8.10.

PROBLEMS
8.1 What is the travel time for a scraper moving at 19 mph over a distance of 3,100 ft? (1.85 min)

8.2 What is the travel time, in minutes, for a scraper moving at 21 mph over a distance of 0.56 miles? (1.60 min)

8.3 What is the travel time for a scraper moving at 25 mph over a distance of 2,900 ft?

8.4 What is the travel time for a scraper moving at 22 mph over a distance of 2,000 ft?

8.5 A wheel-tractor scraper is operating on a level grade. Assume no power derating is required for equipment condition,
altitude, temperature, and so on. Disregarding traction limitations, what is the maximum value of rolling resistance (in pounds
per ton) over which a loaded scraper can maintain a speed of 11 mph? Use the scraper specifications in Table 8.1 and the
performance charts in Figures 8.8 and 8.9. (150 lb/ton)

8.6 A wheel-tractor scraper is operating on a level grade. Assume no power derating is required for equipment condition,
altitude, temperature, and so on. Use the scraper specifications in Table 8.1 and the performance charts in Figures 8.8 and 8.9.

a. Disregarding traction limitations, what is the maximum value of rolling resistance (in pounds per ton) over which the empty
scraper can maintain a speed of 20 mph?

b. What minimum value of coefficient of traction between the tractor wheels and the traveling surface is needed to satisfy the
requirements of part a of this question?

8.7 Determine the cycle time for a single-engine scraper rated at 21 cy heaped that is used to haul material from a pit to a fill
900 ft away under severe conditions. The average haul speed will be 14 mph and the average return speed will be 20 mph.
Assume, at an average speed of 5 mph, that 200 ft is required both to accelerate and decelerate. The operating efficiency will
be equal to a 50-min hour. It will take 0.80 min to load this scraper.

8.8 Based on the scraper specifications in Table 8.1 and on the performance charts in Figures 8.8 and 8.9, and for haul
conditions as stated here, analyze the probable scraper production. How many scrapers should be used and what will be the
production in bcy per hour? The material to be hauled is a sandy clay (dry earth), 2,850 lb/bcy. The expected rolling resistance
for the well-maintained haul road is 35 lb/ton. Use a 0.80-min load time. This will result in an average load of 90% heaped
capacity. To account for both acceleration and deceleration, use an average speed of 6 mph over a distance of 200 ft. Use a 55-
min hour efficiency factor. The total length of haul is 3,000 ft and has the following individual segments when moving from cut
to fill:

700 ft 3% grade

2,000 ft 0% grade

300 ft 4% grade

8.9 Based on the scraper specifications in Table 8.1 and the performance charts in Figures 8.8 and 8.9, and for haul
conditions as stated here, analyze the probable scraper production. How many scrapers should be used and what will be the
production in bcy per hour? The material to be hauled is cohesive. It has a swell factor of 0.77 and a unit weight of 2,940 lb/bcy.
The expected rolling resistance for the well-maintained haul road is +4%. Assume a 0.85-min load time and that average load
will be 89% of heaped capacity. To account for both acceleration and deceleration, use an average speed of 5 mph over a
distance of 200 ft. Use a 50-min hour efficiency factor. The total length of haul is 2,500 ft and has the following individual
segments when moving from cut to fill:

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 600 ft 5% grade

1,700 ft 2% grade

200 ft −4% grade

Solution Walkthrough

Construction Planning, Equipment and Methods Problem 8.9: Analyzing Probable Scraper
Production

In this walkthrough scraper production is analyzed through a systematic analysis of the scraper
cycle with a determination of the cost per cubic yard under the stated conditions. The problem
provides an average scraper load based on a percentage of heaped capacity, a swell factor, and a
unit weight of the material being hauled.

Cliff Schexnayder, Arizona State University

8.10 Determine the maximum hauling production given the following conditions. As many scrapers as required can be used,
but only one push tractor will be available. The material is a sandy clay (dry earth), 2,800 lb/bcy. The expected haul-road rolling
resistance is 90 lb/ton. The average scraper load will be 28.2 lcy. The haul route has three segments: 500 ft at a grade of + 3%;
2,000 ft at 0% grade; and 300 ft at + 4% grade (moving from the cut to the fill). To account for acceleration and deceleration,
use an average speed of 4 mph for 200 ft at each end of the haul and return. Use the scraper specifications in Table 8.1 and the
performance charts in Figures 8.8 and 8.9. Assume a 50-min hour efficiency and a 0.85-min load time.

8.11 From a production analysis for using scrapers to move earth on a project, the following has been determined:

Number of scrapers 6 scrapers, RR = 4% 5 scrapers, RR = 4% 5 scrapers, RR = 3% 4 scrapers, RR = 3%

Production 850 bcy 830 bcy 850 bcy 700 bcy

The cost to operate a scraper is $186 per hour and to operate the push tractor is $145 per hour. To achieve the 3% rolling
resistance (RR), it will be necessary to add a grader to the equipment spread. A grader costs $120 per hour. Calculate the cost
to move a bcy of material for all of the conditions.

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a. For the 4% RR condition, is it better to use five or six scrapers?

b. For the 3% RR condition, is it better to use four or five scrapers?

c. Is it economical to invest in the grader and improve production?

8.12 Based on the scraper specifications in Table 8.1 and the performance charts in Figures 8.8 and 8.9, and for haul
conditions as stated here, analyze the probable scraper production. How many scrapers should be used and what will be the
production in bcy per hour? The material to be hauled is dry clay. It has a unit weight of 3,000 lb/bcy. The expected rolling
resistance for the haul road is + 4%. Assume a 0.85-min load time and an average load of 86% heaped capacity. Accelerate and
decelerate at an average speed of 6 mph over a distance of 300 ft. Use a 50-min hour efficiency factor. The total length of haul
is 3,400 ft and has the following individual segments when moving from cut to fill:

700 ft +3% grade

800 ft +2% grade

1,900 ft 0% grade

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