CHAPTER 5

Design of Section-1 and 2

1. Introduction

After various the site visits and inputs from the client the 2 stretches were identified
for the final stabilization as detailed in Chapter 2.

Part-A: Section-I

2. Section-I Soil Profile (Existing Slope)

• Height of the Section, H = 20 m

• Width considered = 120 m

• Existing slope (with horizontal) = 90˚

• Angle of backslope, β = 0˚ (surcharge is added to consider it effect in

analysis, up to 10 m distance with variable intensity)

Note:

i. Due to the inaccessibility issues at the site the ground measurements can
vary and should be communicated to us for any recalculation.
ii. The 20 m height is not at a stretch but with a step of width 3 meters
(approximately). Soil Nail wall is not feasible to construct in steps for such
a short break therefore wall section is considered for entire 20 meters.
iii. Width can also vary because “Students club for boys” is not constructed.
Approximately half of width is to be stabilized with a 10 m height retaining
wall first and then above it the bottom of soil nail section will rest.
3. Section-I Soil properties considered for the design:

S. No. Name of Property Symbol Value Unit

1 Unit weight s 22 kN/m3

2 Friction angle  45˚ degree

3 Wall-Soil interface s s = 2/3  degree

 friction angle

4 Cohesion c 5 kPa

5 Bond strength qU 200 kPa

4. Section-I Soil Nail Section

• Face batter, α = 0 ˚ (Soil Nail wall is vertical)

• Embedment, Emb = 0.5 m (depth below ground surface at toe)

Figure 1. Soil Nail Section (at Section 1)

5. Dimensions/Values of Soil Nail components for the design

S. No. Component’s Name Symbol Dimensional Details

 1 Drill hole diameter DDH 100 mm

2 Length of the Soil Nail L 8m

3 Nail inclination i 15˚(with the horizontal)

4 Vertical Spacing of Soil Nails sV 1.5 m

(c/c)

5 Horizontal Spacing of Soil Nails sH 1.5 m

(c/c)

6 Diameter of reinforcement bar, Dout 16 mm

Tendon

7 Reinforcement bar yield Fy 415 MPa

strength

8 Cantilever distance, vertical cd 1m

distance from the top of the
wall to the top nail

6. Facing Properties
Facing consist of a mesh, shotcrete and bearing plate.
I. Mesh Properties

S. No. Details Symbol Value Unit

1 Vertical spacing of wire mesh Svw 180 cm

Horizontal spacing of wire

2 Shw 180 cm
mesh

Cross-sectional area of wire

3 Awire 50.28 cm2
mesh
 4 Wire-mesh yield strength Mesh Fy 415 MPa

II. Shotcrete Properties

S. No. Details Symbol Value Unit

Shotcrete compressive fc’ 25 MPa
1
strength

2 Shotcrete facing thickness hc 100 mm

3 Flexure Pressure Factor CF 2 -

4 Shear pressure factor CS 1 -

5 FS for flexure/punching – TF FoS - Typically 1.5

Static

6 FS for flexure/punching – TFs FoS - Typically 1.1

Seismic

III. Bearing Plate Properties

S. No. Details Symbol Value Unit

1 Bearing plate side length bPL 200 cm

2 Bearing plate thickness bd 25 cm

3 Nail head service load FF - 0.5

factor

7. Groundwater
Stable water level is below the toe of the soil nail section. Proper drainage
arrangements were provided to quickly send off the water from outside and inside
of the soil nail section.
8. Surcharges
Values of surcharges are there for considering the effect of slope at the top of the
section and also takes into account the loads due to construction of drains and
mobilization of machinery at the top of the soil nail section.

S. No. Location Details Values with units

1 Top of section 0-1 m 10 kPa

2 Top of section 1-2 m 30 kPa

3 Top of section 2-3 m 50 kPa

4 Top of section 3-4 m 70 kPa

5 Top of section 4-5 m 90 kPa

6 Top of section 5-6 m 110 kPa

7 Top of section 6-7 m 130 kPa

8 Top of section 7-8 m 150 kPa

9 Top of section 8-9 m 170 kPa

10 Top of section 9-10 m 190 kPa

11 Bottom of section -2.5-0 m 10 kPa

9. Seismic Load consideration

The construction site lies in the Zone 5 as per Seismic zone map of India. We have to
input the value of tolerable wall lateral movement and Peak ground acceleration.

S. No. Details Symbol Valu Unit

e
 1 Tolerable seismically d 50 mm
induced wall lateral
movement

2 Peak ground A 100 -

acceleration coefficient
as a fraction of gravity

10. Factor of safety for the design

I. For overall stability

S. No. Details Symb Description

ol
1 Factor of safety for overall FoSy 1.5
stability (Static loads)

2 Factor of safety for overall FoSys 1.1

stability, (Seismic loads)

II. For nail properties

S. No. Details Symb Description

ol
1 FS - yield strength – Static FoSy 1.80

2 FS - yield strength – FoSys 1.35

Seismic

3 FS - pullout – Static FoSp 2.00

4 FS - pullout – Seismic FoSps 1.50

III. Shotcrete Properties

 S. No. Details Symb Description
ol
1 FS for flexure/punching – TF 1.5
Static FoS

2 FS for flexure/punching – TFs 1.1

Seismic FoS

11. Final Output

SNAP-2 software is used for the analysis. It uses Bishop Slip Circle for the analysis of
factor of safety.

I. Static Loading (Overall)

S. No. Details Value Unit

1 Construction Stage 16 -

2 Resolution 0.5 m

3 Mindepth 4 m

4 Factor of Safety, FoS 1.76 -

Figure 2. Final output of Soil Nail Section for static loading, SNAP-2 output
(at Section 1)

II. Facing Design Checks (Static Loading)

Value of
S. No. Check Status
our case
Eccentricity check for
1 1.3 m Ok
overturning

2 Factor of safety with 1.4 Ok

 respect to base sliding

Factor of safety with

3 respect to bearing 37.6 Ok
capacity

Factor of safety of global

4 1.76 Ok
stability slip surface

III. Seismic Loading

S. No. Details Value Unit

1 Construction Stage 16 -

2 Resolution 0.5 m

3 Mindepth 4 m

4 Factor of Safety, FoS 1.47 -

 Figure 3. Final output of Soil Nail Section for seismic loading, SNAP-2
output (at Section 1)

Note: In case of not opting for any structural components as mentioned in the report
the redesigning to be undertaken.
Part-B: Section 2

2. Section-II Soil Profile (Existing Slope)

• Height of the Section, H = 40 m

• Width considered = 50 m

• Existing slope (with horizontal) = 75˚

• Angle of backslope, β = 0˚ (surcharge is added to consider it effect in

analysis, up to 5 m distance with variable intensity)

Note:

i. Due to the inaccessibility issues at the site the ground measurements can
vary and should be communicated to us for any recalculation.
ii. The soil slope measured is taken as of the final construction phase, the
existing slope condition is at an angle less than 75˚.
iii. There is a water tank existing at the top of this soil section, and it has to be
removed from that position due to an added loading condition of 2 lakh kg
of water (when completely full). The soil below is at a vulnerable condition
and cannot hold the water tank even after slope stabilization.
3. Section-II Soil properties considered for the design:

S. No. Name of Property Symbol Value Unit

1 Unit weight s 22 kN/m3

2 Friction angle  42˚ degree

3 Wall-Soil interface
s s = 2/3  degree
friction angle

4 Cohesion c 20 kPa

5 Bond strength qU 200 kPa

4. Section-II Soil Nail Section

• Face batter, α = 15˚ (Soil Nail wall is at an angle 15˚ with vertical)
 • Embedment, Emb = 1.5 m (depth below ground surface at toe)

Figure 4. Soil Nail Section (at Section 2)

5. Dimensions/Values of Soil Nail components for the design

S. No. Component’s Name Symbol Dimensional Details

1 Drill hole diameter DDH 100 mm

2 Length of the Soil Nail L 15 m

3 Nail inclination i 15˚(with the horizontal)

 4 Vertical Spacing of Soil Nails sV 1.0 m
(c/c)

5 Horizontal Spacing of Soil Nails sH 1.0 m

(c/c)

6 Diameter of reinforcement bar, Dout 24 mm

Tendon

7 Reinforcement bar yield Fy 415 MPa

strength

8 Cantilever distance, vertical cd 1.25 m

distance from the top of the
wall to the top nail

6. Facing Properties
Facing consist of a mesh, shotcrete and bearing plate.
I. Mesh Properties

S. No. Details Symbol Value Unit

1 Vertical spacing of wire mesh Svw 150 cm

Horizontal spacing of wire

2 Shw 150 cm
mesh

Cross-sectional area of wire

3 Awire 50.28 cm2
mesh

4 Wire-mesh yield strength Mesh Fy 415 MPa

II. Shotcrete Properties

S. No. Details Symbol Value Unit

 Shotcrete compressive fc’ 30 MPa
1
strength

2 Shotcrete facing thickness hc 100 mm

3 Flexure Pressure Factor CF 2 -

4 Shear pressure factor CS 1 -

5 FS for flexure/punching – TF FoS - Typicall

Static y 1.5

6 FS for flexure/punching – TFs FoS - Typicall

Seismic y 1.1

III. Bearing Plate Properties

S. No. Details Symbol Value Unit

1 Bearing plate side length bPL 200 cm

2 Bearing plate thickness bd 30 cm

3 Nail head service load FF - 0.5

factor

7. Groundwater
Stable water level is below the toe of the soil nail section. Proper drainage
arrangements were provided to quickly send off the water from outside and inside
of the soil nail section.
8. Surcharges
Values of surcharges are there for considering the effect of slope at the top of the
section and also takes into account the loads due to construction of drains and
mobilization of machinery at the top of the soil nail section.
 S. No. Location Details Values with units

1 Top of section 0-1 m 10 kPa

2 Top of section 1-2 m 30 kPa

3 Top of section 2-3 m 50 kPa

4 Top of section 3-4 m 70 kPa

5 Top of section 4-5 m 90 kPa

6 Bottom of section -5-0 m 10 Pa

9. Seismic Load consideration

The construction site lies in the Zone 5 as per Seismic zone map of India. We have
to input the value of tolerable wall lateral movement and Peak ground
acceleration.

S. No. Details Symbol Value Unit

1 Tolerable seismically d 50 mm
induced wall lateral
movement

2 Peak ground A 100 -

acceleration
coefficient as a
fraction of gravity

10. Factor of safety for the design

The factor of safety for design is same as that of the Section-I.
11. Final Output
SNAP-2 software is used for the analysis. It uses Bishop Slip Circle for the analysis
of factor of safety.
I. Static Loading (Overall)
 S. No. Details Value Unit
1 Construction Stage 42 -

2 Resolution 1 m

3 Mindepth 8.5 m

4 Factor of Safety, FoS 1.56 -

Figure 5. Final output of Soil Nail Section for static loading, SNAP-2 output
(at Section 2)
II. Facing Design Checks (Static Loading)

Value of
S. No. Check Status
our case
Eccentricity check for
1 -6.1 m Ok
overturning

Factor of safety with

2 1.4 Ok
respect to base sliding

Factor of safety with

3 respect to bearing 55.2 Ok
capacity

Factor of safety of global

4 1.56 Ok
stability slip surface

III. Seismic Loading

S. No. Details Value Unit

1 Construction Stage 42 -

2 Resolution 1 m

3 Mindepth 8.5 m

4 Factor of Safety, FoS 1.31 -

 Figure 6. Final output of Soil Nail Section for seismic loading, SNAP-2
output (at Section 2)

Note: In case of not opting for any structural components as mentioned in the report
the redesigning to be undertaken.