MPTC CHERPULASSERY

INDUCTION MACHINES

MODULE1

SATHEESH BABU P
  What is a Transformer?
A Transformer is a static electrical machine which transfers AC
electrical power from one circuit to the other circuit at the constant
frequency.
 Principle of operation
• It works on the principle of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction
• It states that “ the magnitude of voltage is directly proportional
to the rate of change of flux.”

 Working of a Transformer

• When the AC supply is given to the primary winding with a

voltage of V1, an alternating flux ϕ sets up in the core of the
transformer.
• which links with the secondary winding and as a result of it, an
EMF is induced in it called Mutually Induced EMF.
 The direction of this induced EMF is opposite to the applied
voltage V1, this is because of the Lenz’s law.
Construction of single phase transformer
 Two basic parts
• Magnetic core
• Windings or coils

Magnetic core
 Core provides path for magnetic flux (Φ)
 Two losses occurs in the core
– Hysteresis loss
– Eddy current loss
 Core is made of high grade silicon steel in order to reduce
hysteresis loss
 Core is made up of thin laminations in order to reduce eddy
current loss
Windings or coils
 • Electric current passes through windings
• Windings are made up of copper or aluminium
• Wound on the limbs of magnetic core
• Windings are insulated from each other
• Windings are subjected to I2R losses(copper losses)
Types of transformer
 Based on the arrangement of core and windings
• Core type transformer
• Shell type transformer
Core type transformer
• The windings encircles the core(The core is surrounded by
windings)

Shell type transformer

Comparison of Transformers
Core type
• The winding surround the core.
• The lamination is cut in the form of the L strips.
• Cross-section may be square, cruciform and three stepped
• Copper requires more
• More insulation requires
• The flux is equally distributed on the side limbs of the core.
• The primary and secondary winding are placed on the side
limbs.
• More losses
• Maintenance is easy
• Low mechanical Strength

• Shell type
• The core surround the winding
• Lamination are cut in the form of the long strips of E and L.
• The cross section is rectangular in shape.
• Less copper requires
• Less insulation requires
• Central limb carry the whole flux and side limbs carries the half
of the flux.
• Primary and secondary windings are placed on the central limb
• Less losses
• Maintenance is difficult
• High mechanical Strength
Ideal transformer
• The transformer which is free from all types of losses is known
as an ideal transformer.
• It is an imaginary transformer that has no core loss, no ohmic
resistance, and no leakage flux
Characteristics of an ideal transformer
• The resistance of their primary and secondary winding becomes
zero.
• The core of the ideal transformer has infinite permeability.
• The leakage flux of the transformer becomes zero
• The transformer is free from hysteresis and eddy current loss

 EMF Equation of The Transformer

Let,
N1 = Number of turns in primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding
Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb) = (Bm x A)
f = frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)

•
•
As, shown in the fig., the flux rises sinusoidally to its maximum
value Φm from 0. It reaches to the maximum value in one quarter
of the cycle i.e in T/4 sec (where, T is time period of the sin
wave of the supply = 1/f).
Therefore,
average rate of change of flux = Φm /(T/4) = Φm /(1/4f)
Therefore,
average rate of change of flux = 4f Φm ....... (Wb/s).
Now,
Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per turn

Therefore, average emf per turn = 4f Φm ..........(Volts).

Now, we know, Form factor = RMS value / average value
Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = Form factor X average
emf per turn.

As, the flux Φ varies sinusoidally, form factor of a sine wave is

1.11

Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = 1.11 x 4f Φm = 4.44f

Φm.

RMS value of induced emf in whole primary winding (E1) =

RMS value of emf per turn X Number of turns in primary
winding
 E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm ............................. eq 1

Similarly, RMS induced emf in secondary winding (E2) can be

given as

E2 = 4.44f N2 Φm. ............................ eq 2