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CONTINUOUS and

DISCONTINUOUS
FUNCTION
Continuous and Discontinuous Functions

A function can either be continuous or discontinuous.


an example of a graph of a continuous function
Continuity at a Point

A function is continuous at a point �� = �� if all three conditions are

satisfied: (i) �� �� exists


(ii) lim
��→����(��) exists, that is lim

��→�� �� �� = lim
+
��→�� ��(��),

(iii) lim
��→����(��) = ��(��)

If at least one of these conditions is not satisfied, the function �� is


said to be discontinuous at ��.
Continuity on an Interval

A function is continuous over an open interval (��, ��) if it is continuous


at every number on the interval (��, ��) . A function �� is continuous
over a closed interval [��, ��] if it is continuous on ( ��, ��). In other
words, lim
��→����(��) = ��(��) for
every �� in the interval ��, �� , lim
+
��→�� �� �� = �� �� , and lim

��→�� �� �� = �� �� .

Discontinuous Functions
satisfied, that is ��(��0) does
not exist.

(b)
(a)

POINT DISCONTINUITY.
It happens if condition (i) is not

REMOVABLE DISCONTINUITY It
happens if condition (iii) is not
satisfied. A continuity is called
removable if it can be redefined at
a different point to make is
continuous. hold.
Discontinuous Functions

(c) (d) JUMP INFI

DISCONTINUITY NITE OR NON-REMOVABLE


This type of discontinuity DISCONTINUITY
happens when (ii) fails to It happens when at least one of the
one-sided limits does not exist.
Example: Determine if the functions are continuous at the given values of ��.
(1) �� �� = 2��2 − 6�� + 1 at �� =
1

(i) �� 1 = 2(1)2 − 6 1 + 1 = 2 − 6 +
1 = −3
− 2
��→1 �� 2�� − 6�� + 1 = − 3
and
(ii) lim

+ 2
��→1 �� 2�� − 6�� + 1 = − 3
lim

��→1�� 2��2 − 6�� + 1 = −3


lim

��→1�� 2��2 − 6�� + 1 = �� 1 = −3


(iii) lim

∴ Therefore �� �� = 2��2 − 6�� + 1 is continuous at �� = 1


Example: Determine if the functions are continuous at the given values of

��. (2) �� �� =��+1

��−2at �� = 2

(i) �� 2 =2+1
3
2−2= 0is undefined

�� 2 does not exists, condition (i) fails.


Therefore �� �� =��+1
��−2is not continuous at �� = 2
and this discontinuity is asymptotic at �� = 2 .
Example: Determine if the functions are continuous at the given values of
��. �� − 1
3 �� �� = ቐ ��2 − 4, �� ≠ 1 1, �� = 1 ���� �� = 1

(i) �� 1 = 1, condition (i) is satisfied.


(ii) lim ��→1− ��−1 ��−1
��−1
2
lim �� −4= 0 and lim ��→1+ 2
�� −4=

��→1 ��→1
2
�� −4= 0, condition (ii)
(iii) lim ��→1
is satisfied.
lim ��−1
2 2
�� −4= 0 and �� 1 = 1 �� −4, �� ≠ 1
��−1
2
�� −4≠ ��(1) 1, �� = 1is not continuous at �� = 1.
It is a removable discontinuity at �� = 1.
0 ≠ 1Therefore �� �� = ൝��−1
Refer to the graph for the next examples.

(4) The figure shows the that the function �� is continuous over the interval [−1,
4]
Graph also show continuity on the interval −∞, −2 and the interval −2, ∞ .
(5) The piecewise function �� �� = ቊ��2 + 2�� − 1, −4 ≤ �� ≤ 1 ��

+ 1, 1 ≤ �� ≤ 5shows continuity.
The function �� �� is continuous over the interval −4, 5 .
Practice Task #4: Continuity of a Function

1. Consider the graph of the function �� �� .


(a) Find all the points where ��(��)
is discontinuous.

(b) What kind of discontinuity


is each point?
2. Determine whether the function is
continuous on the given point. Sketch the
graph.
(a) �� �� = �� − ��

(b) �� �� = ቊ 5, �� = 1
2�� + 3, �� ≠ 1

3. For what value(s) of �� is the function �� �� =��3−27


of discontinuity is each point? 2
�� −9discontinuous? What kind
4. Determine if the function is discontinuous. What type of discontinuity is it?

(a) �� �� = ቐ ��−3���� �� ≠ (b) �� �� = ൞ �� = 2


2
�� −2��−3 3 5 ���� �� = 3 3 − �� ���� ��
�� < 2 2 ���� 2���� �� > 2

DERIVATIVES
DERIVATIVES

=������������ ���� ��
=
������ ∆��
�����������
���������� � ���� ��
=
∆�� ����
=��������
����

The derivative is simply the slope or rate of change of the function


with respect to its independent variable. The process of calculating
the derivative is known as differentiation.
Notations for Differentiation:

Given the function: �� = ��(��)

The derivative of �� may be written in


the ff ways:
���� ��′= ��′(��)
����=����(��) Lagrange’s Notation ��ሶ
��
����= ���� ��(��)
Leibniz’s Notation ������

= (����)(��) =��ሶ��ሶ

Euler’s Notation Newton’s Notation


Derivative Of A Function As The Instantaneous Rate Of

Change Given a function �� = ��(��),


∆��→0
the derivation of the function is���� ∆�� ∆��

����= ������

���� �� �� + ∆�� − ��(��)


∆��
����= ������ ∆��→0
�� �� + ∆�� − ��(��) Solution:
∆�� ����
Example 1: Find the derivative of �� ����
= ������
∆��→0
�� = ��2

��′ �� = lim ∆��→0 = lim ∆��→0


�� �� + ∆�� − ∆��)2−��2 (��2+2��∆�� = lim
��(��) 2
+ ∆�� ) − �� 2 2 ��∆ �� + ∆ �� 2

∆��
∆�� = lim ∆��→0
∆�� 2�� + ∆��
(�� + ∆��
∆�� = lim ∆��→0

= lim ∆��→0 ∆�� ∆��→02�� + ∆�� =


��2 + 2��∆�� + 2�� + 0
= lim ∆��→0
∆��2 − ��2 ∆�� = ����
�� �� + ∆�� − ��(��) Solution:
∆�� 2
− 3 �� + ∆�� + 5 − (2��2 − 3�� +
Example 2: Find the derivative of �� 5
�� = 2��2 − 3�� + 5 ����
= ������
���� ∆��→0
��′ �� = lim ∆��→0 2
+ 2�� ∆�� + ∆��2] − 3 �� + ∆��
+ 5 − (2��2 − 3�� + 5
= lim 2[�� ) ∆��
∆��→0

2��2 + 4�� ∆�� + 2 ∆��2 − 3�� −


= lim 3∆�� + 5 − 2��2 + 3�� − 5 ∆��
∆��→0
2 �� + ∆�� ) ∆��

= lim ∆��→0 = lim derivative of the function


∆��→04�� + 2∆�� − 3 �� �� =�� 2��+1
= lim ∆��→0
4�� ∆�� + 2(∆��)2 − = 4�� + 2(0) − 3 Solution:
����
3∆�� ∆�� = ������
��′ �� = ���� − ���� ∆��→0
∆�� 4�� + 2∆�� − 3 ��
�� �� + ∆�� − ��(��)
∆�� ∆��
Example 3: Find the
��′ �� = lim − ��(��) �� + ∆�� = lim ∆��→0 1
∆��→0 ∆��
2�� + 1 2(�� + ∆��) +
∆�� ∆�� 2(�� + ∆��) + 1 [2�� + 1]
1 [2�� + 1] 1
= lim = lim ∆��→0
∆��→0 2(�� + ∆��) + ∆��
�� �� + ∆��
1−��

= lim ∆��→0 ∆�� �� + ∆�� 2�� + 1 2�� + 1 [2�� + 1]


1 − �� 2(�� + ∆��)
2(�� + ∆��) + =
+ 1 2(�� + ∆��) + = lim ∆��→0
1−��
�� + ∆�� 2(�� + 0) + 1 [2�� 1 [2�� + 1] 2��2 + �� + 2��
+ 1] 1 ∆�� + ∆�� −
∆�� 2��2 − 2�� ∆��
2�� + 1 1
1 = lim ∆��→0 = − �� 2(�� + ∆��)
+ 1 [2�� + 1] 1 ���� + ����
��′ �� =��
∆��

Example 4: Find the Solution: �� �� + ∆�� − ��(��)


∆��
derivative of the function ����= ������
ℎ �� = 3�� − 5 ���� ∆��→0

ℎ′ �� = ������ ∆��→0 ∆��→0

= ������ = ������
∆��→0 ∆��→0
ℎ �� + ∆�� − ℎ(��)
= ������ ∆��
∆��→0
3 �� + ∆�� − 5 − 3�� − 5
= ������ ∆��
3 �� + ∆�� − 5 − 3�� − 5
∆��∙3 �� + ∆�� − 5 + 3�� − 5 3 �� +
∆�� − 5 + 3�� − 5
3 �� + ∆�� − 5 − 3�� − 5
∆�� 3 �� + ∆�� − 5 + 3�� − 5

3�� + 3∆�� − 5 − 3�� + 5


∆�� 3 �� + ∆�� − 5 + 3�� − 5
Example 4: Find the derivative of the function
ℎ(��) = 3�� − 5
Solution:
ℎ′ �� = ������ ∆��→0 ∆�� 3 �� + ∆�� − 5 + 3�� − 5

= ������
∆��→0
3∆�� 3
3 �� + ∆�� − 5 + 3�� − 5
=3
3 �� + 0 − 5 + 3�� − 5
3
=
3�� − 5 + 3�� − 5

��′ �� =��
�� ���� − ��

Example 5: Find the 2��+1 �� �� + ∆�� − ��(��)


derivative of the function ���� ∆��
= ������
�� �� =3 ���� ∆��→0

Solution: = ������
∆��= ������
∆��→0
�� �� + ∆�� − ∆��→0
��′ �� = ������
∆��→0 ��(��)
− 3 2�� + 1
2 �� + ∆�� + 1 3 2�� + 1 ∆��
− 1
2 �� + ∆�� + 1 3
∆��
3

= ������ ∆��→0 + 1 2 �� + ∆�� + 1 ∙ 2�� 1


3 2�� + 1 − 3 2 �� + ∆�� ∆��
+1

∆��∙3 2�� + 1 − 3 2 �� + ∆�� + 1


= ������ ∆��→0 3 2 �� + ∆�� + 1 3 2�� + 1 + 3 2 �� +
1 ∆�� + 1
(2�� + 2∆�� + 1)(2�� + 1)∙3 2�� + 1 +
Example 5: Find the derivative of the function �� ��
=3
2��
+1

∆��∙3 2�� + 1 − 3 2 �� + ∆�� + 1


��′(��) = ������ ∆��→0 = ������ ∆��→0
1
∆��∙9 2�� + 1 − 9[2 �� + ∆�� + 1]
(2�� + 2∆�� + 1)(2�� + 1)∙3 2�� + 1 + 1
3 2 �� + ∆�� + 1 3 2�� + 1 + 3 2 �� + (2�� + 2∆�� + 1)(2�� + 1) 3 2�� + 1
∆�� + 1

= ������ ∆��→0
+ 3 2 �� + ∆�� + 1 ∆��∙18�� + 9 −

= ������ ∆��→0 18�� − 18∆�� − 9

1
= ������ ∆��→0 (2�� + 2∆�� + 1)(2�� + 1) 3 2�� + 1
−18
+ 3 2 �� + ∆�� + 1 ∆��∙−18∆��
(2�� + 2∆�� + 1)(2�� + 1) 3 2�� + 1
+ 3 2 �� + ∆�� + 1
1
(2�� + 2∆�� + 1)(2�� + 1) 3 2�� + 1
+ 3 2 �� + ∆�� + 1
Example 5: Find the derivative of the function �� ��
=3
2��
+1

��′(��) = ������ ∆��→0 (2�� + 2∆�� + 1)(2�� + 1) 3 2�� + 1


−18 + 3 2 �� + ∆�� + 1
−18
=
(2�� + 2(0) + 1)(2�� + 1) 3 2�� + 1 + 3 2 �� +
−18
(��) + 1 =
(2�� + 1)(2�� + 1) 3 2�� + 1 + 3 2�� + 1
−18
=
(2�� + 1) 6 2�� + 1
−3
=
(2�� + 1) 2�� + 1

��′(��) =−��
ൗ��
(���� + ��) ��

Note: If f �� is differentiable at �� = �� then ��(��) is

continuous at �� = �� Example 6: Given �� = 2 − ��2 +

��3, find ����


Also, find ���� ����.

����when (a) �� = 2, (b) �� = 0 and (c) �� = −1


Solution:
���� ∆��
2
����= lim ∆��→0 + �� + ∆��3 − (2 − ��2 + ��3
2 − �� + ∆�� )
= lim ∆��
∆��→0
2
+ 2�� ∆�� + (∆��)2 + ��3 + 3��2∆x
= lim + 3x(∆��)2 + (∆��)3 − (2 − ��2 + ��3
∆��→0 2 − �� ) ∆��

2 − ��2 − 2�� ∆�� − (∆��)2 + ��3 +


= lim
∆��→0 3��2∆x + 3x(∆��)2 + (∆��)3 − 2 + ��2
�� �� + ∆�� − ��(��)
− ��3 ∆��
Example 6: Given �� = 2 − ��2 +


3
,
fin
d


�.

���� 3��2∆x + 3x(∆��)2 + (∆��)3 − 2 + ��2


= lim
���� ∆��→0 − ��3 ∆��

−2�� ∆�� − (∆��)2 + 3��2∆x +


= lim
∆��→0 3x(∆��)2 + (∆��)3
∆��
= lim 2
∆��→0 ∆ �� −2 �� − ∆�� + 3 �� + 3x(∆��) +
2
2 − ��2 − 2�� ∆�� − (∆��)2 + ��3 + (∆��)
∆��

∆��→0−2�� − ∆�� + 3��2 +


3x(∆��) + (∆��)2 = lim

= −2�� − 0 + 3��2 + 3x(0) + (0)2


����
��
���� = −���� + ����
Example 6: Given �� = 2 − ��2 + ��3, find ����
Also, find ���� ����.

����when (a) �� = 2, (b) �� = 0 and (c) �� = −1

����
��
����= −���� + ����

����when (a) �� = 2����


find ���� 2
����= −2 2 + 3 2 = −4 + 3 4 = −4 + 12 =
��
����when (b) �� = 0����
find ���� 2
����= −2 0 + 3 0 = 0 + 3 0 = 0 + 0 = ��

����when (c) �� = −1����


find ���� 2
����= −2 −1 + 3 −1 = 2 + 3 1 = 2 + 3 =
��
Example 7: Find the derivative of �� cos �� sin ∆��

�� = sin �� Solution:
�� �� + ∆�� − ��(��)
��′(��) = lim ∆�� ∆�� ∆��
∆��→0 ∆��−sin �� 1 − cos
= lim ∆��→0

= lim ∆��→0 sin �� ∆�� = lim ∆��→0 sin �� 1 − cos


sin �� + ∆�� − cos �� sin ∆�� ∆��− lim ∆�� ∆��
∆��→0
= lim ∆��→0 ∆�� − sin �� = cos �� lim 1 − cos ∆��
sin �� cos ∆�� ∆�� ∆��→0 ∆��− sin ��
∆��
sin ∆�� lim ∆��→0
+ cos �� sin

= lim ∆��→0 cos �� sin ∆�� − sin �� 1 ∴ �� ������ ��


− cos ∆�� ∆�� = ������ ��
= lim ∆��→0 = cos �� 1 − sin �� (0)
cos �� sin ∆�� − sin �� +
sin �� cos ∆�� ∆�� = ������ ��
Example 8: Find the slope of the curve �� =4
��+1at the point �� = 1
Solution:
∆��→0 = lim ∆��→0 +1
�� =���� �� �� + ∆�� − −4
����= lim
��(��) ∆�� �� + ∆�� + 1 ��
�� = lim ∆��→0 �� + 1 �� + 0 + 1 �� + 1
4 ∆��
�� + ∆�� + 1 −
�� =−��
4 =−4
= lim ∆��→0 ∆�� −4∆�� 2
4 �� + 1 =−4
�� + ∆�� + 1 − �� + ∆�� + 1 ��
2
= lim ∆��→0 +1 1 + 1
4
�� + 1 �� + ����
=−4
= lim ∆��→0
1 4 �� + 1 − 4 �� + at the point �� =
∆�� ∆�� + 1 �� + ∆��
1, �� =−4
+ 1 �� + 1
1
∆��

1
2
2 =−44= −��
Home Work #4: Derivative A. Find the derivative of the
following functions. Write your
complete solution for each. ���� �� = 2 2 �� = 2 −

3��2 ���� �� = −1
1 �� = ��2 + 4�� − 3

3 �� �� = −��2 + 3�� − 5
2 �� �� =2�� + 3
4�� − 5 at x = 3 4 �� ��

3 ℎ �� = 3 − 4�� 2
= ������ �� = 9

B. Find the slope of the following


curves at the given point.

(1) �� = ��2 − 4�� + 11

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