TOPIC 16: ENVIRONMENT/COUNTRYSIDE/AGRICULTURE/ENERGY/BIOLOGY - farmer = peasant (c) néng dan - indiscriminate spitting (u) sy khac, nhd bira bai - indiscriminate (adj) careless: bira bai - evolution (u) sy’ tién hda, su phat trién - pet animal (c) thi cung - pet ownership (u) sy sé hiru thu cung - pet-raising = pet-keeping (u) viéc nudi, gitr th cung ~ animal right (c) quyén cla déng vat - animal welfare = animal well-being (u) su khde manh va hanh phiic cia dong vat - livestock (pIr) vat nudi, thd nudi (gdm ca gia stic va gia cam) ~ cattle (plr) gia stic - poultry (pir) gia cam - wood product (c) san pham tir gd - wooden furniture (u) dé dac bang g6 - timber = lumber (u) g6 xay dyng - grazing (u) sy an cd, su chan tha (gia suc) - overgrazing (u) sy n co qua mite, sur chan tha qua mtic (gia stic) = soil erosion (u) su’ x6i mon dat - soil degradation (u) su suy thoai dat - rare animal (c) déng vat quy hiém - working animal (c) déng vat lam viéc (trau...) - feed (t) cho an (ding cho ngwai va vat) - feed on sth: n (ding cho déng vat) - breed (t) gay giéng - reproduce (i/t) sinh san - reproduction (u) su sinh san - cultivate (t) trong, canh tac - environmental challenge (c) thach thtrc vé méi truong - to pollinate crops: thu phan cho cay trong - the United Nations (s) Lién hop quéc - faeces (plr) = excrement (u) phan, ct (ngudi, déng vat) - unnatural (adj) trai lai ty nhién - the food chain (n) chudi thie an - animal conservation = animal protection (u) sy bao tén déng vat - wildlife conservation (u) su bao tén déng vat hoang da - wild animal (c) dng vat hoang da ~ classify (sth into) = categorize (sth into) (t) phan loai - environmentally sustainable development (c/u) sy phat trién bén virng vé mdi trudng - poison (c/t) chat dc, dau déc - soil fertility (u) su mau mé cuia dat - over-application (c/u) str dung, trng dung qua mic (phan bén, thudc trir sau...) - unpredictable weather event (c) sy kién thdi tiét khéng doan truéc dugc - pest (c) vat gay hai (mua mang) - soil composition (c/u) cdu tao dat - reap = harvest (t) gat, gat hai - harvest (t) thu hoach - sow (i/t) gieo hat - sowing (u) sy gieo hat - virgin material = raw material (c) nguyén liéu tho - recyclable material (c) nguyén tai ché - disposable item (c) vat pham dung mot hoc vai lan - reuse (t) tai str dung - environmental/natural disaster (c) tham hoa méi tréng/thién nhién - industrial waste (u) rac céng nghiép c6 thé- pollination (u) su thu phan - vegetation (u) cay céi - disrupt the natural balance (u) pha vé can bang thién nhién - ecological balance (u) su can bang sinh thai imbalance (u) su mat can bang - demise (c) end, collapse, fall: sy’ cham ditt, sy’ sup dé, su bién mat - a throw-away society (n) mét xa hdi chi ding hang héa trong thai gian ngan va vet bd sau dé - drought-tolerant plant (c) cay chiu han - drip irrigation (u) su tu6i nhé giot - irrigate (t) tuéi - rainwater (u) nuéc mua - waste recycling (u) su tai ché rac thai - recyclable (adj) tai ché duoc - durable and non-recyclable material (c) vat ligu bén va khéng tai ché duge - restoration (u) revival: sy khdi phuc - channel = canal (c) kénh -dam (c) dap - reservoir (c) hé chira nuéc jevastate = ruin (t) huy hoai = arid = infertile (adj) can c6i, Kho ~ ravage - barren can ~ extreme weather (u) extreme climate event: thdi tiét cur doan - toxin chemical (c) chat déc héa hoc - heavy metal (c) kim loai nang - untreated wastewater (u) nu‘dc thai chua qua xir ly - the loss of drinkable water: su mat di nguOn nuéc udng durgc (nu’éc ngot: freshwater) - human-induced pollution (u) 6 nhiém gay ra boi con nguéi - replenish (t) lam day lai (ngudn nuéc..) - aquatic ecosystem (c) hé sinh thai nude - unethical business (c) doanh nghiép v6 dao dire - the treatment of rubbish = waste treatment (n) viéc xir ly rac thai - rubbish = garbage = litter = trash (u) rac - waste disposal (u) su’ virt rac - dispose of = get rid of = throw away (phrasal verb) virt (rac...) - plastic bag (c) tui nhua - water body (c) khu vy chira nu‘éc (sng, ho...) - water reserve (c) nguén trir nuéc - water supply (c/u) nguén cung cap nuéc, su cung cap nuéc - water shortage (c/s) su thiéu hut nudéc - water crisis (c) cuéc khiing hoang nuéc - water source (c) nguén nuéc - culprit (c) thd pham - renewable energy source (c) nguén nang lugng tai tao - solar energy (u) nang long mat trai - mineral (c) chat khoang, khodng vat electricity production = electricity generation (u) su san xuat dién - production = generation (u) su san xuat, sy tao ra - fossil fuel (c) nhién ligu héa thach ~ global warming (u) su 4m lén toan cau - emission (u/c) sur thai ra, khi thai ra, long thaira - car emission problem (c) van dé xa thai o xe hoi - discharge = release = emit (t) thai ra (khi, chat thai) - greenhouse gas (c) khi gay hiéu htrng nha kinh - greenhouse gas emission (c/u) su/Iuong thai ra khi gay hiéu ting nha kinh - mitigate =alleviate = ease (t) lam diu, [am gidm bét (tac déng, néi dau...)= industrial agriculture (u) néng nghiép céng nghiép hoa - intensive farming (u) tham canh - farming = agriculture (u) néng nghiép - horticulture = gardening (u) nganh trong trot - animal husbandry (u) nganh chan nudi - perpetual resource (c) tai nguyén vé tan - the earth’s surface (n) mat dat - ecosystem (c) hé sinh thai - environmental management (u) quan ly méi truong - environmental degradation = environmental deterioration (u) sy suy thai méi truéng - ecological degradation (u) su’ suy thoai sinh thai - environmental destruction = environmental devastation (u) su pha hy méi trong - the damaged environment (n) méi trudng 8 bj hiy hoai - forest conservation (u) sy bao ton rizng - logging (u) hoat déng dén gé ring = over-logging (u) khai thac go qua mirc - pollutant = contaminant (c) chat gay 6 nhiém méi trong - environmentally conscious (adj) 6 y thitc mdi trudng - environmentally friendly practice (c) hoat d6ng than thién véi méi trudng - environmental standard (c) tiéu chudn vé méi trong - unpredictability (u) tinh khéng du doan duoc ~ evacuate (t) so tan - evacuation (u) su'so tan - surroundings (plr) méi truéng xung quanh - noise pollution (u) 6 nhiém tiéng én - air pollution (u) 6 nhiém khéng khi - deplete (t) use up: ding hét, lam giam - depletion = exhaustion (u) sy dung hét, sy suy gidm, sy’ can kiét (tai nguyén, pin...) - cropland (also croplands) (c/u) farmland: dat trong trot = pesticide (c) thudc triv sau - herbicide (c) thuéc diét co - insecticide (c) thudc diét cén tring - resource use (u) viéc sir dung tai nguyén - human civilisation (u) van minh con ngudi - environmental problem = environmental issue = environmental concern (c) van dé méi trong - environmental threat (c) de doa méi trudng (nui lira, dng dat...) - human survival (u) su tén tai cla con nguoi - shelter (c) refuge: chd tr an - tropical rainforest (c) ring mura nhiét déi - the ozone hole (n) I6 thing tang ozone - the ozone layer (n) tang ozone - wastewater treatment (u) su xu ly nud thai - sewage/wastewater treatment plant (c) nha may xdr ly nuréc thai - resource problem (c) van dé tai nguyén - rare metal (c) kim loai hiém - geographical feature (c) dac diém dia ly - sanitation (u) sur vé sinh, diéu kién vé sinh - reproduction (u) breeding: su sinh san (& d6ng vat) - reproduce (t) breed: sinh san - cell structure (c) cau tric té bao - living creature = living species (c) loai sinh vat s6ng - hybrid (adj) lai - the biosphere: sinh quyén- weather forecast (c) tin dy bao thoi tiét - crop yield (c) san lwong cay trong - deforestation (u) su pha rirng - chemical fertiliser (c) phan héa hoc - pose a threat to = threaten = put/place sth at risk: de doa dén - over-exploitation (u) su khai thac, béc I6t qua mirc = tsunami (c) song than - life stage (c) giai doan cudc doi - lifetime (s) cudc ddi - lifespan (c) life expectancy: tudi tho (cla ngudi, vat) - longevity (u) su s6ng lau, tho - become extinct = die out: bién mat, tuyét ching - mass extinction (u) sy tuyét ching hang oat