Engineering Drawing

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What is drawing in engineering
It is a type of a technical drawing
Used to convey information about an object
Common use to specify the geometry of construction

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Instrument used in ED
Drawing Board Pencil

Compass

T square
French Curve 45 degree Angle
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 Tape
Protractor

Drawing sheet

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 Basic step of technical drawing
ATTACHMENT OF PAPER TO THE BOARD

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Horizontal Line
Horizontal line is constructed by drawing from left to right
along the working edge of a T square.

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Vertical line
Vertical lines are produced parallel to the working
edge of the drafting board by using triangles in
combination with a T square

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Inclined line
The direction or angle of inclination of an inclined line on
a drafting sheet is measured by reference to the base line
from which it is drawn

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Angle
To measure an angle, place the center mark of the
protractor at the vertex of the angle, with the 0-degree
line along one side.

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Curve line
Many drawings that you will prepare require the construct
ion of various curved lines.
Basically there are two types of curved lines: circles
and segments of circles, called arcs, which are drawn
with a compass; and noncircular curves, which are
usually drawn with French curves.

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Drawing Sheet
Drawing sheet is a white paper on which an object is
drawn which is available in various sizes.
The sheet used for engineering should be of good quality.
It should be white in color with uniform thickness with
must resist the easy torn of paper.

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Drawing Paper Size

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Pencil
Pencil is used to draw on the paper. Any type of pencil is
not suitable for drawing. There are some limitations, the
drawing appearance should be very neat and
understandable.

Grade of Pencil Used to Draw

3H Construction lines

Dimension lines, center lines,

2H
sectional lines, hidden lines

H Object lines, lettering

HB Dimensioning, boundary lines

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Introduction to SCALE
There is a wide variation in sizes for engineering objects.
Some are very large (eg. Aero planes, rockets, etc.)
Some are very small (wrist watch, MEMs components).
There is a need to reduce or enlarge while drawing the
objects on paper. Some objects can be drawn to their
actual size
The proportion by which the drawing of an object is
enlarged or reduced is called the scale of the drawing.

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Definition of scale
The proportion by which the drawing of an object is
enlarged or reduced is called the scale of the drawing.
Types of Scale
• Full size
• Reduced size
• Enlarged size

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Geometric Construction
Drawing consists of construction of primitive geometric
forms viz. points , lines and planes that serve a the
building blocks for more complicated geometric shapes
and defining the position of object in space.

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 Primitive Geometric Form
The shapes of objects are formed from primitive
geometric forms.
• Point
• Line

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Point:
A point is a theoretical location that has neither width,
height, nor depth and describes exact location in space.
A point is represented in technical drawing as a small
cross made of dashes that are approximately 3 mm long.

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Line
A line is a geometric primitive that has length and
direction, but no thickness.
Lines may be straight, curved or a combination of these.
Lines have few important relationship or conditions, such
as parallel, intersecting, and tangent.
Lines can be of specific length or non-specific length. A
Ray is a Straight line that extends to infinity from a
specified point

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Bisecting a line:
The procedure of bisecting a given line AB .With A as
center and radius equal to higher than half AB, draw two
arcs.
With B as center and with the same radius draw another
arc intersecting the precious arcs. The line joining the
intersection points is the perpendicular bisector of the
line AB.

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Bisecting an Arc
With center A and radius greater than half AB, describe
an arc.
Repeat with the same radius from B, the arcs intersecting
at C and D.
Join C to D to bisect the arc AB.

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Types of line:

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 Method of drawing Polygon
Bisector Method:
Given a point, a circle may be constructed of any desired
radius, and a diameter drawn through the center. Call
the center O, and the right end of the diameter P1.
The diameter perpendicular to the original diameter may
be constructed by finding the perpendicular bisector.
Call the upper endpoint of this perpendicular diameter B.
For the pentagon, find the midpoint of OB and call it D.
Draw DP, and bisect LO DP 1, calling the intersection
point withOP1 N1.

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Contd:
Draw N2 P2 parallel to OB, and the first two points of the
pentagon are P1andP2, and copying the angle LP1 OP2
then gives the remaining points P3, P4 and P5.

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When one side is given
Draw line AB equal to the side and extend to P such that AB =
BP
Draw a semicircle on AP and divide it into 5 equal parts by
trial and error.
Join B to second division
Irrespective of the number of sides of the polygon B is always
joined to the second division
Draw the perpendicular bisectors of AB and B2 to intersect at
O.
Draw a circle with O as center and OB as radius.
With AB as radius intersect the circle successively at D and E.
Then join CD. DE and EA.
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Figure:

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Method of drawing ellipse

Construct two concentric circles equal in diameter to the

major and minor axes of the required ellipse. Let these
diameters be AB and CD.
Divide the circles into any number of parts; the parts do
not necessarily have to be equal. The radial lines now
cross the inner and outer circles.
Where the radial lines cross the outer circle, draw short
lines parallel to the minor axis CD. Where the radial lines
cross the inner circle, draw lines parallel to AB to
intersect with those drawn from the outer circle. The
points of intersection lie on the ellipse
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Figure:

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Dimensioning

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Beauty of drawing depend on beauty of
dimensioning

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Defination:
A Dimension is a numerical value expressed in
appropriate units of measurement and used to define the
size, location, orientation, form or other geometric
characteristics of a part.
The dimensions are given to indicate the sizes of the
various features of the object and their location.
It is mainly used to know the object size, the name of
parts and diameter of the hole etc.

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Elements of Dimensioning
It includes projection line, leader line, termination of the
dimension line, the origin indication, symbols and the
dimension itself.
Dimension Line: Dimension line is a continuous thin
line. it is indicated by arrowheads, it is drawn parallel to
the surface whose length must be indicated.

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Projection or Extension Line: A projection line or
extension line, it is a thin line. It is drawn perpendicular
to the surface which is to be dimensioned. The projection
line slightly extends than the dimension line.

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Arrowheads: Arrowheads are used to indicate the
dimension line. Usually, the arrowhead must
include angles of a minimum of 15°. The Arrowhead may
be open or close or closed and filled.

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Units of Dimension
The dimension unit is mille meter. The unit of the
dimension is omitted while writing the dimension fig. and
a footnote stating “ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM” is
written at the prominent place on the drawing sheet.

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Types of Dimensioning

Aligned Dimensioning
Chain Dimensioning
Uni-directional Dimensioning

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Aliged Dimension
A drafting symbol that runs parallel to the baseline and
indicates the true distance between beginning and ending
dimension points.

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Chain Dimension
In this method of dimension a series of adjacent
dimension are arranged in one horizontal row.
This dimension is used when tolerance accumulated on
each of the chain dimension does not effect the functional
requirement of the part.

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Uni- Directional Dimensioning
In the unidirectional system, the dimensions are so
oriented such that they can be read from the bottom of
the drawing

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General rules for dimensioning
The dimensions should be given on such view which
illustrates the true shape and size of an object.
As far as possible the dimensions should be given outside
a view but can be given inside as well if unavoidable.
All the dimensions are given in group form. Scattering of
these is not correct.
The dimensions should be intelligibly written.
All the dimensions should be written parallel to the object
line and the numbers should be written such that they
could be read easily.

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The dimensions should not be repeated unless necessary.
The unnecessary dimensions should be avoided.
The extension and dimension lines should not intersect in
any case.
While giving dimension after completing a drawing, it
should be kept in mind that no unit should be written
with any number.
The numbers should be clear, legible, and intelligible.

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Sectional view
• Sections are used to show interior details clearly.
• A cutting-plane line shows where object was cut to obtain
the section view.
• Cross hatching in the section view shows the solid surface of
the object which were cut through to produce the section.
• Sections help in reducing or eliminating the hidden lines.
There are many times when the interior details of an object
cannot be seen from the outside.
• The sectional view is applicable to objects like engine blocks,
where the interior details are intricate and would be very
difficult to understand through the use of "hidden" lines .
Take away the front half and what you have is a full
section view
The cross-section looks like when it is viewed from
straight ahead
 Full sectional view
• The view obtained after removing the front half portion
of an object is called a Full Sectional Views or Front
Sectional Views or Simply Sectional Elevation.
• When the cutting plane cuts the object lengthwise, full
sectional front view is obtained.
• It is also called longitudinal section.
• It may be noted that the top view or the slide remain
unaffected, that means top view is drawn full not half.
• When the cutting plane is right across the object it results
in a full sectional view
Half section

• A half section exposes the interior of one half of an

object while retaining the exterior of the other half.
• Half sections are used mainly for symmetric objects
or assembly drawings.
• A centre line is used to separate the two halves.
• Hidden lines should not be shown on either half.
• The view obtained after removing the front quarter
i.e. one fourth portion of an object by means of two
cutting planes at right angle to each other is
called Half Sectional View or Half Sectional
Elevation.
• It may be observed that the plane or top view also
remain unaffected i.e. full side view is drawn.
Local section

(Partial section Broken section):

When only a small portion of an object is

required to be shown in section to view
the internal features, sectioning is
considered to be done locally. A free hand
irregular line of continuous thin type shows
the boundary of the section.
Revolved section/Removed section:

When the cutting plane is passed at right

angles to the axis of the object, a cross
section is obtained. The cross sectional view
thus obtained is revolved through 900 and
drawn on the front view itself, to give a revolved
section.
A removed section is obtained in the same manner as
of revolved section, but the only difference is
sectional view is drawn outside the main view.
 Offset view

• In some objects, the internal features are

placed at different positions. To show these
internal features a single straight cutting
plane is not enough.
• An offset cutting plane is assumed to cut
the object, so that the cutting plane passes
through the internal features which are
required to be shown in sectional view. The
section thus obtained is called as Offset
section.
General rules for sectioning:

1. Hatching is generally used to show areas of

sections.

2. The simplest form of hatching is usually drawn by

continuous thin line at a convenient angle ,
preferably 450 to the principal outlines or lines of
symmetry of the sections.

3. Separate area in the same cross section should be

hatched separately.
4. In the case of large areas, the hatching may be limited to a zone
following the contour of the hatched area.

5. here sections of the same part in parallel planes are shown side
by side, the hatching shall be identical, but offset along the
dividing line between the sections if greater clarity is considered
necessary.

6. Hatching shall be interrupted when it is not possible to place

inscriptions outside the hatched area.
Thank you
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