MAMW100 Asynchronous Module Semi-Final

Document Code: CAS-F-AOLMT
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Lucena City Document Title: Asynchronous Online Learning Module
An Autonomous University Template
Page No.: Page 1 of 10
COLLEGE OF ___________________ Revision No.: 1
Effectivity Date: August 2020
QUALITY FORM Prepared by: Dean
Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by: President
Online Learning Module MAMW-100
Module Title: Data Management – Introduction to Statistics

Statistics as an academic discipline stress analysis data to facilitate the process of decision-
making. Data use to analyze the results of surveys and make decisions based on controlled
experiments as a tool in scientific studies.
Statistics refers to numerical data, such as a record of birth rate in a rural area compared to an
urban area.
Time needed to complete: 3 hours

Module Objectives The module aims to:
Objective: review the basic terminologies in statistics
Learning Outcome/s
After successful completion of this module, you should have the ability to:
Learning Outcome 1: identify the different term and data used in statistics.
Course Materials
Watch:
Introduction to Statistics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVArW4MItG4
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VDafmUys04
Measurement Scales
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jigW0a8cC5c
Sampling Techniques
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PsF5MsrCOo
Read: Introduction to Statistics

http://cs.ioc.ee/ITKStat/files/1_intro.pdf
Review: Sampling Techniques

https://uca.edu/psychology/files/2013/08/Ch7-Sampling-Techniques.pdf
Activities/Assessments
Data Management – Introduction to Statistics
For Further Study

Search more ideas and concepts on statistics
Prepared by: mjem

Reviewed by: QMR
LESSON 1 – Introduction to Statistics
Statistics
• a branch of Mathematics that examines and investigates ways to process and analyze the
data gathered
• provides procedure in data collection, presentation, organization, and interpretation to
have a meaningful idea that is useful to decision-makers
Types of Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
– tell something about the particular group of observation
• Inferential Statistics
– logical process from sample analysis to a generalization or conclusion about a
population
Population and Sample

• Population
– consists of all the members of the group about which we want to draw a
conclusion
• Sample
– is a portion, or part, of the population of interest selected for analysis
Parameter and Statistic

• Parameter is a numerical index describing a characteristic of a population
• Statistic is a numerical index describing a characteristic of a sample
Sources of Data
• Primary data are data that come from an original source and are intended to answer
specific research questions, (e. g. Interview, mail-in questionnaire, survey, or
experimentation
• Secondary data are data that are taken from previously recorded data, such as information
in research conducted, industry financial statements, business periodicals, and
government reports (e. g. Internet websites, compact disk, etc.)
Constant and Variable

• Constant – is a characteristic of objects, people, or events that does not vary. For
example, the temperature at which water boils (1DD degrees Celsius) is a constant
• Variable – is a characteristic of objects, people, or events that can take of different values.
For example, weight of people, hair color of people(in quality)
Types of Data
• Qualitative Data (categorical data) – data that is conceptualized as distinct categories,
with no continuum implied (ex. Eye color, gender, occupation, religious preference)
• Quantitative Data (numerical data) – data that is conceptualized and analyzed along the
continuum implied. (ex. Height, weight, math aptitude, lust of life)
Classification of Variable
Variable can be classified into two according to purpose whether experimental or mathematical.
Prepared by: mjem

Reviewed by: QMR
A. EXPERIMENTAL CLASSIFICATION - A researcher may classify variables according to

the function they serve in the experiment
 Independent Variable– expected to have an effect on the behavior of the subjects
 Dependent Variable– expected to be influenced by the independent variable
B. MATHEMATICAL CLASSIFICATION – A researcher may classify in terms of the

mathematical values they may take on within a given interval.
 Continuous Variable – is a variable which can assume any of an infinite number of
values, and can be associated with points on a continuous line interval.(Ex. Height,
weight, volume, etc.)
 Discrete Variable – is a variable which consist of either a finite number of values or
countable number of values(Ex. Gender, courses, olympic games, etc.)
Level of Measurement
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
NOMINAL Indicates a distinction

(ex. Student number)
ORDINAL Indicates a distinction
(ex. Calendar time) Indicates the direction of the distinction
INTERVAL Indicates a distinction
(ex. temperature) Indicates the direction of the distinction
Indicates amount of distinction
RATIO Indicates a distinction
(ex. weight) Indicates the direction of the distinction
Indicates amount of distinction
Indicates an absolute zero value
Sampling Techniques
RANDOM SAMPLING (Probability Sampling)

A sampling technique in which each unit in a population has a specifiable chance of
being selected. The motivation behind using probability sampling is to generate a
sample that is representative of the population in which it was drawn. Random
sampling does not guarantee that every random sample perfectly represents the
population. Instead, it means that most random samples will be close to the
population most of the time, and that one can calculate the probability of a particular
sample being accurate.
 Simple random sampling

In simple random sampling, a researcher develops an accurate sampling frame,
selects elements from the sampling frame according to a mathematically random
procedure, and then locates the exact element that was selected for inclusion in
the sample.
 Systematic sampling
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Reviewed by: QMR
Elements are randomly selected using a sampling interval. The sampling interval
(i.e., Kth is some number) tells the researcher how to select elements from a
sampling frame by skipping elements in the frame before selecting one for the
sample. For example, a researcher would have a list of 1,000 elements in her or
his population. Let’s assume the sample size is 100. In this case, the researcher
would select every 10th case. There are two tricks to this that must be followed:
first, the sample frame must have the elements ordered in a random way and
second; the starting point (the point at which the first element is selected for
inclusion into the sample) must be determined randomly.
 Stratified sampling
In stratified random sampling, a researcher first divides the population into sub-
populations (strata: defined as a characteristic of the population. For example,
female and male.) on the basis of supplementary information. After dividing the
population into strata, the researcher draws a random sample from each 25 sub-
population. In general, stratified sampling produces samples that are more
representative of the population than simple random sampling if the stratum
information is accurate.
 Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling addresses two problems: Researchers lack a good sampling
frame for a geographically dispersed population and the cost to reach a sampled
element is very high. Instead of using a single sampling frame, researchers use a
sampling design that involves multiple stages and clusters. A cluster is a unit that
contains final sampling elements but can be treated temporarily as a sampling
element itself. In other words, the researcher randomly samples clusters, and then
randomly samples elements from within the selected clusters; this has a big
practical advantage. He or she can create a good sampling frame of clusters, even
if it is impossible to create one for sampling elements. Once the researcher gets a
sample of clusters, creating a sampling frame for elements within each cluster
becomes more manageable. A second advantage for geographically dispersed
populations is that elements within each cluster are physically closer to one
another. This may produce a savings in locating or reaching each element.
NON-RANDOM SAMPLING (Nonprobability Sampling)

A sampling technique in which each unit in a population does not have a specifiable
probability of being selected. In other words, nonprobability sampling does not select
their units from the population in a mathematically random way. As a result,
nonrandom samples typically produce samples that are not representative of the
population. This also means that are ability to generalize from them is very limited.
Prepared by: mjem

Reviewed by: QMR
 Convenience sampling (also known as Haphazard, Accidental)

A sampling procedure in which a researcher selects any cases in any manner that
is convenient to be included in the sample. Haphazard sampling can produce
ineffective, highly unrepresentative samples and is not recommended. When a
researcher haphazardly selects cases that are convenient, he or she can easily get a
sample that seriously misrepresents the population. Such samples are cheap and
quick; however, the systematic errors that easily occur make them worse than no
sample at all.
 Purposive sampling (also known as Judgmental)

Purposive sampling is an acceptable kind of sampling for special situations. It
uses the judgment of an expert in selecting cases or it selects cases with a specific
purpose in mind. Purposive sampling is used most often when a difficult-to-reach
population needs to be measured.
 Quota sampling
In quota sampling, a researcher first identifies relevant categories of people (e.g.,
male, female; under age of 30, over the age of 30), then decides how many to get
in each category. Thus, the number of people in various categories of the sample
is fixed.
 Snowball sampling (also called network, chain referral, or reputational)
Snowball sampling is a method for identifying and sampling the cases in a
network. It begins with one or a few people or cases and spreads out on the basis
of links to the initial cases.
Reference: http://www.csun.edu/~hbsoc126/soc4/chapter_8_outline.pdf
Methods of Collecting Data

• Direct/Interview Method
– face-to-face encounter between interviewer and interviewee but time consuming,
expensive and has limited field
– indirect or Questionnaire Method
– uses questionnaires to obtain information
• Registration Method
– gathering information is governed by laws
• Observation Method
– used to data that are pertaining to behaviors of an individual or a group of
individuals at the time of occurrence of a given situation are best obtained by
observation; made only at the time or occurrence of the appropriate events
• Experiment Method
– used to determine the cause-and-effect relationship of certain phenomena under
controlled conditions; usually employed by scientific researchers.
Methods in Presenting Data

• Textual method – narrative form
• Tabular method- orderly arranged through rows and columns for an easier and more
comprehensive comparison of figures
• Graphical method – visual or pictorial form to get clear view of data
Prepared by: mjem

Reviewed by: QMR
SUMMATION NOTATION, Sigma (Σ)
Σ(sigma) – used to denote sum of all values

n
The symbol ∑ x i is used to denote the sum of all the x‘si from i = 1 to i = n; by
i=1
definition, n
∑ x i= x1 + x2 + x 3 +. ..+ x n
i =1
Example
Prepared by: mjem

Reviewed by: QMR
Write the following expressions in expanded form and evaluate.

X Y Z
1 0 4
3 8 7
2 1 -2
5 6 3
4
∑ 2 xi yi
1. i=1
4
∑ zi ( y i −x i )
2. i=1
4
∑ ( x i + z i )2
3. i =1
Solution:
4
∑ 2 x i y i =2 x1 y 1 +2 x 2 y 2+2 x 3 y 3+2 x 4 y 4=2(1)(0 )+2(3 )(8)+2(2 )(1 )+2(5)(6 )
i=1
1. ¿ 0+48+4 +60=112
4
∑ zi ( y i −x i )=z 1 ( y 1−x 1 )+ z 2( y 2 −x2 )+ z 3( y 3 −x 3 )+ z 4 ( y 4 −x 4 )
i =1
2. ¿ 4 (0−1)+7( 8−3 )+−2( 1−2)+3 (6−5 )=−4+35+ 2+ 3=36

4
∑ ( x i + z i )2 =( x 1+ z 1 )2 +( x 2 + z 2 )2+( x3 + z 3 )2+( x 4 + z 4 )2
i=1
3. ¿( 1+ 4 )2 +( 3+ 7)2 +( 2+ (−2 ) )2 +( 5+3 )2 =25+100+0+64=189

Reviewed by: QMR
Data Management – Introduction to Statistics
Name: Activity/Quiz
Day & Time DATE:

(Sched.)
Instructor Joshua Michael Saberon Score: Rating:
:
Good luck and God bless you.
A. In each of these statements, tell whether descriptive or inferential statistics have been
used.
1. Financial analysts say that mortgage may soon ______________________
hit bottom.
2. The monthly average expenditure per ______________________
household is ₱10, 000.00
3. The guard in the SM Megamall records the ______________________
number of shoppers for the past 15 days.
4. The Philippine Regulation Commission (PRC) ______________________
ranks the result of the Certified Public
Accountants professional examination in 2010.
5. One hundred customers have their ______________________
corresponding age and buying preference
results. The manager wants to determine its
relationship.
B. Classify each variable as qualitative or quantitative.
1. Automobile ownership of students. ______________________
2. Net weight (in grams) of packaged cereal. ______________________
3. Political party affiliation of civil service ______________________
workers.
4. Number of bankrupt corporations per month in ______________________
the Philippines.
5. Useful lifetimes (in hours) of 100-watt light ______________________
bulbs.
C. Identify each item as discrete or continuous.
1. Outcomes in rolling a pair of dice. ______________________
2. Square root of 2. ______________________
3. Irrational numbers. ______________________
4. f(x) = x + 3 ______________________
5. Number of online purchases made in a week. ______________________
Reviewed by: QMR
D. Determine whether each of the following is nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio data.
1. Social Security System (SSS) Number ______________________
2. Military ranks ______________________
3. Temperatures measured in Kelvin scale ______________________
4. The number of LRT passengers from Recto to ______________________
Santolan Stations
5. Courses offered in university belt ______________________
E. Match items in Column A that corresponds to sampling techniques in Column B. Write
the letter of your answer on the space provided.
Column A Column B
___1. Ms. Washington is investigating teachers' attitudes a. Stratified Sampling
toward year-round schooling. She is particularly
interested in describing the attitudes of teachers from
small, medium, and large schools. Which sampling
procedure should she use to ensure her sample is
representative of these types of schools?
___2. Mr. Marino has compiled a list of 1,348 students in b. Systematic Sampling
his high school. He has selected a sample of 42 students
by choosing every 14th student on this list. Which type
of sampling is he using?
___3. Which of the following sampling methods is the best c. Simple Random Sampling
way to select a group of people for a study if you are
interested in making statements about the larger
population?
___4. What is sampling method which involves separating d. Cluster Sampling
the population in to clusters, then selecting random
samples from the clusters?
___5. The psychologist assigns each student a number from e. Snowball Sampling
1 to 3960. She selects the sample by randomly choosing
one of the first 132 numbers and every 132nd number
thereafter. Identify the type of sample survey method.
___6. Which sampling technique would you suggest Mr. f. Purposive Sampling
Arroyo is describing in the following situation? He wants
to understand the decision-making process in a particular
high school, but because he does not know who actually
makes certain kinds of decisions, he asks many faculty
members who in their opinion makes the decisions in the
school.
___7. Mr. Jennings is studying the use of individualized g. Quota Sampling
instruction with elementary school students. He is
particularly interested in understanding what problems
Reviewed by: QMR
are encountered—and how those problems are resolved

—when teachers switch to this approach. Which
sampling strategy is he likely to use to select his sample?
___8. Which of the following types of sampling involves the h. Convenience Sampling
researcher determining the appropriate sample sizes for
the groups identified as important, and then taking
convenience samples from those groups?
___9. The nonrandom sampling type that involves selecting
a sample from a population with a specific set of
characteristics for your research study is called _____.
___10. People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily
recruited are used in the sampling method called ______.
F. Given:
x 6 7 9 5 7 8 6 5
y 7 5 4 4 6 7 5 6
z 8 8 6 3 7 7 8 4
Find: (3 pts each)

1.
2.
3.
4.

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MAMW100 Asynchronous Module Semi-Final

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Document Code: CAS-F-AOLMT

MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Online Learning Module MAMW-100

Module Title: Data Management – Introduction to Statistics

Time needed to complete: 3 hours

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Read: Introduction to Statistics

Review: Sampling Techniques

For Further Study

Prepared by: mjem

LESSON 1 – Introduction to Statistics

Population and Sample

Parameter and Statistic

Constant and Variable

Prepared by: mjem

A. EXPERIMENTAL CLASSIFICATION - A researcher may classify variables according to

B. MATHEMATICAL CLASSIFICATION – A researcher may classify in terms of the

NOMINAL Indicates a distinction

RANDOM SAMPLING (Probability Sampling)

 Simple random sampling

Prepared by: mjem

NON-RANDOM SAMPLING (Nonprobability Sampling)

Prepared by: mjem

 Convenience sampling (also known as Haphazard, Accidental)

 Purposive sampling (also known as Judgmental)

Methods of Collecting Data

Methods in Presenting Data

Prepared by: mjem

SUMMATION NOTATION, Sigma (Σ)

Σ(sigma) – used to denote sum of all values

Prepared by: mjem

Write the following expressions in expanded form and evaluate.

2. ¿ 4 (0−1)+7( 8−3 )+−2( 1−2)+3 (6−5 )=−4+35+ 2+ 3=36

3. ¿( 1+ 4 )2 +( 3+ 7)2 +( 2+ (−2 ) )2 +( 5+3 )2 =25+100+0+64=189

Data Management – Introduction to Statistics

Day & Time DATE:

Good luck and God bless you.

are encountered—and how those problems are resolved

Find: (3 pts each)

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