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MODULE7

TOPI
C-PHOTOGRAPHY

1.
1Import
anceofPhotography
1.
2RuleofThir
dsComposi t
ion
1.
3TypesofPhotogr
aphy
1.
4Essent
ialComponentsandFeat
uresofaCamer
a

TI
MEFRAME:5hr
s.

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Thewor dphotogr
aphyi sfr
om t hetwoGr eekwor dsphotosorphos(li
ght)andgraphe
(l
inesordrawing)
.Itisdescribedast hear ti
ncr eat
ingordrawi
ngdurableimagesby
recor
dingl
ightusi
ngeitherphotographicfi
lm orimagesensor.I
twasfirstcoi
nedbySir
JohnHerschelinalect
urebeforetheRoy alSoci
etyofLondon,onMarch14,1839.

OBJECTI
VES
Attheendofthi
slesson,studentsareexpectedto:
 discusstheimportanceofphotography;
 demonst r
ateunderstandi
ngont heruleofthi
rds;
 identi
fyanddiscussthetypesofphot ogr
aphyandtheessent
ialcomponent
sand
f
eatur
esofacamer a;and
 makeaphot oessayt hatdispl
aysanabi l
i
tytodophot
ography

LET’
SGETSTARTED!

Asapr
eli
minar
yact
ivi
tyf
ort
het
opi
c,answert
hef
oll
owi
ng quest
ionsi
njustt
wo
sent
ences:

1.Whydopeopl
etakephot
os?

2.Doy
oubel
i
evei
ntheexpr
essi
on“
aphot
oiswor
that
housandwor
ds”
?Whyorwhynot
?
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I
mpor
tanceofPhot
ogr
aphy

Ourphot ographssharesomuchaboutwhowear easindiv

idual
s.I
ttel
lswhatwefind
beauti
ful,fasci
nat i
ng,funny
,deli
cious,meaningf
ul,
inspir
ing.I
tall
owsust oshowcaseourst
yle,
i
nterests,relat
ionships,andadv entur
es,tomar kt hepassageoft i
me.Ithasbeenusedi n
adverti
sing,books,magaz i
nes,newspapers,tel
evi
sion,andinresearchtoconveyinf
ormat
ion
andadv erti
sepr oductsandservi
ces.

Rul
eofThi
rdsComposi
ti
on

Ther ul
eoft hi
rdsisagr eatcomposi t
ionaltechni
quef ormaki ngphotosmor edy nami c
andex cit
ing.Itisalsoknownast hegui
deli
newhi chappli
est ot hepr ocessofcomposi ngv isual
i
magesl i
kei npai nti
ng,designs,andphotographs.Itproposest hatthepi ct
urei sv
isualizedas
divi
dedi ntoni neequalpar t
sbyt woequall
y-spacedhor i
zont allinesandt woequal ly-
spaced
verti
callines,andt hoseessent ialcompositi
onalel ementsshoul dpl aceal ongthesel ines.
Proponent soft hemet hodcl aimedt hatali
gningasubj ectwi t
ht hesepointscr eatemor e
composi ti
on,ener gy,andt ensi
on.Itassert
st hatani magei smostpl easi
ngwheni t
ssubj ect
s
poisedalongi magi naryl
ineswhi chdivi
devert
icall
yandhor izontall
yt hei mageintothir
ds.Usi ng
i
thelpspr oduceni celybalancedeasyont heey epict
ures.

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Ty
pesofPhot
ogr
aphy

Di
ff
erentty
pesofphotogr
aphyrequi
revar
ioustechni
quesandphotographer
suset
hei
r
tal
enti
ntheirmeti
cul
ousfi
eldofexper
ti
se.Her
ear esomestandar
dphotographythaty
oumay
evenhaveseen:

 AERIALPHOTOGRAPHY–r eferstothet
akingofphot
ogr
aphsoft
hegroundfr
om an
el
evatedposit
ion.Itcanbedoneusi ngspeci
ali
zedcamer
amountedonheli
copt
ers,
dr
ones,bal
loons,ki
tes,
par
achutes,
etc.

 ASTROPHOTOGRAPHY–f
ocusesent
ir
elyont
aki
ngi
magesf
rom space

 COMMERCI ALPHOTOGRAPHY–aphot ogr

aphicworkdoneforcommer ci
alpurposes
(ex.l
eaf
let
s,menusi
ncaf
es,
magazi
neadver
ti
sing,
etc.
).I
thasdi
ff
erentt
ypes,namely:

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a.Adv er
ti
sing photography – used t
o
hi
ghli
ghtapr oduct,service,br
andoran
i
ndiv
iduali
nprintadver
ti
sing

b.Archi
tect
ureandi nter
iorphot
ography–
usedincapturi
ngimagesofst r
uctur
esand
beaut
yofani nt
eri
orspace

c.Automoti
vephot
ography–util
i
z edbycaroraut
omobil
ecompaniestopromot
ebrand
neworexisti
ngcar
s,dri
vingawarenessaboutacar
’sf
eatur
es,andbenef
it
sofpotent
ial
cl
ient
ele

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d.Foodphotogr
aphy–aspeci al
i
z edcategory
ofcommer ci
alphotogr
aphywhi ch captures
thepi
ctur
esofvari
ouscui
sinesandmenus

e.Jewel r
yphotography–usedi n
hi
ghlighti
ng beauti
fulimages of
bracelet
s,neckl
ace,ri
ng,
andother
j
ewel r
yitems

f.Journal
ism photography– theartof
taki
ngphot ogr
aphswhi chareconsi
dered
asat t
ract
iveandgoesal ongwithnews
topi
cs,tosubstant
iatet henewsstor
yor
repor
t

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g. Pr oduct photography – used i n
capturi
ngex cel
lentimagest oat
tracti
vel
y
represent a product in adver
ti
sing. I
t
somet i
mesincludepeopleandattr
actsthe
viewerstoseesomeonet heyknow ora
facethatisl
ikablet
oapr oduct

h.Spor t
s photogr
aphy– util
ized to
wr i
te sport
s news using excel
lent
camerast hattakeshar
ppicturesof
player
sinaction

 FI
NEARTPHOTOGRAPHY– r efer
st ohighl
ycr
eati
veimagest
hathav
eanabst
ract
i
nfl
uence,
itcanbeequal
toanart
ist
’sexpr
essi
ononpaint
ing

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 FORENSI
CPHOTOGRAPHY( cri
mescenephotography)–t
hewor
koft
hephot
ogr
apher
i
smainl
ytocapt
ureaccur
aterepr
esent
ati
onofthecri
me

Thi
spict
ureonthelef
tis
j
ustarecr
eati
on

 HEADSHOTPHOTOGRAPHY(
mugshot
)–f
ocusesmai
nlyont
heper
son’
sface

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 MACRO PHOTOGRAPHY – i tis abouta
close-
upimagesofaspeci f
ictopi
candi s
commonl y appl
i
ed to capt
ure detai
ls of
organi
smsornat ur
ethatmaynotbev i
si
ble
tothenakedeye

 NATUREPHOTOGRAPHY–t hemain
subj
ecthassomet hi
ng to do wit
h nat
ure
(l
andscapes,
wil
dli
fe,under
water,et
c.)

 NUDEPHOTOGRAPHY– i ti
sabout a
port
ray
aloft
hehumanbodyi
nthenaked
for
m

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 PORTRAIT PHOTOGRAPHY – i tisal

l
aboutcapt
uri
ngthemoodofaper son,wi
than
emphasis on t
he face and expr
ession ofa
person

 STI
LLLIFEPHOTOGRAPHY – i
tisallaboutcaptur
ingobj
ect
soncamer
athatar
e
del
i
ber
atel
ygr
oupedt
ocreat
eapart
icul
arcomposi
ti
on

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 STREETPHOTOGRAPHY–i ti
sallaboutcapt
uri
ngcandi
dimagesofpubl
i
cpl
acesor
evenpeopl
eint
hei
rnat
ural
element

 TRAVEL PHOTOGRAPHY – i
nvol
ves capt
uri
ng i
mages ofa par
ti
cul
arl
andscape,
tr
adi
ti
ons,
cust
oms,andev
enpeopl
efr
om dif
fer
entpl
aces.

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Essent
ialComponent
sandFeat
uresofaCamer
a

Ev
erycamer
ahassomef
undament
alpar
tswhi
char
ever
ycr
uci
alf
ori
tsf
unct
ioni
ng.

1. Aper
tur
e– anopeninginwhi
chl
ighttr
avel
sthr
oughandcanbeadj
ust
edt
ocont
rolt
he
amountofl
ightt
hatr
eachedt
hei
magesensor

2.Bui
l
t-i
nfl
ash–usedt
ocapt
ureashotofdi
mly
-l
itv
iews

3.Body–t
hehousi
ngf
ort
hecamer
a

4.FocusPoi
ntSel
ect
ionBut
ton–usedt
osel
ectt
heposi
ti
ont
osett
hef
ocus(
AFpoi
nt)dur
ing
AFshooti
ng

5.HotShoe–t
hesect
ionoft
het
opcamer
aandi
susedt
oat
tachaf
lashuni
t

6.Lens–t
heey
eoft
hecamer
a

7.LensMount–t
hesect
ionf
orr
econnect
ingt
heex
changeabl
elenst
othecamer
a

8.LensMountI
ndex–anal
i
gnmar
kont
hel
ensandser
vesasabasi
swheny
ouar
eat
tachi
ng
ordetachi
ngal
ens

9.LensRel
easeBut
ton–abut
tonusedwheny
ouwantt
odi
sconnectal
ens

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10.Li
veVi
ewShoot
ing(
Mov
ieShoot
ingSwi
tch)–usedt
otur
nonorof
ftheLi
veVi
ewf
unct
ion

11.MENUBut
ton–usedt
odi
spl
ayt
hemenuf
oradj
ust
ingt
hedi
ff
erentcamer
aoper
ati
ons

12.Mul
ti
-Cont
rol
l
erKey–usedt omovebetweent
hemenui
temsort
omov
ethemagni
fi
ed
di
spl
aytoadif
fer
entpoi
ntdur
ingi
magepl
ayback

13.Sel
f-
Timer–usedt
odel
ayt
het
imebet
weenpr
essi
ngt
heshut
terbut
tonandt
hecamer
a
taki
ngt
hesubject

14.Shut
terRel
easeBut
ton–t
hebut
tonf
oundonmanycamer
asusedt
otakephot
os

15.Shut
terSpeed–i
ndi
cat
est
het
imei
nter
val
dur
ingwhi
cht
heshut
teri
sopen

16.Vi
ewf
inderEy
epi
ece–usedt
ovi
ewt
hei
mageoft
hesubj
ecty
ouwantt
ocapt
ure

LET’
SDOI
T…

PhotoEssay.Creat
eaphot oessaythattel
lsaboutyourl
if
easastudentduri
ngthi
s
pandemicrepr
esentedbyphotographs.Thearti
clemusthave5f
ivepict
ureswit
hcapt
ions
wri
ttenoneachphoto.(pi
ctur
ebelowser vesasanex ampl
e)

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REVI
EW OFCONCEPTS

Thewor dphot ographyisf

rom t
hetwoGr eekwordsphotosorphos(li
ght
)andgraphe(li
nesor
drawing).Ithasbeenusedi nadver
ti
sing,books,magazi
nes,newspaper
s,t
elevi
sion,andin
researchtoconv eyinf
ormat
ionandadvert
isepr
oductsandser
vices.

Rul
eofThi r
ds-asser
tsthatani magei
smostpl easi
ng whenit
ssubject
spoi
sed al
ong
i
maginar
yli
neswhi
chdi
vi
devert
ical
l
yandhor
izont
all
ytheimageint
othi
rds.

Diff
erenttypesofphot ographyrequir
ev ari
oust echniquesandphot ogr
aphersusethei
rtalentin
thei
r met icul
ous f i
eld of ex per
ti
se.Her e ar et he following:AERI AL PHOTOGRAPHY;
ASTROPHOTOGRAPHY;COMMERCI ALPHOTOGRAPHY( adv ert
isi
ngphotography
,archi
tecture
and inter
iorphot ography,automotivephot ography,f ood photography,jewel
ryphotography,
j
ournali
sm phot ography,productphotography,sportsphotogr aphy);FI
NEARTPHOTOGRAPHY;
FORENSI CPHOTOGRAPHY;HEADSHOTPHOTOGRAPHY;MACRO PHOTOGRAPHY;NATURE
PHOTOGRAPHY; NUDE PHOTOGRAPHY; PORTRAI T PHOTOGRAPHY; STI LL LI FE
PHOTOGRAPHY; STREETPHOTOGRAPHY; andTRAVELPHOTOGRAPHY.

Ever
ycamer ahassomef undamentalpart
swhi char everycruci
alf ori
tsf unct
ioning– the
aper
ture,bui
lt
-i
nfl
ash,body,focuspointselection,hotshoe,lens,lensmount ,lensmount
i
ndex,lensrel
easebutt
on,li
vev i
ew shooti
ng,MENUbut ton,multi
-cont
rol
lerkey ,sel
f-
ti
mer,
shut
terrel
easebut
ton,
shutt
erspeed,andviewfindereyepiece.

SELFEVALUATI
ON

 Afterknowingthetheori
esofbasicphotography,r
oam aroundyourhouseorcommunity
andt akepi
cturest
hatshowsdi ff
erentconceptssuchastheRuleofThirds,
backl
i
ght
ing,
standarddayti
meex posure,
etc.Putacaptionony ourpi
ctur
e.

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POSTTEST

Phot
oAnal
ysi
s.Lookatt
hepi
ctur
ecar
eful
l
yandgi
vey
ourownt
it
le.

REFERENCE

Ramos,Arnul
foB.(2018).ArtAppreci
ati
onfort heNew Gener
alEducat
ionCur
ri
cul
um.Fi
rst
Edi
ti
on.65Arel
lanoSt
.,DavaoCi
ty:SMKCPr i
ntshoppe

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NAMEOFSTUDENT:

PROGRAM/
YR/
SECTI
ON:

I
NSTRUCTOR:

MODULE8

TOPI
C-MUSI
C

1.
1El
ement sofMusi
c
1.
2Essenti
alsi
nSongWri
ting
1.
3MusicGenres
1.
4Classi
fi
cati
onofMusi
calInst
rument
s

TI
MEFRAME:5hr
s.

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Musiccomesfrom t
heGr eekwordmousike,
whi
chmeans“artoftheMuses.
”Iti
sthear
t
ofar
rangi
ngtonesi
nanor der
lywaytoproduceauni
fi
edandcont
inuouscomposi
ti
on.

Artandmusi caref undamentalhumanf uncti

onsandessentialpar
tsofhumanl i
fe.
Withoutmusic,ourl
if
eislost,unsur
e,andprobablyincapabl
eofventi
ngouremot i
ons(Galindo,
2003).I
ttouchesoursoulandenabl esustoex pr
essdi f
fer
entmoodsandemot i
ons.I
tinspir
es
peopleandallowsustogeti ntouchwithourfeel
ings.Musiccankindl
ethemi nd.I
tall
owsour
bodyandmi ndtotakeabreakf r
om themonotonyofl i
fe.

Tomanypeopleofdif
fer
entcul
tur
es,musicisanint
egralpartofthei
rwayofli
fe.I
tisan
artt
hatputsoundstoget
heri
nawayt hatpeopl
elike.Mostmusicincludespeopl
esingi
ngwith
thei
rvoi
cesorplay
ingamusicali
nst
rumentsuchasdr ums,
piano,guit
ar,andot
hers.

OBJECTI
VES
Attheendofthisl
esson,student
sareexpect
edto:
 Identi
fytheel
ement sofmusic;
 discusstheessenti
alsinsongwri
ti
ng
 showunder standi
ngont hedif
fer
entmusicgenr
esandcl
assi
fi
cat
ionofmusi
cal
i
nstr
uments;and
 createthei
rownsong

LET’
SGETSTARTED!

Asapr
eli
minar
yact
ivi
tyf
ort
het
opi
c,answert
hef
oll
owi
ng quest
ionsi
njustt
wo
sent
ences

1.Whatar
ethebenef
it
sofmusi
cinourl
i
ves?

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2.Doy
oupl
ayanymusi
cal
inst
rument
s?Whatwoul
dyouf
eel
ever
yti
mey
ouar
epl
ayi
ng?

El
ement
sofMusi
c

Musi
chasbeentakenupbyhumani tyasawayofex pr
ession.I
thast
hepowert
o
i
nfl
uenceemoti
onalandpsychol
ogi
calaspectsofhumanbehavi
or.Ithasmaj
orel
ement
s,
namely
:

1.Har mony ( f
rom Gr eek word“ harmonia”meaning “j
ointoragr eement
”)– r ef
ersto
vert
ical
i
zationofpit
ch;oftenthoughtastheartofcombini
ngpi t
chesintochor
ds.Thesechor
ds
areusuall
yarrangedint
osentence-l
ikepatt
ernscal
ledchor
dpr ogressi
on

2.Key(
tonal
it
y)–apr i
nciplei
nmusiccomposit
ionwher
einatt
heendoft
hepi
ecet
her
eisa
feel
i
ngofcomplet
ionbygoingbackt
othet
onic

3.Melody(f
rom Gr
eekwor
d“mel
oidi
a”meani
ng“
singi
ngorchant
ing”
)–r
efer
stot
het
uneofa
songpieceofmusi
c

4.Pi
tch–r
efer
stot
heper
cept
ual
proper
tyt
hatal
l
owst
heor
der
ingofsoundsei
therl
oworhi
gh

5.Rhythm (
from Gr
eekword“
rhy
thmos”meani
ng“
anyr
egul
arr
ecur
ri
ngmot
ion”–t
hepat
ter
nof
thesoundintimeandbeat
sinmusi
c

6.Tempo–r
egar
dst
othespeed(
sloworf
ast
)ofagi
venmusi
c

7.Text
ure–r
efer
stohowhar
moni
cmat
eri
alsar
ecombi
nedi
nacomposi
ti
on.

8.Ti
mbre–refer
stot
hequal
i
tyoft
hesound(
tone)t
hatdi
sti
ngui
shesonev
oiceori
nst
rument
fr
om anot
her

Essent
ial
sinSongWr
it
ing

 Arr
angement-ar econcept
ual
izati
onofaprevi
ousl
ycomposedwork(incl
udesor
derin
whichsect
ionsofmusi careplaced,or
gani
zat
ionofinst
rument
ati
on,vocal
sorother
par
tsofthesong)

 BeatandRhythm –beati
sthespeed(t
empo)oft
hesongthatdri
vesthel
i
stenert
ofeel
ei
therf
astorslow;r
hyt
hm i
sthebeatt
hatv
ari
ousi
nst
rumentsproduce

 Chords(chor
dprogressi
on)–r
efer
stoanyhar
moni
csetofpi
tchesusedt
oaccompany
themelodyofthesong

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 Concept(stor
y)–al
lsongshav
east or
yli
neandt hesongtit
lewi
l
lconv
eyt
heessenceof
thatst
oryideaandt
hewords(l
yri
cs)wi
llexpoundtheidea

 Genreandstyl
e–thegenreofthesongwhetheri
tispop,
rock,bal
l
ad,etc.i
sest
abl
i
shed
bythebeatandrhy
thm.Thequali
tyoft
hesongbranchesoutfr
om thegenre

 Lengt
h–t
hisi
sal
way
sconsi
der
eddependi
ngoni
tsuse

 Ly
rics(comesf
rom Gr
eekword“
lyr
ikos”whi
chmeans“ si
ngi
ngtot
hel
yre”
)–descr
ibes
aconceptofat
hemewhichr
hymesinthesect
ionsoft
hemusic

 Mel
ody–t
hehar
monyoft
hesong;
themai
nli
neofmusi
candt
hebasi
soft
hesong

 SongSecti
ons–songsaredi
vi
dedi
ntosect
ionsorcomponent
s(i
ntr
o,v
erse,chor
us,
bri
dge,
leadbr
eaks,
etc.
)

Musi
cGenr
es

Di
ff
erentgenr
esofmusic hel
pin soot
hing one’
sdi
stur
bed souli
nthe gr
owt
h of
concent
rat
ion.Her
earesomet
ypesofmusi
c:

a.Classi
cal–asophisti
cat
edf
orm ofcomposi
ti
onasi
trequi
resski
l
lsl
ear
ningt
heabi
l
ity
t
ocoor
dinat
ewithothermusici
ans

b.Fol
k–r
efl
ect
stheemot
ionsofcommonpeopl
e(sub-
genr
es:cul
tur
alandpopul
ar
musi
c)

c.Funk–becameknowni
nthel
ate1960s;mader
hyt
hm t
hemosti
mpor
tantel
ement
andde-
emphasi
zedmelody

d.Hip-hop–alwaysusesi
nstr
umentssuchasbass,dr
ums,guitar
,viol
i
n,pi
ano,and
f
iddl
e,wher
einthebassi
sthemai
ninst
rument
;emotesf
eel
i
ngsofangerorpri
de

e.Jazz–featurescompl
exandst
rongbeat
s;mai
ninst
rument
susedf
ort
hist
ypear
e
cor
net
,tr
umpet,
orvioli
n

f
.Met
a–mel
odyi
sinf
luencedbyst
ruct
ureoft
hesong

g.Oper
a–combi
nat
ionoft
heat
ri
calar
tandmusi
cali
nvent
ionandi
spl
ayedbef
orebi
g
audi
ences

h.Rock–requiresvocal
st obeaccompani edbybass,
drums,
andguit
arandsomet
imes
bypiano,synt
hesi
zer,saxophone,flute,mandol
in,andsi
tarf
oramor epr
ofoundi
mpact(sub-
genr
es:hardrock,
met alr
ock,progressiver
ock)

i.Techno(f
usion)–aform ofel
ect
roni
cdance-
musi
cbasedonAf
ri
can-
Amer
icanmusi
c
st
ylesl
i
keelectr
ojazzandfunk

j
.Tr
ance–usual
l
yper
for
medi
ncl
ubhouses;
char
act
eri
zedbyf
astt
empoandr
epet
it
ious

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beat
s

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofMusi
calI
nst
rument
s

Musi
cali
nst
rumentsar
etool
sadaptedorcreatedi
nmakingmusicalsounds.Thei
rvocal
r
angeof
tencl
assi
fi
esiti
ncompari
sonwit
hotherinstr
umentssuchast
hef ol
lowing:

a.Al
toI
nst
rument
s

 Al
tosaxophone– invent
edin1841byAdol
pheSax,aBel
giani
nst
rumentdesi
gner
;
most
lyusedincl
assi
calcomposi
ti
ons

 Frenchhorn–br
assi
nst
rumentmadeabout12-
13f
eett
ubi
ngwr
appedi
ntoacoi
lwi
tha
fl
aredbell

 Engl
i
shhor
n(cor
angl
ais)–adoubl
e-r
eedwoodwi
ndi
nst
rumenti
ntheoboef
ami
l
y

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 Vi
ola–t
hemi
ddl
evoi
ceoft
hev
iol
i
nfami
l
yandbet
weent
hev
iol
i
nandt
hecel
l
o

b.BassI
nst
rument
s

 Doubl
ebass–l
argestandl
owest
-pi
tchedbowedi
nst
rumenti
nthemoder
nsy
mphony
or
chestr
a

 Bassgui
tar–ast
ri
ngedi
nst
rumentwi
thal
ongerneckandscal
elengt
h,wi
thf
ourt
o
ei
ghtst
ri
ngs

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 Basssax
ophone–oneoft
hel
argestmember
soft
hesaxophonef
ami
l
yofl
owr
ange

 Tuba–t
hel
argestanddeep-
pit
chedbassi
nst
rument

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c.Bar
it
oneI
nst
rument
s

 Bassoon – pl
ayed bypr
essi
ng t
he r
eed bet
ween t
hel
i
psand bl
ow t
o sound t
he
i
nstrument

 Bar
it
onesaxophone–oneoft
hel
argestmemberoft
hesaxophonef
ami
l
yandi
sthe
l
owest-
pit
ched

 Bass clar
inet – r
egular
ly per
for
med i
n sy
mphony orchest
ras,wind,ensembl
es,
occasi
onall
yinmar chi
ngbandsandplaysanoccasi
onalsoler ol
eincontempor
ary
music

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 Cel
lo(vi
ooncel
l
o)– bowedandsometi
mespluckedstri
ngi
nstr
ument;hasahol l
ow
woodenbodywit
htwosoundhol
es,
andf
ourst
ri
ngsrunni
ngal
ongthebodyandneck

 Bari
tonehor
n–awi ndinst
rumentthatconsi
stsofabr
asst
ubet
hati
sbl
ownusi
nga
cup-
shapedorpi
pe-
shapedmouthpi
ece

d.Sopr
anoI
nst
rument
s

 Fl
ute–awindinst
rumentthatpr
oducessoundt
hrought
hef
lowofai
rfr
om t
hehol
ethat
hasanel
abor
atesetofkey
s

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 Vi
oli
n–asmal
lst
ri
ngi
nst
rument
,usual
l
ywi
thf
ourst
ri
ngst
unedi
nper
fectf
if
ths

 Sopr
anosaxophone–awoodwindi
nst
rumentusedasasol
oandchamberi
nst
rumenti
n
cl
assi
cal
musicoraconcer
tbandoror
chest
ra

 Trumpet– usual
l
ypl
ayedbybl
owi
ngai
rthr
oughcl
osedl
i
psi
npr
oduci
ngabuzzi
ng
sound

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 Clar
inet–awoodwi ndinst
rumentt
hathasast
rai
ghtcy
li
ndr
icalt
ubewi
thaf
lar
ingbel
l
andasi ngl
e-r
eedmouthpi
ece

 Oboe–awoodwindinst
rumentwi
thadoubl
e-r
eedmout
hpi
ece,asl
endert
ubul
arbody
andhol
esst
oppedbykey
s

 Pi
ccol
o–ahi
gh-
pit
chedwoodwi
ndi
nst
rumentusedi
nor
chest
rasandmi
l
itar
ybands

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e.TenorI
nst
rument
s

 Tr
ombone–t
hesoundisproducedwhent
hepl
ayer
’sv
ibr
ati
ngl
i
pst
ri
ggert
heai
rcol
umn
i
nsi
det
hedev
icet
ovibr
ate

 Tenorsaxophone–amedium-sizedwoodwi
ndinstr
umentt
hatisver
ypromi
nenti
njazz
groupsandisoneoft
heessent
ialvoi
cesofaconcer
tormar
chingband

 Gui
tar– astr
ingedmusicali
nst
rumentwi
thaf
ret
tedf
inger
boar
d,t
ypi
cal
l
yincur
ved
si
des,hav
esi
xort wel
vest
ri
ngs

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LET’
SDOI
T…

SongComposit
ion.Composeasongdepict
ingyourli
feasast udentoranyt
hemey
ouwantt
o
wri
teabout
.Composit
ionscanbei
nEngl
i
sh,Tagal
og,orFi
li
pinodial
ect.

POSTTEST

I
nstr
ucti
ons:Matchcol
umnAwi
thcol
umnB.Wr
it
ethel
ett
eroft
hecor
rectansweront
hebox
pr
ovidedbef
oreeachit
em.

Col
umnA Col
umnB

1.Thismusici
scat
egor
izedbyf
astt
empoandr
epet
it
iousbeat
soft
he a.l
yri
cs
percussi
on.

2.I
tisadev
icecr
eat
edt
omakemusi
cal
sounds. b.musi
c

3.I
tdescr
ibesaconceptorat
hemewhi
chr
hymei
nrhy
thmi
cphr
ases c.not
es
i
nthesect
ionsofmusic.

4.Iti
sknownast hesmal
l
est
,hi
ghest
-pi
tchedmemberoft
hef
ami
l
yof d.chor
ds
str
inginst
rument
s.

5.I
tisthear
tofar
rangi
ngt
onesi
nanor
der
lysequencet
opr
oducea e.t
rance
uni
fi
ed

6.I
tref
erst
other
elat
ivel
ownessorhi
ghnesst
hatweheari
nasound. f
.tuba

7.I
tisf
ormedwhenmul
ti
plepi
tchesar
epl
acedt
oget
heronast
aff
. g.pi
tch

8.I
tisknownast
hel
argestandl
owest
-pi
tchedbr
assi
nst
rument
. h.v
iol
i
n

9.I
tr ef
erst
othesy
mbol
sofpi
tchesandt
hei
rdur
ati
onwhi
char
e i
.tempo
wri
tt
enonastaf
f.

10.I
trel
atest
othespeedofagi
venmusi
cpi
ece. j
.
musical
i
nst
rument

REFERENCE

Ramos,Arnul
foB.(2018).ArtAppreci
ati
onfort heNew Gener
alEducat
ionCur
ri
cul
um.Fi
rst
Edi
ti
on.65Arel
lanoSt
.,DavaoCi
ty:SMKCPr i
ntshoppe

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NAMEOFSTUDENT:

PROGRAM/
YR/
SECTI
ON:

I
NSTRUCTOR:

MODULE9

TOPI
C-DRAMA

1.
1El
ement sofDrama
1.
2TypesofDrama
1.
3DramaofHi st
ori
cal
Int
erest
1.
4Benefi
tsofDramaandRoleofAr
ti
sts
1.
5DramaForms

TI
MEFRAME:6hr
s.

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Theter
m dramai sfrom aGr eekwor ddrao,meaning“ t
odo”or“ toact ”
.Itisper
for
med
byactorsandact
resses,onr adio,t
elevi
sionorstagebeforeanaudi ence.Often,iti
scombined
wit
hmusi canddances.Itisapl aythatisactedout,ar ef
lecti
onoft heev erydayli
vesofthe
peopl
e.Itcombi
nesthear t
soft heactor,author
,di
rect
or,
desi gner
,andot her
s.

Dr
amai swr i
ti
ngthescenet hati
sint
endedtobeperfor
medbytheart
ist
sf oran
audi
ence.Thescr
iptconsi
stsofdi
alogue,t
hewordst
heact
orssay,
andt
hest
agedi
rect
ionson
howandwher et
heactorsmoveandspeak.

A good dr
amai ssomethi
ng thatiscoolwhichweal way
swant ed t
o watch.I
tis
somethi
ngt hatappeal
stoouremot i
ons,hasproperchar
acterdevel
opment,andleavesus
want
ingtocomebackf ort
henextepi
sodetofi
ndoutwhatisgoingtohappennext.

OBJECTI
VES
Attheendofthislesson,st
udentsareexpectedt
o:
 Identi
fythediffer
entelement
sandt ypesofdr
ama;
 demonst rateknowledgeaboutthedramaofhist
ori
cali
nter
est
;
 discussthebenef i
tsofdramaandt herol
eofthear
ti
sts;
 identi
fythediffer
entdramaforms;and
 createtheirownsong

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LET’
SGETSTARTED!

Thi
nkoft
hel
atestmov
iey
ouhadwat
chedandanswert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions:

1.Whati
sthet
it
leoft
hest
ory
?

2.Whoar
ethemai
nchar
act
ersoft
hest
ory
?

3.Whati
sthest
oryal
labout
?

4.Howdoest
hef
il
m begi
n?

5.Whati
stheendi
ngoft
hest
ory
?

El
ement
sofDr
ama

1.Audience–t hebodyofthetheat
re-
goer
st hatt
hewr i
teral
way
shadinmindwhenhe/
she
wrot
ethepl ay
.Theirrol
eistowit
nesstheproduct
ionandencour
aget
heact
orsthr
ought
hei
r
appl
auseandappr eci
ati
on

2.Dial
ogue–at echni
queinwhichplaywr
ightusedt woormor echaract
erstobeengagedin
conver
sati
onwithoneanother
.Ithast
wopar ts:
Innerdial
ogue(char
act
ersspeaktothemsel
ves,
ex.amonologue)andOuterdi
alogue(
simpl
econv ersati
onbetweentwocharact
ersi
naplay)

3.Pl
ot–r
efer
stot
heor
derofev
ent
sorst
oryt
hatoccur
redi
nthepl
ay

4.St
agecr
aft–ref
erstothetechni
calaspect
softheat
ricalpr
oduct
ion,whi
chi
ncl
udecost
ume
desi
gn,
li
ghti
ng,
sceni
cdesign,st
agemachinery
,sound,
andmakeup

5.Convent
ion–refer
stothetechni
queofact
ionsest
abl
i
shedbyt
hedi
rect
ort
otheact
orst
o
cr
eateadesir
eddramati
ceff
ect

6.Genres–ref
erstothety
pesofactsusedi
nadr
amai
nshowi
nganemot
ionalandr
elat
ional
devel
opmentofreal
i
sti
ccharact
ers

7.Character
izat
ion–awr i
ter
’sabi
l
ityt
omat
cht
hepr
otagoni
st(
mai
nchar
act
er)agai
nstan
ant
agonist(t
heopposi
ti
on)

Ot
herDr
amat
icEl
ement
s

Dramat
icel
ementsar
ecenterofalldr
ama.Theycanbeusedi
nisol
ati
onandar
emani
pul
ated
byaperf
ormerf
oraspect
acularr
esult
.

 Cl
i
max–hi
ghestpoi
ntofdr
amat
ict
ensi
onorconf
li
cti
nast
oryorpl
ay

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 Conf
li
ct–anessenti
ali
ngredi
entf
oralldramat
icper
for
mances.I
tcanbebet
weent
wo
ormorechar
act
ersorj
ustone(i
nnerconfl
i
ct)

 Contr
ast–useofvar
iat
ioni
sausef
ulwayt
ofocust
heaudi
ence’
sat
tent
ion.(
ex.asad
scenefol
l
owedbyahappyone)

 Focus – used inter

changeably witht he ter
ms concent r
ation and engagementin
assi
sti
ng the perfor
meri nt he port
rayalofbel i
evable personae.Italso suggest
s
memor i
zat
ionofa wor d,mov es,gestures,andrequi
reschannel i
ng(focusing)onall
perf
ormer’
senergiesint
oachievingthegivengoalsofachar acter

 Language–thewri
tt
enscr
iptt
hathel
psachi
eveanyper
for
mance(
useofwor
dscanbe
ver
balornon-
ver
bal
)

 Mood– referstotheemoti
onortoneof aper
for
mancet
hroughacombi
nat
ionof
sev
eral
stagecraf
tanddr
amati
cel
ements

 Rhy
thm –referstothespeedandti
ming(beatortempo)ofthepl
ayt
hatf
oll
owst
he
emoti
onal
stateofoneormorechar
act
ersoftheper
formance

 Sound–ameansofcr
eat
inganat
mospher
eormoodi
napl
ay

 Space–r
efer
stot
hepr
act
ical
useofav
ail
abl
ear
eaut
il
iz
edbyt
heact
ors

 Symbol–ref
erst
otheobjectsorset
sandpropsusedi
ntheat
reper
for
mances;i
ntends
toar
ousesomeconceptoremoti
oninthemi
ndoftheaudi
ence

 Tensi
on– cansometi
mesbesi mi
l
art o conf
li
ct;f
ormswhenaudi
enceant
ici
pat
es
speci
fi
cout
comesi
nthepl
otoft
hestor
y

 Ti
ming–refer
stothedramat
icphasesorsynchr
oni
zat
ionofmov
ement
sandgest
ures
oft
hevar
iouspar
tsofpr
oduct
ionfort
heat
ri
caleff
ect

Ty
pesofDr
ama

1.Tr
agedy– i
tisa si
mul
ati
on ofan act
ion t
hatisserious,compl
ete,and ofabsol
ute
magni
tudei
napl
ay;
usual
l
ydepi
ctst
hedownfall
ofthepr
otagonist

2.Comedy–at y
peofdr
amat
icwor
kthati
samusi
ngandhumor
ousi
nit
stone,most
lywi
tha
cheer
ful
endi
ng

3.Pr
oblem play–dealswithcontrov
ersi
alsoci
ali
ssuesinareal
ist
icmanner
;ex
posessoci
ali
l
ls
andsti
mulatesthoughtanddiscussi
ononthepartoftheaudi
ence

4.Far
ce–acomedyt
hatt
urnsar
oundi
mpossi
bleandexagger
atedev
ent
s

5.Fant
asy–i ti
sof
tenr
omant
icandcont
ainsel
ement
sofsuper
nat
ural
,magi
c,secr
etsoci
eti
es,
andrevenge

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6.Melodrama–adr amat
icworkinwhichtheploti
sdesi
gnedt
oappealst
rongemot
ionsand
takespr
ecedenceov
erdet
ail
edcharact
eri
zat
ion

Dr
amaofHi
stor
icalI
nter
est

 Anci
entDr
ama–i
texi
stedi
nrel
i
giouscer
emoni
esf
ort
hewor
shi
pofdi
ff
erentgods

 Medi
eval
Drama–i
tdeal
twi
thBi
blest
ori
esandal
l
egor
ical
myst
eri
es

 Renai
ssanceDrama–dur ingthi
speri
od,t
heGreekandt
heRomandramati
stswer
e
l
imit
edinI t
aly
,France,Germany,andEngl
and.Maskandcost
umesalsobecome
popul
ar

 ModernDrama–i twasduri
ngthelasttwodecadesoft he19th cent
uryandhal
fof
t
h
20 centur
ythatwitnessedagr
eatvari
etyoft
rendsinstageplay .Romanti
cfant
asy,
symboli
sm,expressi
onism,i
mpressi
oni
sm,comedy ,andpoeti
cdr amareachednew
hei
ghtsduri
ngthisperi
od

Benef
it
sofDr
amaandRol
eofAr
ti
sts

1.I
tdev
elopsi
magi
nat
ion,
creat
ivi
ty,
andf
lexi
bleway
soft
hinki
ng

2.I
tpr
omot
esconcent
rat
ion,
focus,
andt
heabi
l
ityt
opayat
tent
iont
odet
ail

3.Ithel
psmast erbodyl
anguage,bl
endi
ngbodymov
ementandf
aci
alex
pressi
on,
coupl
edwi
th
spokenlanguagetoconv
eyoneself

4.I
thel
pst
oexpl
oref
eel
i
ngs,
innerv
alues,
andt
hought
s

5.I
tdev
elopst
heabi
l
ityt
oint
eractorwor
kwi
thot
her
s

6.I
thel
psi
nbui
l
dingsel
f-
conf
idenceandsel
f-
est
eem

Dr
amaFor
ms

Dr
amaformsarecomposedofspeci
fi
cst
ruct
urest
hatdef
ine,di
ff
erent
iat
e,andshapeway
sin
whi
chi
tisexpl
ored.

a.Mov
ement

1.Cl
owning–theactt
hatdr
awsski
l
l-basedexagger
atedmov
ement
sandgest
ures,t
ocr
eat
e
humorf
orthev
iewer
s

2.Dance–theex
ecut
ionofacr
eat
ive,
free,
andexpl
orat
oryser
iesofact
ionsper
for
medwi
thor
wit
houtmusic

3.Maskwork–theexpl
orat
ionofmov
ementusi
ngamaskt
obr
ingt
hef
ocust
othephy
sical
expr
essi
onoft
hebody

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4.Mime–apant
omi
meact
ingwi
thoutwor
dsandi
sthr
oughf
aci
alex
pressi
on,gest
ure,and
movement

5.St
agef
ight
ing–achor
eogr
aphedmov
ementdesi
gnedt
osi
mul
atef
ight
ingbet
weenact
ors

6.Tabl
eau–asi
l
entandmot
ionl
essscenecr
eat
edbyact
orst
odr
awf
ocust
othecent
ral
theme
ofthedr
ama

b.I
mpr
ovi
sat
ion

1.Thechar
act
eri
nrol
e–i
tisar
ole-
play
ingchar
act
eri
napar
ti
cul
arsi
tuat
ion

2.Improv
isat
ionaldr
ama–aspont aneousstyl
eoft
heat
rei
nwhi
cht
her
eisnosetofscr
iptand
scenesarecr
eatedwithoutadv
anceprepar
ati
on

3.Rol
epl
ay–i
tisanact
ivi
tyi
nwhi
chi
ndi
vi
dual
sassumei
dent
it
iesot
hert
hant
hei
rown

4.Spont
aneousst
ori
es–i
tisav
erbal
war
m-upact
ivi
tyi
nwhi
chnar
rat
ivesar
emade

c.Speech

1.Chor
alwor
k–r
efer
stot
heensembl
espeechorsi
ngi
ng

2.Monol
ogues–al
ongspeechbyasi
ngl
echar
act
er

3.Radi
odr
ama–adr
amat
hati
sint
endedt
obel
i
steni
ngi
nst
eadofv
iewi
ng

4.Reader
’st
heat
re–aper
for
mancecr
eat
edbyact
orst
hroughr
eadi
ngascr
ipt

5.Reci
tati
on–iti
stheor
alpr
esent
ingofascr
ipt
edpi
eceofwor
kthatof
teni
nvol
vesbal
l
ads,
monologues,
andr
hymes

6.Soundscape–i
tist
heuseofv
ari
ousov
erl
appi
ngsoundt
ocr
eat
eanat
mospher
e

7.St
ory
tel
l
ing–r
efer
stor
elat
ingst
ori
est
oanaudi
ence

d.Scenewor
ks

1.Col
l
ect
ivecr
eat
ion–i
tisagr
ouppr
ocessofwr
it
inganor
igi
nal
scr
ipt

2.Docudr
ama– i
tist
heuseofdr
amat
icdev
icest
oil
l
ust
rat
ear
eal
-l
if
esi
tuat
iont
hrough
per
for
mance

3.Puppet
ry–i
tincl
udesanext
ensi
vevar
iet
yofpr
opst
hatal
mostany
thi
ngbr
oughtt
oli
feby
humanhandst
ocreat
eaperf
ormance

4.Stor
yt heat
re–refer
stoat
heat
ri
calpr
oduct
ionofanex
ist
ingst
orywher
ethechar
act
ers
speakeveryli
neoft
hestor
y

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LET’
SDOI
T…

Creat
ea30-60secondcommer
cial
scr
ipt
.Af
tert
hewr
it
ingpr
ocess,
per
for
m
thescr
ipty
ouhadwr i
tt
en.

POSTTEST

Chooset
hel
ett
eroft
hecor
rectanswer
.

1.I
tisat
ypeofdr
amawhi
chi
nvol
vesr
idi
cul
ousorhi
l
ari
ouscompl
i
cat
ionswi
thoutr
egar
dfor
humanval
ues.

a.Tr
agedy b.Mel
odr
ama c.Far
ce d.Docudr
ama

2.Anactt
hatdr
awsexagger
atedmov
ement
sandgest
ures,
tocr
eat
ehumorf
ort
heaudi
ence.

a.Dance b.Tabl
eau c.Askwor
k d.Cl
owni
ng

3.I
tisact
ingdonewi
thoutwor
dsbutt
hroughf
aci
alex
pressi
on,
gest
ure,
andmov
ementonl
y.

a.Mi
me b.Dance c.St
agef
ight
ing d.Tabl
eau

4.I
tisanact
ivi
tyi
nwhi
chi
ndi
vi
dual
sassumei
dent
it
iesot
hert
hant
hei
rown.

a.St
oryt
heat
re b.Fant
asy c.Rol
epl
ay d.Char
act
eri
nrol
e

5.I
tref
erst
otheensembl
espeechorsi
ngi
ng.

a.Soundscapeb.Radi
odr
ama c.St
ory
tel
l
ing d.Chor
alwor
k

6.I
tisanel
ementofdr
amat
hathasassembl
edf
ort
heexpl
i
citpur
poseofseei
ngapl
ay.

a.Pl
ot b.Audi
ence c.Conv
ent
ion d.St
agecr
aft

7.I
tisapl
ayi
nwhi
cht
hecent
ral
char
act
eri
sdef
eat
edbysomeov
erwhel
mingt
hreatordi
sast
er.

a.Tr
agedy b.Dr
amat
ici
rony c.Coi
nci
denced.Tensi
on

8.I
tisadramati
celementwhi
chi
sof
tenusedi
nter
changeabl
ywi
tht
het
erms“
concent
rat
ion”
and“engagement
.

a.Rhy
thm b.Ti
ming c.Focus d.Space

9.I
tref
erst
orel
ati
ngst
ori
est
oanaudi
ence.

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a.Reci
tat
ion b.Conf
li
ct c.Cl
i
max d.St
ory
tel
l
ing

10.Thef
oll
owi
ng,
exceptone,
areconv
ent
ional
element
sofdr
ama:

a.Cont
empor
ary b.Chi
nesedr
ama c.Real
i
sm d.Gr
eekdr
ama

REFERENCE

Ramos,Arnul
foB.(2018).ArtAppreci
ati
onfort heNew Gener
alEducat
ionCur
ri
cul
um.Fi
rst
Edi
ti
on.65Arel
lanoSt
.,DavaoCi
ty:SMKCPr i
ntshoppe

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