule that releases energy during chemical reactions.
d. A biomolecule that serves as catalyst in biological system.
6. Which of the following explains why product molecules are not formed despite
despite numerous collisions? Choose all that apply.
a. Number of collisions c. Orientation
b. Activation energy d. Energy released by reaction
8. Which of the following increases the speed of reaction? Choose all that apply.
a. Raising the temperature. c. Adding a catalyst.
b. Adding more reactants. d. Adding more products.
235
9. The rate of a chemical reaction is NOT affected by which of the following?
a. Temperature c. Concentration b. Particle size d. None
of these
13. Smaller particle size results to a ______________ surface area to be exposed for
the reaction.
a. larger c. smaller
b. regular d. spherical
Additional Activities
236
Answer Key
enzymes .6
Catalyst .5
Activation energy .4
Particle size .3
Concentration .2
Temperature .1
.browning
is enzymatic
enzyme reacts to air
place here when an .oxygen
reaction that takes
To test if combustion is possible due to the presence of .5
The process of the
It is not consumed during the .reaction .4
area, hence letter .D Catalase .3
smallest surface It produces bubbles as a result of the release of .oxygen .2
the one with the It is the .yeast .1
reaction, it will be
affecting the rate of Link 2:
applying the factors catalytic .converters
than .A And by Used in the haber process, contact process and .3
to go brown slower .occur This has a lower activation .energy
makes apple B,C,D It provides an alternative pathway for the reaction to .2
reacts to air, it .reaction
Since apple’s flesh It speeds up the reaction but not used up in the .1
brown the .quickest
.1 Apple D will go Link 1:
237
Answer Key
238
A,B, and C .8
C .7
C and D .6
D .5
B .4
A .3
B .2
A .1
Assessment
References
Boone, Silvester. “Slideplayer”. Rates of Reaction.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8382648/ (accessed May 23,
2020)
239
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
240
Physical
Science
241
Physical Science
Limiting Reactants and the Amount of Products Formed
First Edition 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.
242
Physical Science
Limiting Reactants and the
Amount of Products Formed
243
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Limiting Reactants and the Amount of Products Formed!
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21 st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners’ progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
244
For the learner:
Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Limiting Reactants and the Amount of Products Formed!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at
your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
245
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
246
Week
6
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you to
use the stoichiometric calculation to determine excess and limiting reactants in a
chemical reaction. Also, it helps you to understand on how to perform calculation
in product formation. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.
247
What I Know
1. Write the equation for the reaction of iron (III) phosphate with sodium sulfate
to make iron (III) sulfate and sodium sulfate.
2. If I perform this reaction with 25 grams of iron (III) phosphate and an excess
of sodium sulfate, how many grams of iron (III) phosphate can I make?
3. If 18.5 grams of iron (III) phosphate are actually made when I do this
reaction, what is my percent yield?
4. Is the answer from problem #3 reasonable? Explain.
5. If I do this reaction with 15 grams of sodium sulfate and get a 65.0% yield,
how many grams of sodium phosphate will I make?
6. In the equation Mg + O2(g)
MgO, how many molecules of Mg on the reactant
side do we need to make our equation balance?
a. 2 c. 3
b. b. 1 d. 4
7. Use the following BALANCED equation: 2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
If 15 g of C2H6 react with 45 g of O2, how many grams of water will be
produced?
a. 27 g H2O c. 22 g H2O
b. 28 g H2O d. 23 g H2O
248
11. What is the limiting reactant?
a. Al c. HBr
b. AlBr3 d. H2
12. For the excess reactants, how many grams are left over at the end of the
reaction?
a. 47.4 g c. 44.3 g
b. 42.3 g d. 48.4 g
13.The reactant which was not used up after the completion of the chemical
reaction.
a. Reactants b. Limiting Reagents
b. Solute d. Excess Reagents
14. It deals with the process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or
ionic structure of a substance to form a new substance or product.
a. Chemical Equilibrium c. Chemical Reaction
b. Chemical Kinetics d. Stoichiometry
249
Lesson Physical Sciences: Limiting
1 Reactants and the Amount
of Products Formed
Chemical equations give the ideal stoichiometric relationship of reactants and products.
However, sometimes the amount of reactants used are not mixed in exact or proper
ratio. Thus, some reactants will be in excess and others will be completely used up. In
a chemical reaction, reactants that are not used up when the reaction is finished are
called excess reagents. The reagent that is completely used up is called the limiting
reagent, because its quantity limits the amount of products formed.
Fig 1
250
What’s In
Chemical reaction deals with the process that involves rearrangement of the
molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical
form or a nuclear reaction.
For example:
The figure shows the combustion of methane, CH4 (a hydrocarbon) that produces
carbon dioxide and water.
251
What’s New
Key Terms
Stoichiometry is a branch of chemistry that establishes mole and mass
relationships between reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to
determine desired quantitative data.
Excess reagent is a reactant that is not used up when the reaction is finished.
Limiting reagent is a reagent that is completely used up in a chemical
reaction.
In this activity, you will be introduced to simple stoichiometry.
Stoichiometry includes calculations that allow us to find the
amounts of chemicals involved in each reaction.
2 Gc + 1 1 Sm
M
Where: Gc = graham cracker
M = marshmallow Sm = s’more
1. Notice that to make this recipe you have three pieces (reactant) to the left of the
arrow and one piece (product) to the right. This is supposed to represent a
balanced equation, so how can 3 = 1?
It’s because the pieces combine to form one whole. This would represent a
synthesis reaction.
2. If each student is to make one s’more, and I have 20 students, how much of
each ingredient will I need? Explain your logic – using a chemical equation.
Let's look at a simplified view of the s'mores example. She starts out with six
graham crackers and four marshmallows.
252
Let’s ask Professor F:
Since she has four marshmallows (a greater supply than what is needed), the
graham crackers will limit the number of s'mores she can make.
Alternatively, you could look at the number of graham crackers that would be
needed.
Since there are only six graham crackers (a supply less than
what is needed), the graham crackers will limit the number of
s'mores she can make.
You can see that the conclusion reached was the same
regardless of the ingredient (or reactant) chosen.
We have five hot dogs and four hot dog buns. How many complete
hot dogs sandwiches can we make?
253
What is It
The first and most important step for any stoichiometric calculation
is to start with a balanced reaction. Since our calculations use ratios
based on the stoichiometric coefficients, our answers will be
incorrect if the stoichiometric coefficients are not right.
1. Write down your given equation. For this example, you will use:
C3H8 + O2 --> H2O + CO2
This reaction occurs when propane (C3H8) is burned in the presence of
oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide.
2. Write down the number of atoms per element. Do this for each side of the
equation. Look at the subscripts next to each atom to find the number of
atoms in the equation. When writing it out, it's a good idea to connect it
back to the original equation, noting how each element appears.
Reactant Product
Carbon (C) 3 1
Oxygen (O) 2 3
Hydrogen (H) 8 2
3. Save hydrogen and oxygen for last, as they are often on both sides. Hydrogen
and oxygen are both common in molecules, so it's likely that you'll have
them on both sides of your equation. It's best to balance them last.
You'll need to recount your atoms before balancing the hydrogen and
oxygen, as you'll likely need to use coefficients to balance the other
atoms in the equation.
5. Use a coefficient to balance the single carbon atom. Add a coefficient to the
single carbon atom on the right of the equation to balance it with the 3
carbon atoms on the left of the equation.
C3H8 + O2 --> H2O + 3CO2
254
The coefficient 3 in front of carbon on the
right side indicates 3 carbon atoms just as
the subscript 3 on the left side indicates 3
carbon atoms.
2Al(s)+3Cl2(g)→2AlCl3(s)
255
First, let’s check if our reaction is balanced: we have two Al atoms and six Cl atoms
on both sides of the arrow, so we are good to go! In this problem, we know the mass
of both reactants, and we would like to know which one will get used up first. In
the first step, we will convert everything to moles, and then we will use the
stoichiometric ratio from the balanced reaction to find the limiting reagent.
Now that our known quantities are in moles, there are multiple ways to find the
limiting reagent. We will show three methods here. They all give the same answer,
so you can choose your favorite. All three methods use the
stoichiometric ratio in slightly different ways.
METHOD 1: The first method is to calculate the actual molar ratio of the reactants,
and then compare the actual ratio to the stoichiometric ratio from the balanced
reaction.
This means we need at least 0.67 moles of Al for every mole of Cl 2. Since our actual
ratio is greater than our stoichiometric ratio, we have more Al than we need to
react with each mole of Cl2. Therefore, Cl2is our limiting reagent and Al is in excess.
METHOD 2: A more guess-and-check way you can figure out the limiting
reactant is by choosing one of the reactants—it doesn’t matter which one—
and pretending that it is the limiting reagent. We can then calculate the
moles of the other reagent needed based on the moles of our pretend
256
limiting reagent. For example, if we pretend that Al is the limiting reagent, we
would calculate the required amount of Cl2 as follows:
The more moles of reaction you have, the more times the reaction can occur.
Therefore, the reactant with fewer moles of reaction is the limiting reagent since the
reaction can be carried out fewer times with that reactant. We see that this method
also Cl2 is our limiting reagent because it makes 2.00×10−2mol-rxn, which is less
than 5.20×10−2mol-rxn, from Al.
What is the theoretical yield of AlCl 3 that the reaction can produce when we
start with 4.25 g of Cl2, our limiting reagent?
We can use the moles of limiting reagent plus the stoichiometric ratios from our
balanced reaction to calculate the theoretical yield. The coefficients from the
257
balanced reaction tell us that for every three mol of Cl2we should make two mol of
AlCl3. Therefore, the theoretical yield, in moles, is:
The theoretical yield is usually expected to have units of mass, so we can convert
moles of AlCl3to grams using the molecular weight:
Percent Yield
The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product you would expect from a
reaction based on the amount of limiting reagent. In practice, however, chemists
don’t always obtain the maximum yield for many
reasons. When running a reaction in the lab, loss of product often occurs during
purification or isolation steps. You might even decide it is worth losing 10% of your
product during an extra purification step because it is more important to have
extremely pure product—as opposed to having a larger amount of less pure product.
Oh no, a cat-burglar stole a hot dog bun! That makes the actual yield three complete hot
dogs. If our theoretical yield was four complete hot dogs, what is our percent yield?
Source:
https://www.khanacademy.org/s
cience/chemistry/chemical-
reactions-stoichiome/limiting-
reagent-stoichiometry/a/limiting-
reagents-and-percent-yield
258
Since chemists know that the actual yield might be less than the theoretical yield, we
report the actual yield using percent yield, which tells us what percentage of the
theoretical yield we obtained. This ratio can be very valuable to other people who might
try your reaction. The percent yield is determined using the following equation:
Since percent yield is a percentage, you would normally expect to have a percent
yield between zero and 100. If your percent yield is greater than 100, that
probably means you calculated or measured something incorrectly.
First, we check to see if the reaction is balanced. It looks like we have equal numbers of
all atoms on both sides, so now we can move on to calculating the theoretical yield.
The calculation is simple if you know the actual and theoretical yields. All you need
is substitute the values into the formula:
percent yield = 15 g / 19 g x 100%
Usually, you have to calculate the theoretical yield based on the balanced equation. In
this equation, the reactant and the product have a 1:1 mole ratio, so if you know the
amount of reactant, you know the theoretical yield is the same value in moles (not
grams!). You take the number of grams of reactant you have, convert it to moles, and
then use this number of moles to find out how many grams of product to expect.
259
What’s More
Directions: Answer the following questions below. Use three significant figures
in your computation and final answer.
1. Consider the following reaction: 2Al + 6HBr 2 AlBr3 -----------+3H2
a. When 3.22 moles of Al react with 4.96 moles of HBr, how many moles
of H2 are formed?
b. What is the limiting reactant?
2. Consider the following reaction: 3Si + 2N2 Si3N4
a. When 21.44 moles of Si react with 17.62 moles of N2, how many
moles of Si3N4 are formed?
b. What is the limiting reactant?
The limiting reagent is the reactant that gets used up first during
the reaction and also determines how much product can be made.
We can find the limiting reagent using the stoichiometric ratios
from the balanced chemical reaction along with one of the many
nifty methods in Example 1.
260
What I Can Do
Question No. 1
a. How many Guava Jelly (GuJe) can be formed using 5 Guava and 23 Jelly?
b. What is the limiting reactant?
c. What is the excess reactant?
d. How much is left over?
e. Use the balanced equation to answer the following question. One Guava has
a mass of 2.0 grams and one Jelly has a mass of 1.5 g. How many Guava
Jelly can be made with 12.5 grams of Guava and 15.0 grams of Jelly?
a. How many Hot Pansit can be formed using 10 Pansit and 24 Siling Labuyo?
b. What is the limiting reactant?
c. What is the excess reactant?
d. How much is left over?
e. Use the balanced equation to answer the following question. One Pansit has
a mass of 5.0 grams and one Siling Labuyo has a mass of 1.0 gram. How
many Hot Pansit can be made from 40.0 grams of Pansit and 26.0 grams of
Siling Labuyo?
261
Assessment
4. This refers to the reactants which were not used up after completion of
the chemical reaction..
a. Excess Reagents b. Limiting Reagents
b. Solute d. Solution
9-12. Will 28.7 grams of SiO2 react completely with 22.6 grams of H 2F2? If not,
identify the limiting reagent. The balnced chemical equation for this reaction
is: SiO2+2H2F2→SiF4+2H2O
Si=20.09 g/mole O= 16.00 g/mole H= 1.01
g/mole F= 19.00 g/mole
13-15. a. How many moles of chlorine gas can be produced if 4 moles of FeCl 3
react with 4 moles of O2?
FeCl3 + O2 Fe2O3 + Cl2
a. What is the limiting reactant?
b. What is the excess reactant?
Additional Activities
Answer the following equation using your knowledge gain about limiting reactant.
a. What is the total mass in grams for the collection of all three
elements?
b. What is the total number of moles of atoms for the three elements?
c. If the mixture of the three elements formed a compound with
molecules that contain two hydrogen atoms, one sulfur atom, and
four oxygen atoms, which substance is consumed first?
d. How many atoms of each remaining element would remain
unreacted in the change described in (c)?
a. When 0.56 grams of CuCl2reacts with 0.64 grams of KI, how many
grams of I2 are formed?
b. What is the limiting reactant?
263
Answer Key
2 3
2 .c O .b FeCl
13-15. .a six moles of Cl
.required Because there are only 568.0 moles of H2F2, it is the limiting .reagent
.C Assuming that all of the silicon dioxide is used up, 478×21.0 or 956.0 moles of H2F2 are
478.0 to 568,.0 7.28 grams of SiO2 do not react with the .H2F2
There must be one mole of SiO2 for every two moles of H2F2 .consumed Because the ratio is
9-12
.8 c .7 d .6 bb .5
.4 a .3 a .2 b c .1
Answer
Assessment
.15 a
.14 c
.13 d
.12 b
.11 c
.10 a
b .9
a .8
c .7
a .6
0650,. you get 748. .grams
.grams Multiplying this by
4 Hot Pansit .e theoretical yield is 11 5.
2 .d stoichiometry, the
Pansit .c According to the .5
Si .b SilingLabuyo .b of conservation of mass.
4 3 2
881. mol Si N N= 4 .a is reasonable under the law
4 3
Si= 715. mol Si N .a 2 .Yes Any yield under 100% 4.
2 2 Guava Jelly .e
3 .d .(185/33) x 100% = 56% 3.
HBr .2 Jelly .c
2 HBr= 248. mol H Guava .b 33 grams .2
2
.1
Al= 483. mol H 5 .a Fe2(SO4)3 + 2Na3PO4
1 1 2 FePO4 + 3Na2SO41 .1
What's More Can Do What I What I Know
264
References
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Percent Yield Definition and Formula." ThoughtCo.
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-percent-yield-605899 (accessed
May 28, 2020).
Khan Academy. n.d. “Limiting Reagents and Percent Yield.” Khan Academy. Khan
Academy. Accessed May 23, 2020.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-
stoichiome/limiting-reagent-stoichiometry/a/limiting-reagents-and-percent-
yield.
Kotz, J. C., P. M. Treichel, J. R. Townsend, and D. A. Treichel. "Stoichiometry:
Quantitative Information about Chemical Reactions." In Chemistry and
Chemical Reactivity, Instructor's Edition, 139-49. 9th ed. Stamford, CT:
Cengage Learning, 2015
Lumen Learning. n.d. “Reaction Stoichiometry.” Lumen Learning Boundless
Chemistry. PressBooks Lumen Learning. Accessed May 23, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/reaction-
stoichiometry/.
Ruff MA, Bess. 2020. “How to Balance Chemical Equations.” WikiHOW, January.
https://www.wikihow.com/Balance-Chemical-Equations.
Staley, Dennis. Prentice Hall Chemistry. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.
Petrucci, Ralph H., William S. Harwood, Geoffery F. Herring, and Jeffry D. Madura.
General Chemistry. 9th ed. New Jersey: Pearsin Prentice Hall,
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Modules_an
d_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Limiting_Reagents2
007
265
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
266
Physical
Science
267
Physical Science
How Energy is Produced and Managed
First Edition 2020
Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that “no copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.”
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.
268
Physical Science
How Energy is Produced
and Managed
269
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
270
For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at
your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
271
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
272
Week
7
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master how energy is harnessed from different sources: fossil fuels, biogas,
geothermal, hydrothermal, batteries, solar cells, and biomass. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
This module contains discussion about the different sources of energy, how they
are generated and managed.
273
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
2. Energy that comes from sources that will run out or will not be replenished
in our lifetimes—or even in many, many lifetimes
a. kinetic
b. non-renewable
c. potential
d. renewable
4. It includes hydrocarbons such as coal, oil, and natural gas that comes from
organic remains of prehistoric organisms.
a. batteries
b. biogas
c. fossil fuels
d. solar power
274
6. This is “The People’s Power” because of the easy deployment of solar panels
and where energy is shared among owners.
a. biofuel
b. geothermal
c. hydroelectric
d. solar energy
8. This is the kind of renewable energy that is used to create methane and alcohol
which are fuels useful in energy production and in powering automobiles.
a. biomass
b. geothermal
c. hydroelectric
d. solar wind
275
13.This renewable source of energy is less of an environmental hazard
compared to fossil fuels.
a. batteries
b. biomass
c. fossil
d. geothermal
15.The energy that comes from fossil fuels came from the sun through this
process when the prehistoric plants were still alive.
a. cytokinesis
b. meiosis
c. mitosis
d. photosynthesis
276
Lesson
How is Energy Produced and
1 Managed
What’s In
277
Notes to the Teacher
Ask learners to name different sources of energy and list them on
the board. Add on the list sources that are not mentioned by the
learners.
What’s New
Activity 1.2
The diagram shows the different sources of energy in the Philippines and the
percentages of each source. Compare the main source of energy from the different
regions of the Philippines.
Figure1. Gross Power Generation by Fuel (2013), Retrieved July 17, 2020, http://
www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2015.03.06/chart2.png).
278
Guide Questions:
1. What are the different sources of electricity in the Philippines?
2. Refer to the diagram above to complete the table below.
Luzon Visayas Mindanao
Main source of
electricity
Percentage
Second Source of
Electricity
Percentage
Third Source of
Electricity
Percentage
3. Based on the diagram, what can you say about the sources of energy from
the different regions in the Philippines?
What is It
279
I. Renewable Sources
1. Geothermal
Geothermal power utilizes the heat energy from the earth’s crust. This heat
energy heats up rocks which, in turn, heats up nearby groundwater. The Malitbog
Geothermal Power Station is a 232.5 MW geothermal power plant or an earth steam
turbined electric generator--the world's largest geothermal power plant under one
roof located in Malitbog, Kananga, Leyte, Philippines. The power plant is one of four
operating in the Leyte Geothermal Production Field.
280
Makban Geothermal Power Plant and Makban Binary Geothermal Power
Plant in Bay, Laguna
Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant in Tiwi, Albay
Bacon Manito Geothermal Power Plant in Sorosogon
Unified Leyte Geothermal Power Plant Tongonan Geothermal Power Plant in
Leyte
Southern Negros Geothermal Production Field – Nasulo Geothermal Power
Plant and Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant in Valencia Negros Occidental
2. Hydroelectric
A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy.
Then a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical
energy. The generator power is stepped up to a higher voltage from the substation,
and then exported for transmission.
281
3. Wind power
While an electric fan uses electricity to produce wind, a wind turbine uses
wind to produce electricity. A wind turbine can generate megawatts of power,
depending on the weather conditions. In fact, an indicator for a potential wind farm
site is the presence of flagging trees or trees that are bent like how a flag would
look like due to strong winds. Because of the vast land area a wind farm occupies,
unused areas can be co-located with agricultural crops or even a solar farm.
Wind has been used in centuries to move ships and pump water. Wind
turbines are installed in strategic locations to harness the mechanical energy from
wind. Some of the most recent developments are the Bangui Wind Farm, Burgos
Wind Farm, and Caparispisan Wind Farm in Ilocos Norte, the Wind Energy Power
System in Oriental Mindoro, San Lorenzo Wind Farm in Guimaras, Nabas Wind
Farm in Aklan and Pililla Wind Farm in Rizal.
4. Solar Cells
With recent technology, solar power systems can be both applied to on- and
off-grid areas. Aggressive economic growth for the country is not far behind. As long
as there is sunlight, solar power will always be available. Solar power technology
may not generate energy at night but it is capable of supplying electricity to the grid
at daytime.
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy
of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is
282
a physical and chemical phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a
device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary
when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices are often the electrical building
blocks of photovoltaic modules, known colloquially as solar panels.
Lian Sola Power Project and Calatagan Solar Power Project in Calatagan,
Batangas
Cavite Economic Zone Solar Power Project in Rosario and General
Trias, Cavite
CW Home Depot Solar Power Project and Central Mall Binan Solar
Power Plant in Biñan City, Laguna
Solar energy is also known as “The People’s Power,” referring to the easy
deployment of solar panels and the introduction of “community solar gardens”
where energy is shared among owners.
Emissions associated with the manufacture of solar panels are present but
very minimal compared to pollution caused by burning fossil fuels.
Two of the harmful emissions from the manufacture of solar panels are
nitrogen trifluoride and sulfur hexafluoride.
Both are potent greenhouse gases.
283
5. Biomass
Biomass is used to create methane and alcohol which are fuels useful in
energy production and in powering automobiles.
284
II. Non-renewable Sources
1. Fossil fuels
Coal, oil and gas are fossil fuels, which have been formed over the last 600
million years. Coal is the fossilized remains of huge forests which covered many
parts of the world in prehistoric times and hence contains biomass. As the trees
and plants died, they were covered in layers of silt and sand and, under great
pressure, gradually became formed into coal deposits.
Coal is the world’s most abundant fossil fuel. It is relatively inexpensive and
is readily available.
The formation of fossil fuels is due to a series of geologic processes where the
remains of organic life are accumulated in the ocean bottom and are buried
to eventually become part of the geosphere.
They are buried to depths having high temperature and pressure where they
are converted to oil, natural gas, or coal.
In the Philippines, around 69% of our electricity is derived from fossil fuels
(coal, oil, natural gas, biomass).
285
Power plants burn fossil fuels and the heat generated during this process is
used to turn water into steam and this turns the turbines.
2. Electrochemical (batteries)
A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical
energy. The chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of electrons from one
material (electrode) to another, through an external circuit. The flow of electrons
provides an electric current that can be used to do work.
There are three main components of a battery: two terminals made of different
chemicals (typically metals), the anode and the cathode; and the electrolyte, which
separates these terminals. The electrolyte is a chemical medium that allows the
flow of electrical charge between the cathode and anode.
Batteries, compared to other sources, have low intensity but they are
commonly used since they are portable and efficient.
286
What’s More
Summarize your understanding about the different sources of energy by filling out
the table below. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
Fossil Fuel
Electrochemical
Cells
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar Cells
Biomass
Point out the similarities and differences between renewable and non-renewable
sources of energy by using a Venn diagram on a separate sheet of paper.
Renewable Non-Renewable
Sources Sources
287
What I Can Do
288
Assessment
Modified True or False. Read each statement carefully. Write True if the
statement is correct; if the statement is FALSE, change the italicized word to make
it true. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
_______1. Biomass is used to create methane and alcohol which are fuels useful in
energy production and in powering automobiles.
_______2. Electrical sources can be broken down into three major groups.
_______3. Hydroelectric power utilizes the heat energy from the earth’s crust.
_______6. The cushion is a chemical medium that allows the flow of electrical charge
between the cathode and anode.
_______8. The most common fuels are coal, natural gas, and uranium (nuclear
power).
_______10. Batteries have high intensity but they are commonly used since they are
portable and efficient.
_______11. Geothermal energy is less of an environmental hazard compared to fossil
fuels.
______12. Wastes such as crop remains, manure, and garbage are good sources of
biomass.
______13. Nonrenewable source is produced from sources that do not deplete or can
be replenished within a human's life time.
______14. An electric fan uses electricity to produce wind.
289
Additional Activities
Activity 1.6
Direction: Make either a poster, a flyer, or a brochure on a product (such as
fuels, household, or personal care products) indicating its uses, properties, mode
of action, and precautions.
Answer Key
Electricity
Coal Oil Hydroelectric Third Source of
Electricity
Oil Coal Natural gas Second Source of
electricity
Hydroelectric Geothermal Coal Main source of
.2
and .others
.1 The different sources of energy in the Philippines are coal, natural gas, oil, geothermal, hydroelectric
What’s New
Source
Example Type of Electrical
What’s More
290
Mindanao .15
True .14
Alessandro Volta .13
True .12
low .11
True .10
True .9
coal .8
True .7
Geothermal .6
True .5
True .4
non-renewable .3
two .2
Answers may .vary True .1
Additional Activities Assessment
.15 D
.14 A
.13 D
.12 B
.11 C
.10 C
A .9
A .8
biomass .7 A .7
battery .6 D .6
renewable .5 A .5
solar .4 C .4
geothermal .3 B .3
electricity .2 B .2
potential .1 B .1
What’s In What I Know
291
References
Website:
“Our Energy Sources, Geothermal – The National Academies”, Accessed July 19,
2020 http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/energy-sources/renewable-
sources/geothermal/#:~:text=Geothermal%20energy%20is%20produced%20
by,on%20an%20electric%20power%20generator.
Mary Bates. School of Engineering: “How Does A Battery Work?”, Accessed July 17,
2020 https://engineering.mit.edu/engage/ask-an-engineer/how-does-a-
battery-work/
292
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
293
Physical
Science
294
Physical Science
Active Ingredient(s) of Cleaning Products Used at Home
First Edition 2020
Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that “no copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.”
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.
295
Physical Science
Active Ingredient(s) of Cleaning
Products Used at Home
296
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
297
For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at
your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
298
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
299
W
e
8
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the active ingredients of cleaning products used at home. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
After going through this module, you are expected to identify the active
ingredient(s) of cleaning products at home.
300
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
3. This cleaning product provides the chemical energy to help clean and
remove food soil from different types of cooking and serving items.
a. astringent
b. bleaches
c. detergent products
d. dishwashing liquid
4. This helps to disinfect and sanitize the materials and furniture in our home.
a. astringent
b. bleaches
c. detergent products
d. dishwashing liquid
5. This can prevent the spread of infectious diseases and control allergens,
such as dust and mold.
a. cleaning product
b. cooking utensils
c. electrical appliances
d. vehicles
301
6. These are liquid cleansers for cleaning dishes, plastics, and many other
surfaces.
a. astringent
b. bleaches
c. detergent products
d. dishwashing liquid
7. Sodium hydroxide and ___________ are the most commonly used alkali in
soap and detergents.
a. calcium hydroxide
b. cesium hydroxide
c. magnesium hydroxide
d. potassium hydroxide
8. This is known as washing soap or washing-up liquid that is used for hand
washing of glasses, plate, cutlery, and cooking utensils in a sink or bowl.
a. dishwashing gel
b. dishwashing liquid
c. dishwashing powder
d. dishwashing tablet
9. Mixing chlorine bleach with ammonia or vinegar can release what kind of
poisonous gas?
a. carbon monoxide
b. chlorine
c. nitrous oxide
d. sulfur
302
12. Which of the following is the best practice to have clean and healthy living?
a. Eat at the right time
b. Exercise daily
c. Do handwashing
d. Wear safety gadgets
15. In order to prevent any harm in using the cleaning products at home,
one must:
a. Buy one product only.
b. Read carefully the product information.
c. Patronize the most popular name of a product.
d. Check the cheapest product available in the market.
303
Lesson Active Ingredient(s) of
1 Cleaning Materials Used
at Home
Home is our haven especially when we are so tired in our whole day work in school
or office. In this time of pandemic, the cleanliness of our home is very important.
Good housekeeping requires high standard of cleanliness or the absence of dirt and
its sanitation as well, or the absence of disease-causing organisms like bacteria. All
housekeeping tasks need the use of the right tool for the right job. No single
product can provide optimum performance on all surfaces and all soils. It is not
surprising that many different household cleaners are available in the market. They
are formulated to clean efficiently and conveniently in many different situations
found at home.
304
What’s In
Activity 1.1
Chemical reaction occurs when there is enough energy between reactants and
creates products. The reaction can increase or decrease temperature which is one
of the reasons that cleaning household products can burn skin or cause irritation.
1. What are the things you already know about the following concepts?
2. In what way will the following concepts be useful in understanding how chemical
household cleaning products works effectively. Give a possible explanation.
a. Energy
b. Chemical reactions
Let us see how these concepts occur in our lesson.
Note: Be careful on handling household cleaning products.
305
What’s New
1. calamansi
2. lemons
3. papaya
4. tomatoes
5. potatoes
306
What is It
There are lots of cleaning products we use daily in our home, office, or school.
These cleaning products play an important vital role in order to make our home
spick and span. They also help in safely and effectively removing dirt, germs and
other contaminants. They can also prevent the spread of infectious diseases and
control allergens, such as dust and mold, in order to keep us healthy. Cleaning
products also enable us to care for our homes and possessions.
There are different kinds of cleaning products. These are laundry detergents,
bleaches, dishwashing products and other household cleaners. Active ingredients
are found in different household cleaning products. They may give different side
effects to human. They can give either positive or negative side effects to us. So
before using these cleaning materials be sure to read first the instructions. Don’t
forget to follow all precautionary and safety measures before using them. Here are
some of the active ingredients found in different cleaning materials we use at home.
polyoxymethylene chain.
Because these compounds are surfactants, they can be used whenever oily
substances encounter water or a surface. It can be
307
used as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, degreasers and emollients in many
lines of commercially available products and industrial practices.
It can be used in detergents, dish washing liquids, shower gels, shampoos, hair
conditioners and fabric softeners. It can also be used as fire extinguishing agent,
because it is not flammable. In the cosmetic industry it is used as an emulsifier to mix
oily and water-soluble compounds for toothpaste or moisturizing products.
It can produce irritating vapors when heated, consisting of carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide and others. As all detergents it can irritate skin and eyes.
If swallowed, it will cause nausea or vomiting.
3. Amine Oxide
An amine oxide, also known as amine-N-oxide and N-oxide, is a chemical
compound that contains the functional group R3N+–O−, an N–O bond with three
additional hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon side chains attached to Long-chain
alkyl amine oxides are used as nonionic surfactants and foam stabilizers.
Amine oxides are highly polar molecules and have a polarity close to that of
quaternary ammonium salts. Small amine oxides are very hydrophilic and have an
excellent water solubility and a very poor solubility in most organic solvents.
4. Ammonia
Ammonia is a colorless, soluble alkali gas that occurs naturally in the
environment. It is a chemical containing one nitrogen and three hydrogen atoms
bonded together. It was traditionally used in many household cleaners, though
today it's still found in glass cleaner, all-purpose cleaners, and smelling salts.
When used in cleaning compounds, it’s called “household ammonia.”
Ammonia fumes are powerful irritant, potentially harming your skin, eyes,
nose, lungs and throat. When found in oven cleaners and window cleaning
formulations, it is an irritant to the mucous membranes. When working with
ammonia, wearing heavy-duty gloves, goggles, and a face mask are smart
precautions to protect your health.
5. Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite also known as bleach is another alkali disinfectant.
Bleach works by oxidizing or breaking down the molecular bonds of stains and
germs.
Another useful but dangerous cleaner it also has strong corrosive properties
that may do serious damage to the human body. Ammonia and bleach are a
308
particularly dangerous combination, creating potentially deadly gases when mixed.
Never store these two chemicals in the same place.
Bleach in the bottle is generally a five percent solution. Toxic chlorine gas
can be formed if bleach is mixed with acids, such as bowl cleaners.
6. Ethanol
Ethanol is a natural byproduct of plant fermentation and can be produced
through the hydration of ethylene. It mixes easily with water and many organic
compounds, and makes an effective solvent for use in paints, lacquers and varnish,
as well as personal care and household cleaning products.
Ethanol is highly flammable and should not be used near open flames.
Ethanol inhalation can cause coughing or headaches.
7. Phenol
Phenol, any of a family of organic compounds characterized by a hydroxyl
(―OH) group attached to a carbon atom that is part of an aromatic ring. Besides
serving as the generic name for the entire family, the term phenol is also the
specific name for its simplest member, monohydroxybenzene (C 6H5OH), also known
as benzenol, or carbolic acid.
Phenols are similar to alcohols but form stronger hydrogen bonds. They are
more soluble in water than are alcohols and have higher boiling points. Phenols
occur either as colorless liquids or white solids at room temperature and may be
highly toxic and caustic.
8. Quaternary ammonium
The quaternary ammonium compounds (or quats) are a family of low-level
disinfectants (according to Spaulding) with most quats being derived from
benzalkonium. Quats are reacted to provide a variety of chain lengths and
molecular structures so that the mix of quats used in the disinfectant provide a
wider range of efficacy than a single chain.
Quats are generally used to disinfect countertops, toilets and other high
touch environmental surfaces and floors. Quaternary ammonium compounds are
cationic disinfectants. This means the quats chain carries a positive (plus) charge
on one end of the molecule; many soils and soaps/detergents carry an anionic or
negative (minus) charge.
309
Quats can also bind with, or be absorbed by, materials and fibers including
cotton (e.g., cleaning rags and mops). Quats generally take 3-10 minutes to
disinfect and should be used with cleaning tools that are tested to be compatible.
9. Sodium percarbonate.
Sodium percarbonate is a powder that releases hydrogen peroxide, and very
concentrated. It is a granulated powder which can be nice for scrubbing stains and
stuck-on-gunk off dishes. Scouring powder is made from hydrogen peroxide. It can
be made into a paste, too, and used on tile grout and tough stains.
In using this product, follow and read the instructions carefully. Be very
careful in handling all household cleaning products.
310
What’s More
Direction:
With your cleaning products available at hand, read the product information on the
packaging. Fill out what is ask on the table below using the product information.
During the activity, observe the products with caution, particularly in smelling and
touching as they may have harmful effects upon contact. Write your answer on a
separate sheet.
Precautions
Guidelines
product in
product in
Ingredient
using the
using the
Description
Active/Major
Product
Product
Bleach
(DO NOT
TOUCH with
BARE
HANDS)
Detergent
soap
Dishwashing
liquid
Toilet bowl
cleaner
(DO NOT
TEACH with
BARE
HANDS)
After filling up the table, check the common active ingredients present in all
cleaning products.
311
What I Have Learned
3. Explain why these are useful not only as ingredients but also as
household cleaning products.
4. Take all the necessary care in doing the activity.
5. Wear necessary gears in performing the activity.
6. Write your output in a separate sheet of paper.
312
What I Can Do
Activity 1.5
Direction:
1.What are the alternative natural materials can be used in cleaning the following:
a. food stain on clothes
b. kitchen sink
c. bad smell/odor inside refrigerator
313
Assessment
Direction: Write T if statement is true and F if the statement is false and choose the
word or set of words that make it incorrect. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.
4. Sodium alkyl sulfate are water-soluble sulfates that can form soap bubbles.
5. Phenols form stronger hydrogen bonds and more soluble in water than alcohols.
6. Small amine oxides are very hydrophilic and have an excellent water solubility.
9. Quat is a powder that releases hydrogen peroxide which can be used for
scrubbing stains.
11. All cleaning agents can irritate skin and eyes and can cause nausea or
vomiting if swallowed.
13. Ammonia is a soluble alkali gas which contains one nitrogen and three
hydrogen atoms bonded together.
14. Ethoxylate surfactants enhance the mixing and solubilization of oil and water.
15. Ammonia fumes are powerful irritants that can cause harm to your skin, eyes,
nose, lungs and throat.
314
Additional Activities
Activity 1.6
Direction:
Compose a jingle related to the topic active ingredients of cleaning agents. Write
your output in a separate sheet of paper.
Rubrics
Criteria Excellent Merit Achieved Needs Score
(4pts) (3pts) (2pts) Improvement
(1pt)
Content Information Information Information Information is
are clearly are clearly is clear unclear and
presented and presented written in
Order of
ordered in and ordered random order
information
such a way
does not
that it brings
clearly show
a full picture
of the material
Creativity It is visually Visually Visually Readable
inviting and inviting and pleasing and
easy to read easy to read readable
Spelling and All spelling Some Some Notable spelling
Grammar and grammar spelling and spelling and and grammar
are correct grammar grammar error
error error
Punctuality Submitted on Submitted Submitted Submitted after
time on time on time the deadline
TOTAL
Highest possible score: (4x4)/4= 4 components
315
Answer Key
.15 D
.14 C
Answers may .vary .13 D
Potato- removes rust .12 C
metal .11 C
Tomatoes- clean .10 D
remover B .9
Papaya- stain B .8
removes odor D .7
natural bleach; D .6
Lemon- antiseptic; A .5
.vegetables odor C .4
available fruits and removes stain and D .3
depending on the Calamansi- bleach, A .2
Answers may vary Use: C .1
What’s New What's In What I Know
316
Answer Key
.15 T
.14T
.13T
flammable
.12F- non-
.11T
.10T
.9 F- Quat
sulfate
F-alkyl .8
T .7
products T .6
available cleaning T .5
depending on the T .4
Answer may vary F- low .3
T .2
Activities T .1
Additional Assessment
317
References
Website:
“Chem 101: What you need to know about active ingredients?”, Accessed May 20,
2020, cleanlink.com. https://www.cleanlink.com/hs/article/Chem-101-
What-you-need-to-know-about-active-ingredients--372
“Chemicals Found in Household Products Chapter 6, Lesson 1”, Accessed May 20,
2020, study.com. https://study.com/academy/lesson/chemicals-found-in-
household-products.html
Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Physical
Science. Book. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B869YF0KEHr7SHFG
VG5mVFFhcXc/view. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
ShareAlike 4.0
318
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
319
Physical
Science
320
Physical Science
Use of the Other Ingredients in Cleaning Agents
First Edition 2020
Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that “no copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.”
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.
321
Physical Science
Use of the Other Ingredients
in Cleaning Agents
322
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
323
For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at
your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
324
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
325
W
e
8
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the use of the other ingredients in cleaning agents. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module focuses on the use of the other ingredients in cleaning agents.
After going through this module, you are expected to give the use of the other
ingredients in cleaning agents.
326
What I Know
1. Aside from the active ingredient, there are also other ingredients included in
cleaning agents. This ingredient helps in keeping the minerals out of the way of the
surfactants.
a. builders
b. fragrance
c. pH adjusters
d. solvents
3. Adding of this ingredient in a certain liquid cleaning agent will decrease the
viscosity of the liquid. What is this ingredient?
a. dye
b. enzymes
c. solvents
d. thickener
4.Many people feel bubbles show that a product is working. What is the ingredient
that creates suds in a cleaning agent?
a. dye
b. foam enhancer
c. pH adjuster
d. preservatives
327
6. What ingredient has the power to break down stains like in digestive system
which helps break down the food we eat?
a. enzymes
b. fragrance
c. solvents
d. thickener
7. This ingredient balanced the acidity or base of a certain product. What is this
ingredient?
a. dye
b. fragrance
c. pH adjuster
d. solvents
8. What substance when added to a cleaning product makes it stable and safe for a
longer period?
a. enzymes
b. foam enhancer
c. pH adjuster
d. preservative
11. What substance provides most of the cleaning power in cleaning products?
a. antibacterial
b. enzymes
c. solvents
d. surfactants
12. What are these ingredients included in a hand hygiene product which provides
reduction in germs?
a. antibacterial
b. enzymes
c. fragrance
d. solvents
328
13. This substance can be extracted in natural compounds. Which of the following
is a natural compound?
a. flowers
b. fruits
c. nuts
d. all of the above
14. What substance helps the surfactant more powerful through the reaction of
certain stuff which is found in tap water?
a. antibacterial
b. builders
c. enzymes
d. fragrance
329
Lesson
Use of the Other Ingredients
1 in Cleaning Agents
In cooking, there are many interpretations of some dishes. But when one or two
ingredients are lacking, the food that you will eat will not be as delicious as what
you expect. The same with the cleaning products. It is not only the active ingredient
that plays an important role in cleaning agent but also the other ingredients.
What’s In
330
Notes to the Teacher
Keep on reminding the learners to take extra careful in handling
different cleaning products. They must choose wisely the products
they will buy. They should purchase those eco-friendly products.
What’s New
Direction:
Arrange the following jumbled letters to form the words related to cleaning
agents/ingredients/products.
1. SNDHA
2. EAGSRE
3. ITDR
4. SVURI
5. MUPFERE
6. TABEIACR
7. ECNAL
8. UEHSO
9. LHTEHA
10.LAOHLCO
11.DICA
12. GRDAEN
13. EGSATRNM
14. OFROL
15. TETREUX
331
What is It
With the different household cleaning products that we have in the market today,
we don’t know which the best is to use in our household We assume that these
cleaning products are safe to use. In fact, many popular household cleaners are
dangerously toxic. They contain different ingredients that are harmful to our health
Together with the active ingredient there are other ingredients found in cleaning
agents. Let’s look at their uses.
1.Builders
Builders are one of the important group of ingredients that help make cleaning
products better. Builders give the surfactants a helping hand. They are found in
several different kinds of products, but you need less of them than you do
surfactants.
Builders help make the surfactant more powerful by reacting with stuff found in
tap water. Water in your home may contain minerals (such as calcium and
magnesium). The more minerals in your water, the “harder” the water is. It is not
bad to have minerals in water, but it can leave white marks on surfaces (like
dishes). When calcium and magnesium are present in water, they will stop
surfactants from being able to do their job of removing soil.
Builders help prevent this by keeping the minerals out of the way of the surfactants.
This leaves the surfactants alone to focus on the soil.
2. Solvents
Solvents are chemicals that help ingredients stay mixed and gives cleaning
products the right thickness, so they are easy to use. In addition, solvents can help
to prevent liquid products from freezing in cold climates.
Without solvents, a product will be very thick. But for other products, we want the
liquid to pour out of the bottle. When we add solvents, we decrease the viscosity,
meaning the liquid will move faster when poured out of the bottle. The solvent also
helps to makes sure we do not end up with a separated solution like when you have
pulp at the bottom of your glass of orange juice.
332
3. Enzymes
Enzymes are powerful stain removing ingredients. Their power is to break down
stains just like the enzymes in our digestive system help break down the food we
eat. Enzymes are not living organisms but are created by naturally occurring
microorganisms, like bacteria and fungi. In the laboratory, we use carefully
selected microorganisms and allow them to grow in a very controlled environment.
As they grow, they produce the desired enzymes.
4. Fragrances
Fragrances are a group of ingredients that provide the cleaning product with a
pleasant smell. They are not found in every product, and typically a very small
amount can make a large difference in smell. In many cases, the fragrance is the
driving factor for why someone decided to buy a specific product.
5.Preservatives
Just like it is important to prevent food from spoiling, cleaning products need to be
preserved as well. Adding a small amount of a preservative protects the product
from microorganisms.
6. pH Adjusters
Every cleaning product needs to be “balanced” to work well and to be safe for your
skin. In order to do this, chemists use pH adjusters to make sure the product is
balanced and safe for you to use. The amount used depends on the other
ingredients in the formula.
pH is a measure of how acidic (like lemon juice) or basic (like baking soda) a
solution is. One way to measure this is by using the pH scale. The pH scale is read
from 0 to 14 and tells us if a solution is acidic or basic. Pure water has a pH of 7,
which means it’s neutral.
333
pH adjusters are used in cleaning products to raise or lower the pH of a solution,
making it either more basic or acidic.
Chemists make sure that the product is effective while balancing safety, in part, by
making sure the pH will not be harmful if it touches your skin.
If the pH is less than 7, then the solution is acidic. Lemon juice has a pH around 2.
Our skin is slightly acidic, with a pH on average near 5. If our skin comes into
contact with a chemical that is too acidic it can cause itching or discomfort.
Adjusting the pH helps to keep the product working well as it gets old. It also
affects how the product cleans. For example, each surfactant has a different pH
level in which they are the most powerful. Therefore, a chemist may want to adjust
the pH to that level.
If the pH is greater than 7, then the solution is basic. For example, baking soda has a
pH of around 9. If a solution is too alkaline (basic), it can also irritate your skin.
7.Dye
There are several other ingredients used in cleaning products that help create a
unique experience. For example, dye can be used to give a product color.
8. Thickener
Thickeners give soap the proper viscosity (thickness), making sure it can still flow
out of a bottle. Can you imagine trying to wash your hands with a soap that feels
like water? It would run right off your skin!
9. Foam Enhancer
Foam Enhancers help create suds or bubbles. While not necessary for effective
cleaning, many people feel bubbles show that a product is working.
334
Antibacterial or disinfecting ingredients can be included in a cleaning or hand
hygiene product or used separately after cleaning. Their use provides a further
reduction in germs on our hands or surfaces in our homes. This reduction of germs
helps to prevent people from getting sick when commonly used surfaces, such as
door handles, or our hands are cleansed using these products. In environments
with sick individuals or where food is prepared, this is especially important.
335
What’s More
Rubrics
Criteria Excellent Merit Achieved Needs Score
(4pts) (3pts) (2pts) Improvement
(1pt)
Content Information Information Information Information is
are clearly are clearly is clear unclear and
presented presented written in
Order of
and ordered and ordered random order
information
in such a
does not
way that it
clearly
brings a full
show
picture of
the material
Creativity It is visually Visually Visually Readable
inviting and inviting and pleasing
easy to read easy to read and
readable
Spelling and All spelling Some Some Notable
Grammar and spelling and spelling and spelling and
grammar are grammar grammar grammar error
correct error error
Punctuality Submitted Submitted Submitted Submitted
on time on time on time after the
deadline
TOTAL
336
Highest possible score: (4x4)/4= 4 components
Criteria Score
Learner is within the Merit range and
Content 3
the teacher may choose a grade
Creativity 3 within this range
Spelling and Grammar 3
Punctuality 4
TOTAL 13
337
What I Have Learned
E N H A N C E R T B S F
S E A R B C N Y A U E R
M O F I G H Z B X I J A
O C L C L M Y Z C L O G
N P T V A S M D U D R R
J S B D E R E V E E T A
U P E S W N S F T R Z N
I H Y A I O T S G S B C
C A D J U S T E R E J E
D I S I N F E C T A N T
P R E S E R V A T I V E
338
What I Can Do
Criteria Score
Content 3
13 pts/4 categories= 3.25
Creativity 3 Learner is within the Merit range and
Spelling and Grammar 3 the teacher may choose a grade within
Punctuality 4 this range.
TOTAL 13
339
Assessment
Direction: Write the letter that match the different ingredients of cleaning agents
with their uses.
“Use of Different Ingredients”
Use Ingredients
1. Washes away germs with any dirt A. Antibacterial
2. Give surfactants a helping hand B. Builders
3. Create suds or bubbles C. Dye
4.Give cleaning agents the right D. Enzymes
thickness
5.Making the product balanced E. Foam enhancer
6.Powerful stain removing ingredient F. Fragrance
7.Protects products from G. pH
microorganism
8. Provide product with a pleasant H. pH adjuster
smell
9.Helps keep minerals out of way I. Preservatives
10.Prevents products from freezing J. Solvents
11.Mix of many different substances
12.Allows cleaning product to stay
longer
13.Measures how a solution is acid
or base
14.Helps create a new experience
15. Prevent people from getting sick
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Additional Activities
Criteria Score
Content 3 13 pts/4 categories= 3.25
Creativity 3
Spelling and 3 Learner is within the Merit range and
Grammar
the teacher may choose a grade within
Punctuality 4
TOTAL 13
this range.s
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Answer Key
Additional Activities
A .15
C .14
G .13
I .12
F .11
J .10
B .9
F .8
I .7
D .6
H .5
J .4
E .3 scoring.
B .2 Refer to rubrics for
A .1 Answers may vary.
Assessment What I Can Do
.
.15 TEXTURE .15 C
.14 FLOOR .14 B
.13 GARMENTS .13 D
.12 DANGER .12 A
.11 ACID .11 D
.10 ALCOHOL .10 A
HEALTH .9 A .9
HOUSE .8 D .8
CLEAN .7 C .7
BACTERIA .6 A .6
PERFUME .5 C .5
VIRUS .4 B .4
.scoring DIRT .3 C .3
Refer to rubrics for GREASE .2 A .2
Answers may .vary HANDS .1 A .1
What's More What’s New What I Know
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What I Have Learned
E V I T A V R E S E R P
T N A T C E F N I S I D
E J E R E T S U J D A C
C B S G S T O I A Y H I
N Z R T F S N W S E P U
A T E E V E R E D B S J
R R D U D M S A V T P N
G O L C Z Y M L C L C O
A J I X B Z H G I F O M
R E U A Y N C B R A E S
F S B T R E C N A H N E
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References
Website:
Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Physical
Science.Book.https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B869YF0KEHr7SHFGVG5m
VFFhcXc/view. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
4.0
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