Elementary Fluid Dynamics –

The Bernoulli Equation

PE2203 Transport Phenomena
Week 2

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PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 2 – Elementary Fluid Dynamics (Bernoulli Equation) 2

Newton’s Second Law

 Consider the motion of inviscid fluids (assuming zero viscosity)
 Assuming only gravity and pressure force only
 Incompressible fluid
 Steady flow  each particle slides along each path
 Streamline  lines that are tangent to the velocity vectors
[Particle’s Mass]

[Net Pressure Force

[Particle’s Acceleration]
on particle]
• Along streamline
+ • Normal to streamline
[Net Gravity Force
on particle]

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Newton’s Second Law

Along a Streamline
(Force along streamline)

(Net Force acting on particle) [Eq.1]

(Newton’s Second Law) [Eq.2]

(Recall Chain Rule)

Combine Eq.1 and Eq.2

Along streamline BERNOULLI Equation

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Kinetic, Potential and Pressure Energy

Potential  elevation head

Kinetic  velocity head

Zero? Small? Or Large?
Pressure  pressure head

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Kinetic, Potential and Pressure Energy

Potential  elevation head

Kinetic  velocity head

Pressure  pressure head

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Kinetic, Potential, and Pressure Energy

Pressure (Static, Dynamic, Hydrostatic, Total and Stagnation)

(Between Point 1 and 2) Static
Pressure

Hydrostatic Pressure

Dynamic Pressure Total Pressure

Stagnation
Pressure

Static Pressure

(1)
(2)

(3)

(4)

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Bernoulli Application

Example – Pitot Tube

ANSWER

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Bernoulli Application

Example – Free Jets

Recall free fall

(Between Point 1 and 2)

=0 V=0 =0
(open to atm) (large tank) (open to atm)

Vena contracta

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Bernoulli Application

Example – Flow from a Tank

Recall Continuity Equation

ANSWER

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Bernoulli Application

Example – Flow from a Tank

Recall Continuity Equation

=0 =0 =0
(open to atm) (open to atm) (chosen as datum)

ANSWER

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Bernoulli Application

Example – Flow from a Tank

ANSWER

Between point (1) and (2) Between point (1) and (3)

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PE2203 – Transport Phenomena 2 – Elementary Fluid Dynamics (Bernoulli Equation) 14

Bernoulli Application

Example – Flow from a Tank

Between point (1) and (2) Between point (1) and (3)
=0
(open to atm)

V1 = 0 = z2 = z1 V1 = 0 = z2 = z1
(large tank) (horizontal) (horizontal) (large tank) (horizontal) (horizontal)

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Bernoulli Application

Example – Cavitation

ANSWER

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Bernoulli Application

Example – Flowrate Determination (Venturimeter)

ANSWER

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