(L1) - Cell Cycle & Cell Division - 28th Apr

Cell Cycle &
Cell Division
LECTURE 1 Mitosis
Pradeep Singh
M.Sc Botany, B.Ed
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Cell Cycle &
Cell Division
LECTURE 1 Mitosis
Cell Cycle & Cell Division
Cell Division ❖ The process by which new cells are formed from the
pre- existing cells, is called cell division.
❖ Omnis cellula e cellula

(All new cells arise from pre-existing cells)
Rudolf Virchow
(1821 - 1902)
Cell Cycle ❖ Newly formed cell then undergoes growth.
❖ All these processes, i.e., cell growth, DNA replication

and cell division occur in an orderly and cyclic
manner constituting the cell cycle.
Phase of Cell Cycle ❖ The cell cycle consists of two basic phases
➢ Interphase
➢ M-phase or mitotic phase
❖ In humans, cells approximately divides once in every

24 hours, in which interphase takes 23 hours and M-
phase takes place in 1-2 hours.
Phase of Cell Cycle

Interphase ❖ Non-dividing phase of the cell.
❖ Metabolically most active stage in the cell cycle,

when the cell prepares for the division.
❖ Consists of three phases:
➢ G1 - Growth phase or Gap-1 phase
➢ S - Synthesis phase
➢ G2 - Growth phase or Gap-2 phase

Interphase G1 - Growth phase or Gap-1 phase
❖ It corresponds to the interval between mitosis (M-

phase) and initiation of replication of DNA.
❖ The nucleus grows in size.
❖ It is typically the longest phase of the cycle and is

also the most variable in length among different cell
types.
Interphase ❖ In rapidly dividing cells e.g. embryonic and neoplastic

cells, G1 is short.
❖ Cells that are more differentiated (e.g. heart cells)

may withdraw from the cycle in G1 and enter a
quiescent stage called G0.
❖ G0 cells are unable to re-enter the cell cycle e.g.

muscle and nerve.
❖ These are said to be terminally differentiated.

Interphase ❖ Other cells in G0 like hepatocytes, fibroblasts can re-

enter the cell cycle in response to growth factors
following an injury.
❖ The decision for cell division occurs in G1 phase.
❖ The cell would normally proceed to mitosis without

Interruption when it has entered S phase.
Interphase S phase or Synthesis phase
❖ It is the period during which replication takes place

and amount / concentration of DNA doubles.
➢ Centrioles often duplicate during this phase.
➢ For Haploid cells: C → 2C.

But number of chromosomes will remain same.
i.e n.
Interphase ➢ For Haploid cells: 2C → 4C.

But number of chromosomes will remain same
i.e. 2n.
➢ In case of animals, replication of centriole takes

place.
Interphase G2 - Phase or Gap - 2 Phase
❖ During this phase, more RNAs and proteins are

synthesised in preparation for mitosis.
❖ Synthesis of tubulin for the spindle apparatus,
happens in this phase.
❖ ATP accumulation happens.
Interphase Regulation of cell cycle
❖ The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory molecules

called cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks).
❖ Cdks are active only when bound to certain cyclins

like A, B. C, D and E to form Cdk-cyclin complexes.
Interphase Cell-cycle checkpoints
Cell cycle is regulated by three checkpoints
❖ G1 checkpoint (enter S phase) by Cdk4/cyclin D,

Cdk6/cyclin D, Cdk2/cyclin E.
❖ G2 checkpoint (enter M phase) by Cdc2/cyclin B.
❖ Metaphase checkpoint by cyclin B degradation

(ubiquitin.)
Interphase M - Phase
❖ This phase represents the phase when the actual cell

division/ mitosis occurs.
❖ Actually it is the phase when the replicated DNA is

distributed to the daughter cell in a complicated
series of events.
❖ Certain cells which do not divide further enter an

inactive stage called quiescent stage or G0 phase.
Interphase
M-Phase ❖ M-phase involves two stages:
➢ Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis
Karyokinesis
❖ It corresponds to the separation of the daughter

chromosomes into two daughter nuclei.
M-Phase Cytokinesis
❖ It corresponds to the division of cytoplasm and the

separation of the two daughter nuclei into two
daughter cells.
Mitosis ❖ In this process, chromosomes replicates and gets

distributed into two daughter cells. (Equational
division).
❖ German Biologist Walther Flemming discovered cell

division in animal cell and named it Mitosis
❖ Mitosis was first observed by Strasburger in plants.

Mitosis
Mitosis
Karyokinesis ❖ Karyokinesis in mitosis is completed in four stages:

➢ Prophase
➢ Anaphase
➢ Metaphase
➢ Telophase
Karyokinesis Prophase
❖ First stage of karyokinesis.
❖ Chromatin material starts condensing resulting in the

formation of chromosomes.
❖ Nuclear membrane and nucleolus start disappearing.
❖ In animal cells, the centrioles start moving towards

opposite poles of the cell and forms asters.
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Cell Cycle &

❖ Omnis cellula e cellula

Cell Cycle ❖ Newly formed cell then undergoes growth.

❖ All these processes, i.e., cell growth, DNA replication

➢ M-phase or mitotic phase

❖ In humans, cells approximately divides once in every

Phase of Cell Cycle

Interphase ❖ Non-dividing phase of the cell.

❖ Metabolically most active stage in the cell cycle,

❖ Consists of three phases:

➢ G1 - Growth phase or Gap-1 phase

➢ G2 - Growth phase or Gap-2 phase

Interphase G1 - Growth phase or Gap-1 phase

❖ It corresponds to the interval between mitosis (M-

❖ The nucleus grows in size.

❖ It is typically the longest phase of the cycle and is

Interphase ❖ In rapidly dividing cells e.g. embryonic and neoplastic

❖ Cells that are more differentiated (e.g. heart cells)

❖ G0 cells are unable to re-enter the cell cycle e.g.

❖ These are said to be terminally differentiated.

Interphase ❖ Other cells in G0 like hepatocytes, fibroblasts can re-

❖ The decision for cell division occurs in G1 phase.

❖ The cell would normally proceed to mitosis without

Interphase S phase or Synthesis phase

❖ It is the period during which replication takes place

➢ Centrioles often duplicate during this phase.

➢ For Haploid cells: C → 2C.

Interphase ➢ For Haploid cells: 2C → 4C.

➢ In case of animals, replication of centriole takes

Interphase G2 - Phase or Gap - 2 Phase

❖ During this phase, more RNAs and proteins are

Interphase Regulation of cell cycle

❖ The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory molecules

❖ Cdks are active only when bound to certain cyclins

Interphase Cell-cycle checkpoints

Cell cycle is regulated by three checkpoints

❖ G1 checkpoint (enter S phase) by Cdk4/cyclin D,

❖ G2 checkpoint (enter M phase) by Cdc2/cyclin B.

❖ Metaphase checkpoint by cyclin B degradation

❖ This phase represents the phase when the actual cell

❖ Actually it is the phase when the replicated DNA is

❖ Certain cells which do not divide further enter an

M-Phase ❖ M-phase involves two stages:

➢ Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis

❖ It corresponds to the separation of the daughter

❖ It corresponds to the division of cytoplasm and the

Mitosis ❖ In this process, chromosomes replicates and gets

❖ German Biologist Walther Flemming discovered cell

❖ Mitosis was first observed by Strasburger in plants.

Karyokinesis ❖ Karyokinesis in mitosis is completed in four stages:

❖ First stage of karyokinesis.

❖ Chromatin material starts condensing resulting in the

❖ Nuclear membrane and nucleolus start disappearing.

❖ In animal cells, the centrioles start moving towards

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