MOLE CONCEPT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Students should be able to:
• Define the mole and the Avogadro’s constant.
• Use the molar gas volume, taken as 24 dm3 at r.t.p.
• Calculate stoichiometric reacting masses, volumes of gases and solutions, and
concentrations of solutions expressed in g / dm3 and mol / dm3.
 Definition
❑ Mole is the amount of substance which contains
6.02 × 1023 atoms / molecules / ions.
Avogadro’s
❑ 1 mole of C = 6.02 × 1023 atoms constant

❑ 1 mole of H2O = 6.02 × 1023 molecules

 First Mole Formula

Unit
No. of moles = moles
No. of particles = atoms / molecules
/ ions
Discuss how to modify the formula to find: Avogadro’s constant = 6.02 x 1023 /
❑ No. of particles mole
 Example #1
How many moles are there in 3.01 × 1023 molecules of
Oxygen?

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
Number of mole =
𝐴𝑣𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑜′ 𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

3.01 × 1023 Remember!!!

= 6.02 × 1023 /𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
3 significant figures

= 0.500 mole
 Example #2
How many molecules are there in 2 moles of water, H2O?

Number of molecules = No. of moles × Avogadro’s Constant

= 2 moles × 6.02 × 1023/mole

= 12.04 × 1023

= 1.204 × 1024 ~ 1.20 × 1024 molecules

 Example #3
How many atoms are there in 0.5 moles of oxygen gas?

Oxygen gas → O2 → there are 2 atoms / molecule

Number of atoms = No. of moles × Avogadro’s Constant

= 0.5 moles × 6.02 × 1023/mole × 2

= 6.02 × 1023 atoms

 Exercise #1
1) How many molecules of hydrogen are there in 5 moles
of hydrogen gas?

2) How many moles are there in 6.02 × 1022 atoms of

copper?
Any questions?
 Mole vs Mass
❑ The mass of 1 mole of an element = Ar of that element

❑ The mass of 1 mole of a compound = Mr of that

compound

❑ The mass of 1 mole of Na = 23 grams

❑ The mass of 1 mole of CH4 = 16 grams

 Second Mole Formula

Unit
No. of moles = moles
Mass = g
Molar mass = g/mol OR g mol-1
Discuss how to modify the formula to find:
Molar mass can be Ar or Mr depends
❑ Mass on the substance
❑ Molar Mass → for unknown substances
 Example #4
How many moles are there in 9 g of water?

Molar mass of water = 18 g/mol (sum of Ar of H & O from Periodic Table)

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
Number of moles =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

9𝑔
=
18 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 0.500 mol
 Example #5
Calculate the mass of 2 moles of carbon.

Molar mass of carbon = 12 g/mol

Mass = Moles × Molar mass

= 2 mol × 12 g/mol

= 24.0 g
 Example #6
Find the molar mass of substance A if 4 moles of substance A has a mass

80 g.

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
Molar mass =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

80 𝑔
=
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 20.0 g/mol
 Exercise #2
1) Calculate the mass of 3 moles of magnesium oxide
(MgO).

2) How many moles are there in 46 g of sodium?

3) 0.500 mol of a compound, XO2, has a mass of 22 g.

a. Calculate the molar mass of XO2.
b. Identify X.
Any questions?
HOME ASSIGNMENT #1
Open your textbook page 73 and do questions
number 1 – 8 at home.
Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro’s
Law
 Atmospheric Condition

Molar
Temperature Pressure
Atmosphere Volume
(K) (kPa)
(dm3/mol)

s.t.p. 273 101.3 22.4

r.t.p. 298 101.3 24.0

 Molar Volume Calculation

❑ s.t.p. : Standard Temperature and Pressure

1 mole of gas will occupy

273 K ; 1.01 X 105 Pa
22.4 dm3

❑ r.t.p. : Room Temperature and Pressure

1 mole of gas will occupy

298 K ; 1.01 X 105 Pa
24 dm3
 Third Mole Formula

Discuss how to modify the formula to find:
❑ Volume
Unit
No. of moles = moles
Volume = dm3 (equivalent with litre)
Molar volume = dm3/mol OR dm3 mol-1
In Cambridge, we usually refer to r.t.p.
 Example #7
How many moles are there in 6 dm3 of oxygen at r.t.p.?

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Number of moles =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

6 𝑑𝑚3
=
24.0 𝑑𝑚3/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 0.250 mol
 Example #8
Calculate the volume of 0.5 moles of nitrogen gas at r.t.p.

Volume = Moles × Molar Volume

= 0.5 mol x 24.0 dm3/mol

= 12.0 dm3
 Exercise #3
1) Calculate the volume of 2 moles of nitrogen gas at r.t.p.

2) How many moles are there in 960 cm3 of bromine gas at

r.t.p.?

3) 20 g of methane, CH4, is used for a combustion reaction at

r.t.p. condition.
a. Calculate the moles of methane.
b. Find the volume of methane at r.t.p. condition.
Any questions?
HOME ASSIGNMENT #2
Open your textbook page 77 and do questions
number 1 – 5 at home.
 Solutions

SOLUTE SOLVENT SOLUTION

 Concentration of Solution
Concentration is just like ‘sweetness’ of a
solution.
Imagine: A sugar solution contains 10.0 g
of sugar per dm3 of solution and another
contains 2.0 g of sugar per dm3 of
solution.
The more concentrated one will be
sweeter.Can you identify the sweeter?
Concentration
of Solution

Most Concentrated Least Concentrated

 Molarity
The number of moles of a substance dissolved in one litre of a
solution.

Units: mol dm-3

Pronounced: moles per decimetre cubed
Units often abbreviated to ‘M’ (do not do this in an exam!)
Volume must be in dm3 not ml or cm3
 Fourth Mole Formula

Unit
No. of moles = moles
Volume = dm3 (equivalent with litre)
Discuss how to modify the formula to find: Concentration = mol/dm3 OR mol dm-3
❑ Volume
❑ Concentration
 Example #9
How many moles are there in 200 cm3 of hydrochloric acid solution 2 mol dm-3?

Number of moles = Volume × Concentration

= 0.200 dm3 × 2 mol dm-3

= 0.400 mol
 Example #10
Calculate the volume of 3 mol of ammonia solution 1 mol dm-3.

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
Volume = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚−3

= 3.00 dm3
 Example #11
Calculate the concentration of 1.50 moles of sodium hydroxide solution 0.500 dm3.

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
Concentration = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

1.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.500 𝑑𝑚3

= 3.00 mol dm-3

Concentration
of Solution

The concentrations of aqueous bench reagents are

usually stated in terms of molarity.
 Example #12
• Water is added to 4 g NaOH to produce a 2 mol dm-3 solution.
What volume should the solution be in cm3?

• Calculate quantity of NaOH:

– mol of NaOH = mass / molar mass
= 4.00 g / 40.0 g mol-1
= 0.100 mol
• Calculate volume of solution:
– Volume = moles / concentration
= 0.100 mol / 2.00 mol dm-3
= 0.0500 dm3
= 50.0 cm3
 Concentration
0.5 mol dm-3

10 cm3

100 cm3 100 cm3

How many moles of NaOH are there?

 Example #13
❑ How many moles are there in 100 cm3 volumetric flask (left one)?
Moles of NaOH = volume x concentration
= 0.100 dm3 x 0.5 mol dm-3
= 0.0500 mol

❑ How many moles are there in 10 cm3 of NaOH solution transferred to

the conical flask?
Because it is taken from the volumetric flask and it does not experience any
dilution, the concentration doesn’t change but the number of moles change.
Moles of NaOH = (10 cm3 / 100 cm3) x 0.0500 mol
= 0.00500 mol
 Example #13 (cont.)
❑ How many moles of OH- are there in 100 cm3 volumetric flask (left
one)?
NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

NaOH and OH- have the same coefficients so they have the same amount of
moles, you will learn this further in the stoichiometry topic.
 Concentration
Concentration:
Measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a given
amount of solvent.

• g dm-3 (g/dm3)
– is the number of grams of solute dissolved per dm3 of solution

• mol dm-3 (mol/dm3) Molarity (M)

– is the number of moles of solute dissolved per dm3 of solution
– M = mol dm-3
 Concentration
The following equation gives concentration in g/dm3:

mass dissolved (g)

concentration =
volume of solution (dm3)

If 1 g of solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in 250 cm3 of

solution, what is the concentration in g/dm3?
mass of solid = 1 g
volume of solution = 250 cm3 = 0.250 dm3
concentration = 1 g / 0.250 dm3 = 4.00 g/dm3
 Example #14
Find the concentration in g dm-3 and mol dm-3 of a solution
containing 2.00 g sodium hydroxide in 125 cm3 of solution.

g dm-3
• 125 cm3 = 0.125 dm3
• 2.00 g/0.125 dm3 = 16.0 g dm-3

mol dm-3
• 2.00 g NaOH = 2.00 g / 40.0 g mol-1 = 0.0500 mol
• 0.0500 mol/0.125 dm3 = 0.400 mol dm-3
 Concentration

Convert mol/dm3 to g/dm3

mol/dm3 x molar mass (g/mol) = g/dm3
Convert g/dm3 to mol/dm3
g/dm3 x 1 = mol/dm3
molar mass
 Exercise #4
1) Calculate the concentration of 1.5 moles of H2SO4 in 200 cm3 of
solution.

2) Calculate the volume of 0.2 M NaCl containing 0.500 moles.

3) A chemist needs to make a 500 cm3 standard solution of 0.200 M

sodium hydroxide from solid sodium hydroxide. How much will they
need to weigh out?
Any questions?
 Mass

No. of
Concentration
particles

Moles

Volume Molar Mass

HOME ASSIGNMENT #3
Open your textbook page 79 and do questions
number 1 – 5 at home.