QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH
SALAZAR, MARLET
PEDRO, CHRISTINE
MENDOZA, LIZAMHEL
 OVERVIEW
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Research studies that investigate the quality

of relationships, activities, situations, or
materials

Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012)

 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative Research method is a social inquiry that aims

to understand experiences, behaviors, or perspectives

analyzing the effects of YouTube videos on kid's language

development
examining the effects of cyberbullying
 CHARACTERISTICS

Naturalistic inquiry - Studying real-world

situations as they unfold naturally;
nonmanipulative and noncontrolling
Inductive analysis - begin by exploring
genuinely open questions rather than testing
theoretically derived (deductive) hypotheses.
 CHARACTERISTICS

Holistic perspective - the focus is on complex

interdependencies not meaningfully reduced to
a few discrete variables and linear, cause-effect
relationships
Qualitative data - inquiry in depth; direct
quotations capturing people’s personal
perspectives and experiences
 CHARACTERISTICS

Personal contact and insight - the researcher’s

personal experiences and insights are an
important part of the inquiry and critical to
understanding the phenomenon
Dynamic systems - assumes change is
constant and ongoing whether the focus is on
an individual or an entire culture
 CHARACTERISTICS

Unique case orientation - the first level of inquiry

is being true to, respecting, and capturing the
details of the individual cases being studied
Context sensitivity - Places findings in a social,
historical, and temporal context
 CHARACTERISTICS

Empathic neutrality - the researcher‘s passion is

understanding the world in all its complexity —
not proving something, not advocating, not
advancing personal agendas, but understanding
Design flexibility - avoids getting locked into rigid
designs that eliminate responsiveness
 Steps in
Qualitative Research

1. Identification of the phenomenon to be studied

2. Identification of the participants in the study
3. Generation of hypotheses
4. Data collection
5. Data analysis
6. Interpretations and conclusions.
 APPROACHES

Narrative Case Studies

Phenomenology Ethnographic

Grounded Theory Historical

 Narrative Research
A. Biographical Study
It is the study of the life - the researches writes and records the
experiences of an individual. experiences of another person's life.
B. Autobiography

- written and recorded by individual's who
Epiphany are the subject of the study (Ellis, 2004).
C. Life History
One or more special events
- portrays an individual's entire life (Denzin,
in the participant's life. 1989).
- verbal D. Oral History
- gathers personal reflections of events
- written and their causes and effects (Plummer,
1983).
 Narrative Research

It is the study of the life Steps in Narrative Research

experiences of an individual.
2. Place the participant within a
Epiphany
One or more special events
in the participant's life.
- verbal
- written
1. Collect information
historical context.
3. Reflect on the information
collected.
4. Interpret the participant's
epiphanies.
 Phenomenology
Steps in Phenomenological Study
It investigates various 1. Collect data
perceptions of a particular a. In-depth interviewing
phenomenon. 2. Extract aspects of each

participant's perceptions in
detail.
ex. difficulties experienced by
3. Identify the commonality
public school teachers during /essence of the phenomenon.
the online learning modality (theme)
4. Describe the fundamental
features.
 Grounded Theory
It generates a "theory" that is
grounded in data from
participants who have
experienced the process (Strauss
& Corbin, 1998).
Grounded theories are formed
inductively.
between theory and data is
"INTERPLAY"
constant comparative method
Steps in Grounded Theory Study
1. Collect data
a. one-on-one interviews
b. focus group interviews
c. participant observation
2. Develop generalizations
3. Collect more data
4. Revise theory
5. The process is repeated until a "fit"
achieved.

 Case Studies
Most common in the field of
medicine, law, business, and social
sciences.
understand the case in all angles,
CASE
- object of the research
- particular, event, activity, process
ex. non-reader student, Buwan ng
Wika, using collaborative app (GDocs),
second language acquisition
3 Types of Case Studies
1. Intrinsic case study
- particular case is studied to
including "inner workings".
2. Instrumental Case Study
- particular case is studied to
understand the "bigger picture"
3. Multiple/ Collective Case Study
- multiple cases are studied at the
same time as part of an overall study.

 Ethnographic
Advantages
.
1. Comprehensive
perspective
It is a study through direct
2. Behavior is observed in natural
observation of users in their natural
setting.
environment rather than in a lab.
3. Suited for long term study

The researchers aim to gain insight

Disadvantages
in the social interaction of users in a
1. Dependent on observations and
given environment.
interpretations.

2. No numerical data=observer bias

3. No generalizability
 Historical
It is the systematic collection and Purposes of Historical
. Research
evaluation of data to describe, 1. Awareness

explain, and understand events 2. Problem-solving

that occurred in the past. 3. Prediction

4. Testing hypotheses
Some aspect of the past is studied

Steps of Historical Research

by perusing documents of the 1. Defining the problem
period. 2. Locating Relevant Sources

3. Summarizing information
ex. examining relics/individuals 4. Evaluating historical sources
who lived during that time

 SAMPLING
Typical Sample
The participants are regarded as typical for a community or phenomenon.

Critical Sample
The participants are sampled from a small number of cases which highlight vital
information.

Homogenous sample
All of the participants possesses a certain trait or characteristic.
 SAMPLING
Extreme case sample
The participants are outliers who do not fit the general pattern.

Theoretical sample
The participants can help the researcher get additional data based on concepts
developed from an initial data analysis.

Opportunistic sample
The participants are selected during the process of collecting data.
 SAMPLING
confirming sample
The participants will validate/invalidate preliminary findings.

maximal variation
A small number of participants are selected to maximize a diversity of
perspectives.

snowball sample
The currently enrolled research participants help recruit future subjects.
 DATA ANALYSIS
Qualitative data are usually obtained from interviews, focus groups, and
observations.
Coding
- It is the technique that most researchers use to analyze their data.
- Codes are tags or labels for assigning meaning to chunks of data.
- Qualitative codes are generated a priori (selective coding) or emerge inductively
(open coding) from data.
-Codes and sub codes are often refined through categorization, thematic
analysis, advanced theory building.

Strauss and Corbin (1998) - analytic process through which data are fractured,
conceptualized, and integrated to form a theory.
 GENERALIZATION IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

A statement or claim of some sort that applies to more than one

individual, group, object, or situation.
It allows the researcher to have expectations and sometimes make
prediction about the future.
 GENERALIZATION IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

A limitation of qualitative research is that there is seldom

methodological justification for generalizing the findings of a particular
study.
While this limitation also applies to many quantitative studies, it is
almost inevitable given the nature of qualitative research. Because of
this, REPLICATION of qualitative studies is even more important than it is
in quantitative research.
 GENERALIZATION IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

Generalization is not limited only to ideas but also to skills and images
(Eisner 1991).
Skills can be generalized when it is applied in a situation different from
the one in which we learned the skill.
Images can also be generalized.
Example: image of "excellence" in teaching
 GENERALIZATION IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

Generalization in experimental or quasi-experimental studies:

The researcher generalizes from a sample under investigation to the
population of interest,
The researcher is the one who does the generalizing.
Generalization in qualitative studies:
Generalization is done by the interested practitioners, by individuals
who are in a similar situation investigated by the researcher.
 GENERALIZATION IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

Generalization in qualitative studies:

Some researchers are concerned less “with the question of whether
their findings are generalizable, but rather with the question of to
which other settings and subjects they are generalizable.
Qualitative investigators, then, are less definitive, less certain about
the conclusions they draw from their research. They tend to view
them as ideas to be shared, discussed, and investigated further.
 GENERALIZATION IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

TRANSFERABILITY - “the researcher provides sufficient information

about self (the researcher as instrument) and the research context,
participants, and the researcher participant relationship to enable the
reader to decide how the findings may transfer.”
 INTERNAL VALIDITY IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

Internal Validity is not as important in qualitative research as it is in

quantitative research.
Qualitative research is dependent on the researcher in both collecting
and interpreting information, thus, a more important consideration in
qualitative research, even in a purely descriptive studies, is
RESEARCHER BIAS.
 ETHICS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

The
Whenidentities of all who is
the temperature participate
increasedinataconstant
qualitative study the
volume, should always
pressure in be
the container
protected. increases.
If confidentiality cannot be maintained, participants must be
informed and given the opportunity to withdraw from the study.

Participants should always be treated with respect. Subjects should be told

of the researcher's interests and should give their permission to proceed.
Researchers should never lie to subjects nor record any conversations
using a hidden recording device or other mechanical apparatus.
 ETHICS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Researchers
When should do
the temperature their best
is increased to ensure
at constant that the
volume, nopressure
physicalin or
the container increases.
physiological harm will come to anyone who participates in the study.

Many researchers are concerned that subjects do not get very much in
return from participating in the research. As such, some researchers have
tried to design studies in which the researcher and participants are more
like partners where subjects definitively have a say.
 ETHICS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

The possibility
When that certain
the temperature research at
is increased findings, in the
constant hands
volume, ofpressure
the the powerful,
in
the
maycontainer increases.
lead to actions that could actually hurt subjects (or people in similar
circumstances) and/or lead to public policies or public attitudes that are
actually harmful to certain groups.
 SPECIFIC QUESTIONS : BEFORE, DURING, AND
AFTER THE STUDY

Is the study being contemplated worth doing?

Do the researchers have the necessary expertise to carry out a study of
good quality?
Have the participants in the study been given full information about
what the study will involve?
Have the participants willingly given their consent to participate?
Who will gain from this research?
Is there a balance between gains and costs for both researchers and
participants?
 SPECIFIC QUESTIONS : BEFORE, DURING, AND
AFTER THE STUDY

Who, if anyone, might be harmed (physically or psychologically) in this

study, and to what degree? What is to be done should harmful, illegal, or
wrongful behavior be witnessed?
Will the participants in the study be deceived in any way?
Will confidentiality be assured?
Who owns the data that will be collected and analyzed in this study?
How will the results of the study be used? Is there any possibility for
misuse? If so, how?
Thank You!