CHRISTIAN SAMARITAN HEALTH SERVICES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOL, INC.

15 de Septiembre St., Brgy. 1, Balingasag, Misamis Oriental

✓
Contact No.
Name: Date: Score:

Subject: Business Math

Topic: Ratio and Proportion
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of key concepts of ratio and proportion.
Performance Standards: The learners are able to:
- formulate and solve problems involving ratio and proportion.
- use the concept of proportion in making life-decisions.
Learning Competency: The learners:
- Compare and differentiate ratio and rate. (ABM_BM11RP-Ie-1)
- Write proportions illustrating real-life situations. (ABM_BM11RP-Ie-2)
- Identify the different kinds of proportion and give examples for each. (ABM_BM11RP-Ie-3)
- Solve problems involving direct, inverse and partitive proportion. (ABM_BM11RP-If-4)
References: Teaching Guide for Senior High School in Business Mathematics Week 3-4
https://www.slideshare.net/RubyRoseAnn/kinds-of-proportion

DISCUSSION

Ratio - is a comparison of two quantities by division.

The ratio of a to b can be written in two ways:

a. as a:b (odds notation), where the symbol “:” is read as “is to”
a
b. , b≠0 (fractional notation)
b
10
Example: The ratio of 10 to 12 may be written as 10:12 (odds notation) or (fractional notation).
12
Word Problem Example (Ratio): In a class of 40 students, the ratio of passing grades to failing grades is 5 to 3.
How many failed the course?
5
Solution: The ratio 5 to 3 ( or 5:3 or ) indicates that for every 5 + 3 = 8 students, there are 3 who would fail.
3
3 3
That is, of the class failed or (40) = 15 students failed.
8 8

Rate - is a ratio that compares quantities of different units. A unit rate is a rate that has a denominator of 1;
that is, a rate for one unit of a given quantity.

Example: If you drive 120 km in 2 hours, then your rate can be expressed as the ratio of kilometers to hours; that
120 km
is
2hours
60 km
Your unit rate is or 60 km/hr. (This is your average rate.)
1hour

Proportion – is a statement that two ratios are equal.

a c a c
If and are two equal ratios, then the statement = or a:b = c:d is called a proportion.
b d b d

Term – refers to each of the four numbers in a proportion.

a c
From = or a:b = c:d, a is the first term; b is the second term; c is the third term; and d is the fourth
b d
term. The first and fourth terms are called the extremes. The second and third terms are called the means.
Example:
 5 10
In the proportion = or 5:6 = 10:12, name the four terms, the means, and the extremes.
6 12

Solution: First term = 5 Second term = 6 Third term = 10 Fourth term = 12

The means are 6 and 10; the extremes are 5 and 12.
Fundamental Property of Proportions
- In any proportion, the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes. That is, the cross
a c
products of the terms are equal. In symbols, If = then ad = bc.
b d
7 14
- We use the Fundamental Property of Proportions to verify that 8 = 16 . Equating the cross products of the
terms gives 7 x 16 = 8 x 14. That is, 112 = 112.
- We also use the Fundamental Property of Proportions to find the missing term in a proportion as shown
below.
n+4 n−2
Solve for n: =
5 3

Solution: 5(n – 2) = 3(n + 4) Checking: 5(11 – 2) = 3(11 + 4)

5n – 10 = 3n + 12 5(9) =3(15)
5n-3n = 12+10 45 = 45
2n = 22
n = 11
Word Problem Example (Proportion): Eight tea bags are needed to make 5 liters of iced tea. How many tea bags
are needed to make 15 liters of iced tea?
Solution: Let t represent the number of tea bags. The problem translates to the following proportion:
t 8
15 = 5 or t :15 = 8:5
5 (t ) = 15(8) 5t = 15(8)
5t 120 5t 120
5
= 5 5
= 5
t = 24 tea bags t = 24 tea bags
Note: both ratios in the proportion compare the same quantities; that is, both ratios compare number of tea bags
to liters of iced tea. In words, the proportion says “t tea bags to 15 liters of iced tea as 8 tea bags to 5 liters of
iced tea”.
3 Kinds of Proportion

1. Direct Proportion - two variables, say x and y, varying such that as x increases, y also increases or as x
x y
decreases, y also decreases proportionally; that is, the ratio is always the same. The same holds true with the ratio
y x
.
Example: For every 3 meters of bamboo sticks, 5 frames of Christmas lanterns can be made. How many meters are
needed to make 20 frames? meters : frames = meters : frames
3 meters n
Solution: =
5 frames 20 frames
Given: 3 meters to 5 frames 5(n) = 3(20)
5n 60
Answer: 12 meters
5
= 5
n = 12
2. Indirect/ Inverse Proportion - two variables, say x and y, varying such that as x increases, y decreases, or as x
decreases, y increases proportionally; that is, the product of x and y is always the same.
Example: Twenty men can paint a building in 15 days. How many days will it take 30 men to paint the same
building? more men : less men = more days : less days
30 men 15 days
Solution:
20 men
= n
Given: 20 men in 15 days 30(n) = 15(20)
30 n 300
Answer: 10 days
30
= 30
 n = 10
3. Partitive Proportion - a whole is divided into more than two parts.
Example: Divide a 72-m rope into 3 with the ratio 1:2:5. What is the measure of each rope?
Given: 72-m rope in the ratio 1:2:5
Solution: 1 unit + 2 units + 5 units = 8 units
1 unit = 72 ÷ 8
1 unit = 9
Therefore, 9 x 1 unit = 9
9 x 2 units = 18
9 x 5 units = 45
Answer: First rope=9m, Second rope=18m, Third rope=45m
.
PROCESSING QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions below.

1. What is the difference between ratio and rate?

2. What are the 3 kinds of proportion? Give 1 example each.