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Introduction: Fundamental Integral Concepts and Formulas

The process of integration reverses the process of differentiation. In differentiation, if ( ) = 2 then

′( ) = 4 . Thus the integral of 4 is 2 , i.e. integration is the process of moving from ( ) to ( )
By similar reasoning, the integral of 2 is .

Integration is a process of summation or adding parts together and an elongated S, shown as ʃ is used
to replace the words ‘the integral of’. Hence, from above,∫ 4 = 2 and ∫ 2 = .

In differentiation, the differential coefficient indicates that a function of x is being differentiated

with respect to , the indicating that it is ‘with respect to . In integration the variable of integration is
shown by adding d (the variable) after the function to be integrated.

Thus ∫ 4 means ‘‘the integral of 4x with respect to x, and ∫ 2 means ‘the integral of 2t with
respect to t’’.

As stated above, the differential coefficient of 2 is 4 , hence ∫ 4 = 2 . However, the differential

coefficient of 2 + 7 is also 4 . Hence ∫ 4 is also equal to 2 + 7. To allow for the possible presence of
a constant, whenever the process of integration is performed, a constant ‘C’ is added to the result.

ℎ , 4 =2 + 2 = +

“C” is called the arbitrary constant of integration

TYPES of INTEGRAL

1. Indefinite integral – integral without limits of integration

. 3 = +

2. Definite integral – integral with limits of integration and with a definite value as answer.

. 3 = | =1

where: 0 & 1 are limits of integration

0 = lower limit
1 = upper limit

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MODULE 1
THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

Lesson 1: Basic Principles of Indefinite Integrals and The General Power Formula
Intended learning outcomes:
After studying this lesson, the learner shall be able to;
1. evaluate indefinite integrals of using the basic principles of indefinite integrals
2. evaluate indefinite integrals using the general power formula
Indefinite Integral
Let ( ) be a given function which is the derivative of a function ( )

Theorem:
If ( ) is a function having ( ) as differential or ( ) as derivative, the ( ) + is the most
general function having their differential (or derivative)

Definition:

∫ ( ) = ( ) +

where: ∫ = an integral sign ( ) = integrand

( ) = particular integral = constant of integration
( ) + = indefinite integral of ( )

Basic Principles:
1. ∫ = +
2. ∫ = + where is any constant
a. ∫ = + → “a constant factor maybe moved across the integral sign”
→ “constant factor maybe wri en before the integral sign.”
3. ∫[ ( ) ± ( )] =∫ ( ) ±∫ ( )

4. ∫ ( ) = ∫ ( )( ) → “ we may introduce a constant factor into the integrand, provided we place

its reciprocal before the integral sign.”

GENERAL POWER FORMULA

∫ = + → for ≠ −1

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Illustrative examples For Lessons 1 and 2

2. Evaluate

3. Evaluate

4. Evaluate

3
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5.

6.

Formative Assessments:
1. Evaluat 3

2. Evaluat

/
3. Evaluat

4. Evaluat √

4
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5. Evaluat

1
6. Evaluat

7. Evaluat 2

3
8. Evaluat 4 +
2

/ /
9. Evaluat +7 −1

10. Evaluat (2 + )

11. Evaluat ∫(1 + )

12. Evaluat ( + 2)(3 − )

+2 +1
13. Evaluat

14. Solve the initial value problem

=√ , (1) = 2

15. Solve the initial value problem

1
= , (1) = 0
(2 )
16. A particle moves along an s-axis with position function = ( ) and velocity function ( ) = ( ). Use
the given information to find s(t) of ( ) = 32 ; (0) = 20.

17. A particle moves along an s-axis with position function = ( ) and velocity function ( ) = ( ). Use
the given information to find s(t) of ( ) = 3√ ; (4) = 1.

18. Find the equation of the curve having a slope 2x + 1 that passes through the point (-3, 0).

19. Find the equation of the curve having a slope ( + 1) that passes through the point (-2, 8).