PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1:
participants the opportunity to
QUALITATIVE
TYPES OF RESEARCHES
ACCORDING TO OBJECTIVES:
1. PURE VS. APPLIED RESEARCH
2. EXPLORATORY VS. EXPLANATORY
3. QUANTITATIVE VS. QUALITATIVE
Qualitative research...
• Commonly called “interpretive
research”
• …its methods rely heavily on
“thick” verbal descriptions of a
particular context being studied
Generally speaking, qualitative
researchers….
…spend a great deal of time in the settings
being studied (fieldwork)
…rely on themselves as the main
instrument of data collection (subjectivity;
intersubjectivity)
…analyze data using interpretative lenses
The general characteristics of
qualitative research:
Data sources are real-world situations
Data are descriptive
Emphasizes a holistic approach
(processes and outcomes)
Data analysis is inductive
Describes the meaning(s) of research
finding(s) from the perspective of the
research participants
Uses inductive reasoning…
…involves developing generalizations from
a limited number of specific observations
or experiences
…highly dependent on the number and
representativeness of the specific
observations used to make the
generalization
What are the Strengths/ advantages of
qualitative?
1. One advantage of qualitative
methods in exploratory research is
that use of open-ended
questions and probing gives
respond in their own words,
rather than forcing them to
choose from fixed responses, as
quantitative methods do. Open-
ended questions have the ability
to evoke responses that are:
• meaningful and culturally salient to the
participant
• unanticipated by the researcher
• rich and explanatory in nature
2. Another strength/ advantage of
qualitative methods is that they allow the
researcher the flexibility to probe initial
participant responses – that is, to ask
why or how.
3. Exploratory Advantage. The researcher
can get an in-depth responses to make the
study substantial
Weakness/Issues in qualitative
research:
a. gaining entry
b. contacting potential research
participants
c. selecting participants
d. enhancing validity and reducing bias
e. leaving the field
a. gaining entry...
 access is very much dependent
upon the researcher’s personal
characteristics and how others
perceive the researcher
 may require considerable
negotiation and compromise with
a gatekeeper
 trust is earned, not given
b. contacting participants...
 gaining access
 dealing with gatekeeper(s)
 issues of building trust and
ensuring confidentiality and
anonymity
c. selecting participants...
 is fraught with difficulties in
identifying and selecting an
appropriate number of
participants who can provide
useful information about the
particular topic and setting being
studied
d. The threats to validity in qualitative
studies...
 observer bias…
 invalid information resulting from
the perspective the researcher
brings to the study and imposes
upon it
e. leaving the field…
 The question is when and how to
exit
 the bonds formed with study
participants complicate leaving
the setting
 time constraints
 when the amount of accessible
data is sufficient
Types of Qualitative Researches:
Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
1. Biography – Life history, oral
history
2. Phenomenology – The lived
experience
3. Grounded theory
4. Ethnography
5. Case Study
1. Biographical Study
 The study of an individual and her
or his experiences as told to the
researcher or found in documents
and archival material.
 Life history – The study of an
individual’s life and how it reflects
cultural themes of the society.
 Oral history – The researcher
gathers personal recollections of
events, their causes, and their
effects from and individual or
several individuals.
 The researcher needs to collect
extensive information about the
subject of the biography
SAMPLE TITLES:
1. Student Life of Jose Rizal: A
Documentary
2. The comparative analysis of 19th
Century scientists: Common and Contrast
3. Who is Lapu-Lapu?: A closer look to a
brave hero
2. Phenomenology
 Describes the meaning of the lived
experience about a concept or a
phenomenon for several
individuals.
 It has roots in the philosophical
perspectives of Husserl,
Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty,
etc. -- Max Van Manen, Munhall
(Nursing)
 Moustakas, 1994, p. 13: “to
determine what an experience
means for the persons who have
had the experience and are able
to provide a comprehensive
description of it. From the
individual descriptions, general or
universal meanings are derived, in
other words, the essences of
structures of the experience.”
SAMPLE TITLES:
1. Phenomenological Research and
Adolescent Female Sexuality: Discoveries
and Applications
2. AN INDEPTH EXPLORATION INTO THE
SEXUAL EXPERIENCES OF PEOPLE WITH A
MILD OR MODERATE INTELLECTUAL
DISABILTY.
3. NEAR DEATH EXPERIENCES AMONG
CRTITICAL PATIENTS : A
PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
3. Grounded Theory
 Based on Symbolic Interactionism
which posits that humans act and
interact on the basis of symbols,
which have meaning and value for
the actors.
  The intent of grounded theory is
to generate or discover a theory
that relates to a particular
situation. If little is known about a
topic, grounded theory is
especially useful.
 Data analysis generates a visual
picture, a narrative statement or a
series of hypotheses with a
central phenomenon, causal
conditions, context and
consequences.
 The researcher needs to set aside
theoretical ideas or notions so
that analytical or substantive
theories can emerge from the
data.
 Systematic approach
SAMPLE TITLES:
1. Using Grounded Theory in Feminist
research – A research about women’s
exclusion from administration positions in
primary education
2. The Delivery of Quality Nursing Care: A
Grounded Theory Study of the Nurses'
Perspective
3. Grounded Learning: An Application of
Grounded Theory In Educational Practice
4. Ethnography
 A description and interpretation
of a cultural or social group or
system. The researcher examines
the group’s observable and
learned patterns of behavior,
customs, and ways of life.
 Involves prolonged observation of
the group, typically through
participant observation.
 Field Work
 Key Informants
 Thick description
 Emic (insider group perspective)
and Etic (researcher’s
interpretation of social life).
 Context important, need holistic
view.
 Need grounding in anthropology.
 Need extensive time to collect
data
 Many ethnographies may be
written in a narrative or story
telling approach which may be
difficult for the audience
accustomed to usual social
science writing.
SAMPLE TITLES:
1. Goffman in 'the home': exploring the
viability of a Goffmanian style analysis of
the nanny and parent relationship
2. Ethnographic analysis on Internet-
mediated communication practices in
Cambodia
3. 'Mothering Through Recruitment:
Kinscription of Nonresidential Fathers and
Father Figures in Low-Income Families',
Family Relations
4. Child rearing practices of Manobo Tribe:
A close encounter
5. Case Study
 A case study is an exploration of a
“bounded system” or a case (or
multiple cases) over time through
detailed, in-depth data collection
involving multiple sources of
information rich in context.
 The context of the case involves
situating the case within its
setting. which may be physical,
social, historical and/or economic.
 Data collection strategies include
direct observation, interviews,
documents, archival records,
participant observation, physical
artifacts and audiovisual
materials.
 Analysis of themes, or issues and
an interpretation of the case by
the researcher.
SAMPLE TITLES:
1. Cultural influences on the social
network marketing effectiveness :
A case Study in Thailand
2. Gender Differences Within
Academia : A case study on the
probability of promotion
3. Case Study on male prostitution in
Cebu City
 Summarization the
Characteristics of the types of
Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research Designs/Types
1. Case Study: In a case study, a single
person, program, event, process,
institution, organization, social group
or phenomenon is investigated within
a specified time frame, using a
combination of appropriate data
collection devices (Creswell, 1994).
2. Ethnography: Rooted in anthropology,
ethnography involves the study of an
intact group, logically defined, in its
natural context for a sustained time
interval. The researcher is typically an
observer or a participant observer
(Creswell, 1994).
3. Phenomenology: In essence, this
approach investigates an individual’s
or group’s perception of reality as he
or she constructs it. These realities
may be expressed as an event,
program, relationship, emotion, etc.
Phenomenology is rooted in
philosophy.
4. Grounded Theory: Grounded theory is
a general research methodology used
in building naturalistic theory and is
rooted in sociology (Strauss and
Corbin, 1994).
5. Biography: The research relies on
records, diaries, oral histories,
photographs, and other artifacts to
describe, analyze, and explain past
events, philosophies, etc.
Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following:

1. Battered husbands: a new form of slavery?

2. Perception of buyers on the china made products
3. Through science humans have changed the earth: Better or Worse?
4. Social Media is anti social
5. Social Relativism is the key to understanding cultures
6. Philippine Dictators: A prologue
7. Flight and Fright behavior patterns of Birds
8. Autism spectrum disorder: what makes them unique?
9. Proving multiple intelligences theory on selected STEC students
10. Marital failures for underage couples.

Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following:

1. Mangyan Courtship Dance: A Lost Tradition

2. STEC Students’ Struggles in Senior High School
3. General Luna: A worthy Leader
4. Breast feeding practices in barangay Suba
5. Delivery of Effective Customer Care in malls of Lapu-Lapu City
6. Peer Pressure in School: Make or Break?
7. Multiple Intelligences among kids: An Exploratory case
8. Sibling Rivalry for Maternal and Paternal Attention
9. (Re)structuring the history of Code of Kalantiao
10. Factors of Unemployment in Lapu-Lapu City
11. The Poems of Jose Rizal: Structure & Function
12. Cancer Patients’ Struggles: Survival for Life
13. The Pareto Principle in Business Practice
14. Dewey’s Self-Reflective Model
15. Child rearing practices of Bajao
16. Metacognitive skills of student-achievers
17. Satisfaction of teachers in DepEd
18. ID, Ego, Superego – Understanding Personality
19. The writings of Nick Joaquin
20. Offshoot of Mining Industry: Students of Compostela Valley, where
are you?

What is the application of Qualitative Research in Life?

 Parts of a Qualitative Research
I. Abstract
Introduction
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
Scope and Limitation of the Study
Review of Related Literature
II. Methodology
Research Design
Statement of the Problem
Research Questionnaires
Target Respondents
III. Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation
of Data
IV. Conclusion, Recommendation,
Generalization
V. References
Annex (Appendices): Permission Letters
Profiles
Documentation
________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Introduction
• includes the background (describe the current
situation related to the research topic from
news, reports, expert opinions, observations)
Significance of the Study
• presents the reasons for doing the study or
benefits, provide the uses of the data by whom
• presents the benefits of the study
Definition of Terms
• provides the operational definition of terms
under the context of the study
• defining the terms after the completion of the
study
Scope and Limitation of the Study
• it is the research setting or the research locale
• grasp entirely what is needed
• the researchers will be guided
• must not go beyond the scope otherwise it will
pose a problem to the study
Review of Related Literature
• present synthesis of studies about the research,
highlight the key findings relevant to your study
• the minimum RRL as a matter of standard are
10 citations
• Mosaic citation – compounding the phrases,
passages, or ideas from different sources and
putting them together.
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
• Phenomenology – in-depth interview
• Ethnography – participant observation
Statement of the Problem
• state the major research problem and the
specific research questions to address it
(preferably 3 to 4 questions)
Target Respondents
• convenience sampling
• minimum of 5 respondents (qualitative
research)
COLLECTION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
Research Tool and Data Gathering Procedure
• One-on-one in-depth personal interview as well
as online google forms will be used as the
primary data gathering tools.
Data Analysis
• Text analysis will be used to analyze data from
the respondents' responses to identify rocurring
themes, concepts, and patterns. Triangulation
will also be utilized from multiple data sources
to develop a comprehensive understanding of a
phenomenon.
CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION,
GENERALIZATION
• conclusion, recommendation, and
generalization placed in such a way one is
dependent from the other
• conclusion - basis response from the collected
data
• anchored recommendation must be based from
the results but there is a pattern the
recommendation must come from conclusions
• generalization - must come from conclusion and
recommendations
REFERENCES
• APA 7TH EDITION
• arranged in alphabetical order (last name of
researcher)
Ethical Consideration
The following are my ethical considerations in the
course of this study:
1. Obtaining informed consent from my research
participants;
2. Non-disclosure and protection of the privacy of
the research participants and data
3. Showing utmost respect and cordiality to the
participants and that of their views
4. Asking pertinent, relevant, and material
questions only:
5. Conducting appropriate data collection and
analysis methods:
6. Using findings responsibly and avoiding misuse;
and
7. Seeking audience for interview at the
respondents' most convenient time and place.