ECC ACADEMY

Ecc Academy
ePjpf;fl;rp
njhw;wk;:

gd;bkhHp bfhz;l brd;id khfhzkhdJ M';fpy Ml;rpahy; 1802-k; Mz;L

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
jpuhtpld; vd;w thh;j;ij mwp"h;fs; kw;Wk; jkpH; my;yhnjhh;/ Mhpah; my;yhj
jkpH; ngRnthiu milahsk; fz;L bfhs;s gad;gl;lJ.
gpuhkzh;fs; “Mhpah;fs;” vdt[k; “tlbkhHp ehfhPfj;jpd; ghJfhtyh; vdt[k;
milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;.
gpuhkzh; my;yhnjhh; “jpuhtplh;fs;” vdt[k; mth;fs; jkpH;bkhHp/ gz;ghL
kw;Wk; “ehfhPfj;jpd; ghJfhtyh; vdt[k; fUjg;gl;ldh;.
t';fhsj;jpYk;/ tl ,e;jpahtpYk; rk!;fpUjk; kw;Wk; ntj';fis
ikag;gLj;jp ,e;jpa gz;ghL Kd; vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;njh - Mhpa (or) ,e;njh -
b$h;kd; bkhHpf; FLk;gk; m';fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ntjky;yhj/ rk!;fpUjk; my;yhj gz;ghL m';fPfhpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
brd;id thrpfs; r';fk; (Madras Native Association):
,t;tikg;g[ 1852-y; f$PY yl;RkpeuR/ rPdpthrdhh; Mfpnahuhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;tikg;gpy; tzpfh;fns mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; m';fk; tfpj;jdh;.
,J bghJkf;fspd; njitfis nehf;fkhf bfhz;L cUthdJ.
cWg;gpdh;fspd; eyd;fis Kd;bdLg;gJ thpfis Fiwf;f nfhhpf;if
itg;gJ.
tUtha;Jiw mjpfhhpfshy; tptrhapfs; rpj;jputijg;gLj;jgLtjw;F
nghuhl;lKk; Kf;fpa g';fspg;g[ MFk;.
,jdhy; rpj;jputij Mizak; (Toture commission) epWtg;gl;lJ. gpd;
rpj;jputijr; rl;lk; (Toture Act) xHpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;tikg;g[ (MNA) 1862-f;F gpd;dh; braypHe;jJ.
murh';f Mizfs;:-
M';fpy murh';fk; 1854-y; xU Miziag; gpwg;gpj;jJ. (1854 epiy Miz vz;
: 128 (2) ,e;j Mizg;go
 ECC ACADEMY

(i) murh';f fPH;epiyg; gjtpfSf;fhd epakd';fs; xUrpy bry;thf;Fkpf;f

FLk;g';fspd; Vfnghf chpikahf ,Uf;ff;TlhJ.
(ii) xt;bthU khtl;lj;Jf;fhd gjtpfs; mk;khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s gpujhd
r\fj;jpdUf;Ff; fpilf;FkhW gfph;e;J bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;.
1871-k; Mz;L kf;fs; fzf;fPl;L nkw;ghh;itahsh; nfhh;dp#; gpd;tUk;
ghpe;Jiuiar; bra;jhh;.
(i) xt;bthU gpur;rida[k; gpuhkzf; fz;zho \yk; ghh;g;gJ murh';f
murpaYf;F ey;yjy;y.
(ii) kpf mjpfkhf cs;s ,e;Jf;fs;/ K!;yPk;fs; Mfpnahhpd; vz;zpf;iff;F
Vw;g murh';f gjtpfSf;F tuk;g[ tpjpf;f ntz;Lk;.
(iii) xt;bthU Fwpg;gpl;l rhjpapdUf;Fk; Kjy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bfhLf;fhjthW
murpd; bfhs;iffs; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
brd;id kfh$d rig (1884):
brd;id kfh$d rig 1884 nk 16-k; ehs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
tPuuhfthr;rhhp/ P.Mde;jhr;rhh;Y/ P.u';ifah eha[L/ v!;.,uhkrhkp Kjypahh;
Mfpnahh; ,jid Vw;gLj;jpdh;.
,r;rig brd;id mz;zhrhiyapy; mike;Js;sJ.
,jd; Kjy; jiyth; P.,u';ifah
bghJ brayhsh; P.mde;jhr;rhh;Y
,jDila nehf;fk; gy gFjpfspy; thGk; kf;fspilna bghJg; gpur;ridfs;
Fwpj;j xUkpj;j fUj;ij cUthf;fp mjid murh';fj;jpw;F bjhpag;gLj;JtJ.
,t;tikg;gpy; gy nfhhpf;iffs; Kd; itf;fg;gl;ld.
Mjpjpuhtplh; $drig (1892):-
Mjpjpuhtplh; $drig 1892-k; Mz;L Jt';fg;gl;lJ.
Mjpjpuhtplh; Kjy; Kiwahf “jpuhtplh;” vd;wgl;lg; bgaiug; nghl;Lf;
bfhz;ljhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh; - Mh;.fz;zd;
Mjpjpuhtplh; $drig (Adi Dravidar Jana saba) mikf;fg;gl;l \d;W
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF 1895-k; Mz;oy; ,uz;L Jz;L gpuRu';fs;
btspaplg;gl;ld.
(i) gpuhkzh;my;ynjhh; ,d';fSk; ,e;jpag; bghJg;gzpa[k; (The non – Brahmin
Races and Insian public service)
 ECC ACADEMY

(ii) gpuhkzh; my;yhnjhh; ,d';fis rPh; bra;tjw;fhd tHptiffs;. (The way

and means for the Amelloration of non - Brahmin Races)
,t;tpU btspaPLfSk; eLepiyahsh; (Fair Play) vd;w bgahpy; vGjg;gl;lit.
gpuhkuy;yhnjhh; ,af;fk; njhd;w Kf;fpa fhuzk; r\fj;jpy; gpuhkzh;fspd;
Mjpf;fk; nknyh';fpapUe;jnjahFk;.
rptpy; gzpj;JiwapYk; fy;tp epWtd';fspYk; mth;fs; mjpf rjtPj ,l';fs;
m';fk; tfpj;jdh;.
nkYk; brd;id rl;lkd;wj;jpy; mth;fs; bgw;wpUe;j bry;thf;F
gpuhkzuy;yhnjhh; kj;jpapy; mr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,e;j btspaPLfs; muRg; gzpfspy; gpuhkzh;fs; Mjpf;fk; brYj;Jtjhft[k;/
,g;gzpfspy; midj;J tFg;gpdiua[k; nrh;j;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
nfhug;gl;oUe;jd.
1911-k; Mz;L kf;fs; bjhif fzf;bfLg;gpd; go brd;id khfhz kf;fs;
bjhifapy; gpuhkzh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 3 tpGf;fhl;ow;F rw;nw mjpfkhft[k;
gpuhkzuy;yhnjhhpd; vz;zpf;if 90 tpGf;fhL vdt[k; fhl;oaJ.
brd;id gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; r';fk; (1909)
20-k; E}w;whz;oy; bjhlf;fj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Kjy; mikg;g[
1909-k; Mz;L gp.Rg;gpukzpak;/ vk;.g[Un#hj;jk; eha[L Mfpa ,uz;L
gpuhkzuy;yhj tHf;Fiu"h;fs; brd;id gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; r';fk; (Madras
Non - Brahmin Association) vd;w mikg;igj; Jt';fpdhh;.
,e;j mikg;gpd; nehf;fk; gpuhkzuy;yhnjhhpilna fy;tpiag; gug;g[tjhFk;.
brd;id Tl;likg;g[f; FG (1912):-
brd;id gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; r';fk; Jt';fg;gl;l \d;W Mz;Lfspy; brd;id
Tl;likg;g[f; FG (Madras United League 1912) Jt';fg;gl;lJ.
,f;FG gpuhkzuy;yhj murh';f mYtyh;fshy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
rutz gps;is/ $p.tPuhrhkp eha[L/ Jiurhkp eha[L nghd;nwhh; ,f;FGj;
njhd;w \yfhuzkhf ,Ue;jdh;.
brd;id Tllikg;g[f; FGnt gpd;dh; brd;id jpuhtplh; r';fk; (Madras
Dravidian Association) vd;W bgah; khw;wk; bgw;wJ.
,r;r';fj;jpd; brayhsuhf mg;nghJ kUj;Jt khztuhf ,Ue;j rp.enlr
Kjypahh; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
 ECC ACADEMY

uhay; fkp#d; (1912)

1912-k; Mz;L murh';fg; gzpfSf;fhd uhay; fkp#d; (Royal commission on
public services) mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
brd;id rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;j gp.jpahfuha brl;o mf;fkp#idr;
re;jpj;J khfhz murh';fg; gjtpfis gpuhkzh;fs; Mf;fpukpj;J
bfhz;oUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gij g[s;sp tptuj;Jld; tpsf;fpdhh;. uhay; fkp#d; 42
fl;rpfis tprhhpj;jJ.
mth;fspy; xUtuhd tUtha; nfhl;l mjpfhhp ghyh$p uht; eha[L
gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; eyidg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd xnu tHp rhjpthhpahd tpfpjhr;rhu
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; jhd; vd;gij typa[Wj;jpdhh;.
fojf; fpsh;r;rp (1915)
1915-k; Mz;L 21 foj';fis cs;slf;fpa E}y; btspaplg;gl;lJ.
gpuhkzuy;yhj rp.r';fud; ehauhy; vGjg;gl;l ,f;foj';fs; midtuJ
ftdj;ija[k; fth;e;jd.
mnj Mz;oy; (1915) rp.r';fud; ehah; vGjpa jpuhtpl gpugy';fs; (Dravidian
worthies) vd;w E}Yk; btspaplg;gl;lJ. mg;nghJ ,th; fh';fpu!; fl;rp
jiytuhf ,Ue;jhh; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
1916-k; Mz;L ,k;gPhpay; rl;lkd;w (Imperial Legislative Assembly) j;Jf;fhd
njh;jy; eilbgw;wJ. gpuhkzh;fshy; njhw;fof;fg;gl;ldh;. midtUk;
fh';fpu!; cWg;gpdh;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
njh;jypy; njhy;tpiaj; jGtpa gpl;o jpahfuha brl;oa[k;/ vk;.ehaUk;
mth;fSila Mjuthsh;fSld; 1916 - etk;gh; 20-k; ehs; brd;id tpf;nlhhpah
bghJ kz;lgj;jpy; (Victoria Public Hall) To tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKila
,uz;L Kot[fis vLj;jdh;.
(i) bjd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; r';fk; (South Indian people Association) vd;w bgahpy;
xU mikg;ig Jtf;FtJ
(ii) bjd;dpe;jpa ey chpik r';fk; (South Indian Liberal Fedaration) vd;w
mikg;iga[k; cUthf;FtJ.
bjd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; r';fk;:-
bjd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; r';fk; xU Tl;L g';Ff; fHfj;ijg; (Joint - stock company)
nghd;W th;j;jf mikg;ghFk;.
 ECC ACADEMY

,jDila nehf;fk; M';fpyk;/ jkpH;/ bjY';F Mfpa bkhHpfspy;

bra;jpj;jhs;fis Jtf;fp mtw;wpd; \yk; gpuhkzuy;yhjhhpd; Fiwfis
btspapLtjhFk;. brayh; - jpahfuha brl;o
bjd;dpe;jpa ey chpikr';fk;:-
bjd;dpe;jpa ey chpik r';fk; murpay; fl;rpahFk;.
,jDila nehf;fk;:-
(i) gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; chpikf;fhft[k;/ eyDf;fhft[k; Fuy; bfhLg;gJ
(ii) gpuhkzuy;yhjth;fSf;fhd jpl;l';fisj; jPl;o bray;gLj;JtJ
,f;fl;rp ePjp (Justice) jpuhtpld; (Dravidan)
Me;jpu gpufhrpfh (Andhra Prakasika) Mfpa ehnshLfis Kiwna
M';fpyj;jpYk;/ jkpHpYk;/ bjY';fpYk; gj;jphpf;iffSk; bjhl';fg;gl;ld.
M';fpy ehnslhd “ePjp” bry;thf;F bgw;wikahy; bjd;dpe;jpa ey chpikr;
r';fk; ePjpf;fl;rp (Justice party) vd;W bgah; khw;wk; bgw;wJ.
jdpj;jdpna bray;gl;L te;j brd;id jpuhtplh; r';fKk;/ bjd;dpe;jpa kf;fs;
r';fKk; ePjpf;fl;rpa[ld; ,ize;jd.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; eph;thfpfs; 1917 mf;nlhgh; khjk; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;ldh;.
ePjpf;fl;rp btspapl;l bfhs;if mwpf;ifna mf;fl;rpapd; murpay; rl;l
tiuthff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
1925 ork;gh; 19 ePjpfl;rpapd; mikg;g[r; rl;lk; m';fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ePjpf;fl;rpf;F xU jiytUk;/ ehd;F Jizj; jiyth;fSk;/ xU bghJr;
brayUk;/ xU bghUshsUk; ,Ue;jdh;.
25 cWg;gpdh;fisf; bfhz;l braw;FG (Executive committee) fl;rpapd;
bfhs;if Kot[fis bray;gLj;jpaJ.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Kjy; jiytuhf rh;.jpahfuha brl;oa[k;/ Kjy; bghJr;
brayhsuhf Mw;fhL uhkrhkpa[k; bghWg;ngw;wdh;.
rl;lkd;wj; njh;jy;: (1920)
1919-k; Mz;L khz;nlF - brk;!;nghh;L rPh;j;jpUj;j';fspd; mog;gilapy;
njh;jy; eilbgw;wJ.
ePjpf;fl;rp 1920-k; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; eilbgw;w brd;id rl;lkd;wj;
njh;jypy; Kjy; Kiwahf nghl;oapl;L btw;wp bgw;wJ.
brd;id rl;lkd;wj;jpy; 127 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;.
njh;jy; bjhFjpfs; \d;W tifahf gphpf;fg;gl;oUe;jd.
 ECC ACADEMY

(i) tFg;g[thhp bjhFjpfs; (Communal constituencies)

(ii) rpwg;g[j; bjhFjpfs; (Special constituencies)
(iii) xJf;fg;gl;l bjhFjpfs; (Reserved constituencies)
gykpf;f vjph;f;fl;rp ,d;ikahy; ePjpfl;rpy; 98-y; 63- ,l';fspy; btw;wp bgw;wJ.
mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; brhj;J kjpg;g[ cilath;fs; kl;Lnk thf;fhsh;fshf
m';fPfhpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
bkhj;j kf;fs; bjhif 40 kpy;ypadp;y; 12/ 48/ 156 ngh; thf;fspf;fj; jFjp
bgw;wpUe;jdh;. ruhrhpahf 24.97% thf;F gjpthapw;W.
ikyhg;g{h; bjhFjpapy; mjpfgl;rkhf 52% thf;Ffs; gjpthdJ.
Kjy; mikr;ruit:- (1920 - 1923)
gp.jpahfuha brl;o gjtpnaw;f kWj;jikahy; MSeh; bty;ypld; miHg;gpd;
nghpy; V.Rg;guhaY eha[Ltpd; jiyikapy; 1920 ork;gh; 17-k; ehs; mikr;ruit
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
rl;lkd;w jiytuhf bgU';fht{h; uh$nfhghyhr;rhhp epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
1921 $%iy 11-k; njjp cly; epiy fhuzkhf Rg;guhaY bul;oahh; gjtp
tpyfpajhy; mtUf;Fg; gjpy; gdfy; murh; (Raja of Panagal) Kjyikr;ruhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
V.gp.ghl;nuh fy;tp mikr;ruhdhh;
Kjy; mikr;ruitapy; jkpHh; xUth; Tl ,y;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gpljf;fJ.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Kjy; mikr;ruit 1923 brg;lk;gh; 11 tiu gjtpapy; ,Ue;jJ.
rl;l rhjidfs;:-
Kjy; ePjpf;fl;rp murh';fk; rpy tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rl;l';fis
epiwntw;wp eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ.
(i) 1921 Vg;uy; Kjy; njjp brd;id rl;lkd;w jPh;khdj;jpd; go rl;lkd;w
njh;jypy; nghl;oapl bgz;fSf;F (1919 ,e;jpa murh';f rl;lj;jpy;)
tpjpf;fg;gl;oUe;j jil ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
(ii) 1920-y; brd;id khefuhl;rp brd;id Mapuk; tpsf;Fg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;j
gs;spfspy; ,ytr fhiy czt[ tH';fpajw;F rl;lkd;wk; m';fPfhuk;
mspj;jJ.
(iii) g";rkh;/ jPz;lj;jfhnjhh;/ mhp$d; vd;W Kj;jpiu Fj;jp r\jhaj;jpypUe;J
xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;oUe;j kf;fs; Mjpjpuhtplh; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;L rKjha
me;j!;J mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ECC ACADEMY

(iv) cs;shl;rp mikg;g[fs; rl;lk; - 1920 (Local Boards Act 1920) (,J
g";rhaj;J epWtd';fSf;F Rnar;irahf ,a';Fk; mjpfhuj;ij bfhLj;jJ)
(v) 1922 ork;gh; 18-k; ehs; ,e;J rka mwf;fl;lis rl;l knrhjh (Madras Hindu
Religious Endowment Act) - ,r;rl;lk; 1925-y; epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ.
ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp jhH;j;jg;gl;nlhhpd; eydpy; rpwg;g[f; ftdk; brYj;jpaJ.
mth;fsJ eyid ghJfhj;J guhkhpg;gjw;fhfnt xU I.rp.v!; mjpfhhpia
fkp#dh; (Labour commissioner, I.C.S) Mf epakpj;jJ.
,th; jhH;j;jg;gl;nlhh;/ Mjpthrpfs;/ kiythH; kf;fs; nghd;nwhhpd;
eyDf;fhf…….
(i) tPl;Lkid tH';fpdhh;
(ii) Tl;Lwt[ fld; r';f';fis tH';fpdhh;
(iii) FoePh; trjp
(iv) bghJ epyj;ij Fiwe;j thlif
(v) Fog;gHf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl Cf;Ftpg;g[
(vi) rhjp ,e;Jf;fspd; vjph;g;gpypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;
(vii) murh';f epyj;ij tptrhaj;Jf;fhf xJf;Fjy;
(viii) bgz;fSf;fhd fHpg;giw fl;Ljy;
(ix) ViHfs; tPLfl;o bfhs;s 20 brd;l; epyk; ,ytrkhf bfhLj;jhh;
,uz;lhtJ mikr;ruit (1923 - 1926)
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; KjyMl;rp 1923 brg;lk;gh; 11-k; njjp Koe;jJ.
rl;lkd;wj;Jf;fhd njh;jy; 1923 mf;nlhgh; 31-k; ehs; eilbgw;wJ.
Rauh$;$paf; fl;rp nghl;oapl;ljhy; 44 ,l';fspy; kl;Lnk btw;wp bgw;wJ.
jdpg;bgUk;ghd;ik mikahjjhy; epakd cWg;gpdh; Mjut[ld; 1923 etk;gh; 19-
y; gdfy; murh; jiyikapy; ,uz;lhk; mikr;ruit gjtp Vw;wJ.
ePjpf; fl;rpapd; ,uz;lhtJ mikr;ruit 1926 etk;gh; 7-k; njjp tiu
bray;gl;lJ.
gdfy; murh; Ml;rpapd; nghJ jhd; td;dpah; tFg;ig nrh;e;j rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpdh; khzpf;fntY ehaf;fh; ePjpf;fl;rp murh';fj;jpd; ghuhSkd;w
brayuhft[k; tUtha;Jiw mikr;ruhft[k; ,Ue;jhh;.
 ECC ACADEMY

\d;whtJ mikr;ruit:-
1926-k; Mz;L eilbgw;w njh;jypy; v!;.rj;jpa\h;j;jp jiyikapy; fskpw';fpa
Rauh$;$paf; fl;rp 41 ,l';fspy; ePjpf;fl;rp 21 ,l';fspYk; btw;wp bgw;wdh;.
jdpg; bgUk;ghd;ik ,Ue;Jk; Rauh$;$paf; fl;rp Ml;rp mikf;f kWj;J
tpl;ljhYk;/ ePjpf;fl;rpf;F bgUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhjjhYk; Rnal;irahf
nghl;oapl;l ‘fUg;g[ Fjpiu’ Rg;guhad; vd;gth; ePjpf;fl;rp kw;Wk; kw;w
Rnal;irfs; Mjut[ld; Ml;rp mikj;jhh;.
ehd;fhtJ mikr;ruit (1930 - 34)
1930-k; Mz:L kf;fspilna bry;thf;F ,d;ikahy; ,jw;fhd jPh;khdk; 1929
mf;nlhghpy; Toa ePjpfl;rp khehl;oy; epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ gpuhkzh;fSk;/
fl;rpapy; 1930-y; nrh;j;J bfhs;sg;gl;ldh;.
mnj Mz;L eilbgw;w njh;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp 35 ,l';fspy; btw;wp bgw;wJ.
bgUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhjjhy; epakd cWg;gpdh; MjunthL KDrhkp eha[L
jiyikapy; 1930 mf;nlhgh; 17-y; Ml;rp mikj;jJ.
fl;rp cl;g{ry; fhuzkhf 1932 etk;gh; 5-k; njjp bghg;gpyp murh; Kjyikr;ruhf
bghWg;ngw;whh;.
$kPd;jhh;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bfhLf;fg;gl;L kf;fs; Vkhw;wg;gl;ldh;. vdnt
kf;fspilna fl;rpapd; bry;thf;F rhpaj; bjhl';fpaJ.
Ie;jhtJ mikr;ruit (1934 - 37)
1934-k; Mz;L eilbgw;w njh;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp gLnjhy;tp mile;jhYk;/
jdpg;bgUk;ghd;ika[ld; btw;wp bgw;w Rauh$;$paf; fl;rp mikf;fhjjhy;
ePjpf;fl;rp bghg;gpyp murh; jiyikapy; Ml;rp mikj;jJ.
bghpahhpd; <nuhL jpl;lj;ij ePjpf;fl;rp Vw;Wf; bfhz;ljhy; bghpahhpd; Mjut[f;
fpilj;jJ.
khepy Rahl;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; go 1937-y; eilbgw;w njh;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp
njhy;tpaile;jJ. rp.uh$nfhghyhr;rhhp jiyikapy; fh';fpu!; Ml;rpiaf;
ifg;gw;wpaJ. ,jdhy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; tPH;r;rp jtph;f;f Koahjjhapw;W.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; jiytuhf bghpahh; 1938 ork;gh; 22-y; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
bghpahh; kw;Wk; mtuJ Rakhpahij ,af;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;oy; rpwpJ fhyk;
ePjpf;fl;rp bray;gl;lJ.
bghpahUf;Fk;/ ghh;g;gdj; jiyth;fSf;Fk; Vw;gl;l fUj;J ntWghL fhuzkhf
1944 mf;nlhgh; 4 md;W nryj;jpy; ele;j ePjpf;fl;rp khehl;oy; bghpahh;
 ECC ACADEMY

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; bgaiu “jpuhtplh; fHfk;” vd khw;wk; bra;J mij xU rKjha

,af;fkhf khw;wpdhh;.
nkYk; mjd; rpd;dkhd juhR khw;wg;gl;L rpfg;g[ tl;lk; bghwpj;j bfho
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,jd; \yk; ePjpf;fl;rp murpay; - njh;jy; rhh;e;j bray;ghLfspypUe;J
tpLtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jd; gpd;dh; ePjpf;fl;rp gp.uhkre;jpu bul;o jiyikapYk; (1944-45) gp.o.uh$d;
jiyikapYk; (1945-47) bgaust[f;F bray;gl;L kiwe;jJ.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rhjidfs; :-
ePjpf;fl;rp bfhz;Lte;j brd;id bjhlf;ff; fy;tp rl;lk; - 1920/ Mz;/ bgz;
FHe;ijfSf;Ff; fl;lhaf; fy;tpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
kjuh!; jy nghh;Lfs; rl;lk; 1920/ kjuh!; fpuhkg; g";rhaj;Jfs; rl;lk; 1920/
Mfpa ,uz;L cs;shl;rp kd;wr; rl;l';fs; \yk; \d;wLf;Fg; g";rhaj;J
Kiwf;F tYthd moj;jsk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
brd;id Mapuk; tpsf;Fg; gFjpapy; jpahfuhar; brl;oahuhy; ,ytr kjpa
czt[ jpl;lk; 1920-y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L gs;spfspy; khzth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
brd;id khefuhl;rp Foirfis khw;wp tPL fl;Lk; jpl;l';fis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. (Madras Town Panchayat Act 1920)
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; fPHpUe;j rl;lkd;wk; jhd; Kjd;Kjyhf murpay; njh;jypy;
bgz;fs; g';nfw;gij 1921-y; m';fPfhpj;jJ.
gpuhkzh; my;yhjthpd; fy;tp kw;Wk; ntiytha;g;g[ 1921-y; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l
,dthhp xJf;fPl;L murhiz (Communal G.o) cj;jutspj;jJ.
1921-k; Mz;L bgz;fSf;F thf;Fhpik tH';fg;gl;lJ. bgz;fs; td;bfhLikj;
jilr;rl;lk; kw;Wk; bjhHpyhsh; eyr; rl;l';fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
ePjpf;fl;rp bghUshjhu rPh;jpUj;j';fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. bjhHpw;rhiyapd;
tsh;r;rpf;fhf 1922-k; Mz;L brd;id murh';f bjhHpw;rhiyfs; cjtpr; rl;lk;
(Madras State Aid to Industries) bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
1923-k; Mz;L ePh;ghrd jpl;l';fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
xLf;fg;gl;l gphpt[ khzth;fSf;bfd 1923-y; j';Fk; tpLjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
 ECC ACADEMY

vnjr;rjpfhuk;/ bry;thf;F/ mDTyj; njh;t[ Kiwia xHpf;f 1924-k; Mz;L

gzpahsh; njh;t[ thhpaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,J 1929-k; Mz;L bghJg;gzp
njh;thizakhf khwpaJ.
1926-k; Mz;L ,e;J rka mwepiya rl;lk; bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
1926-k; Mz;L Me;jpuh gy;fiyf;fHfKk;/ 1929-k; Mz;L mz;zhkiy
gy;fiyf; fHfKk; bjhl';fg;gl;ld. (rpt"hd gps;is FG ghpe;Jiu)
1926-y; lhf;lh;. Rg;guhad; mikr;ruitapy; jhd; Kjd; Kiwahf bgz; xUth;
brd;id khfhz rl;lrigf;F njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;lhh;. me;j rpwg;g[ bgw;w
bgz;kzp lhf;lh;. Kj;Jbyl;Rkp Mthh;.
1928 ,uh.Kj;ijah (Fk;gnfhzk;) mth;fshy; murpd; vy;yhj; JiwfspYk;/
gzp epakd';fs; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L murhizapd; \yk; tFg;g[thhp
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; epue;jukhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nfhl;lh Kiw (Reservation) MFk;.
1930-y; lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp mth;fspd; Kaw;rpahy; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;
Kiwahf njtjhrp Kiw xHpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1934-k; Mz;L brd;id Jtf;f fy;tp rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gl;L 1935-y; Jtf;f
fy;tpapd; juk; nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
g[jpa efu';fisa[k;/ bjhHpw;ngl;ilfisa[k; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;. Tl;Lwt[
r';f';fs; nkk;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
kUj;Jtf;fy;tpf;F rk!;fpUjk; mwpt[ mog;gilj; jFjp vd;gJ ePf;fg;gl;L
gpuhkzuy;yhj khzth;fs; kUj;Jtf; fy;tpapy; EiHtjw;F tHp
bra;ag;gl;lJ.
bgz; fy;tp ePjpf; fl;rpapd; Ml;rpapy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ.
jhH;j;jg;gl;l r\fj;jpdhpd; fy;tp bjhHpyhsh; eyj;Jiwapdhplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
Vwj;jhH 3000 kPdt FLk;g';fisr; nrh;e;j rpWth; rpWkpah;fSf;F
kPd;tsj;Jiwapd; \ykhf ,ytr kPd;gpog;g[ gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
Ma[h;ntjh/ rpj;jh/ a[dhdp kUj;Jtf; fy;tpf;F Cf;fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Ml;rpapy; M.C.uh$h vd;w Mjpjpuhtplj; jiythpd; mhpa
Kaw;rpahy;/ 1922-k; Mz;L Mjpjpuhtplh;fis ,Hpt[gLj;Jk; ‘giwah;’ vd;w
brhy; ePf;fg;gl;L mth;fis Mjpjpuhtplh; vd;W miHf;f
Mizgpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ECC ACADEMY

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; tPH;r;rpf;fhd fhuz';fs;:

tFg;g[thhp gpujpepjpj;Jtk; vd;w xw;iwf; Fwpf;nfhs; fl;rpahf bray;gl;lJ.
M';fpnyaUf;F KG Mjut[ mspj;jJ.
cah; tFg;gpdhpd; cah;t[f;F Kd;Dhpik Fwpg;ghf rpWghd;ikapdh;/
Mjpjpuhtplh; Vkhw;wg;gl;ldh;. ePjpf;fl;rp jiyth;fspd; Mlk;gu thH;f;if
Kiw
mjpfhu Mirapd; fhuzkhf vGe;j fl;rp g{ry; kw;Wk; nkhjy; nghf;Ffs;.
cyfpy; bghUshjhu bgUke;jk; epytpapUe;j fhyj;jpy; ,f;fl;rp
bghWg;ngw;wJ.
njrpa ,af;fk; jPtpukhf eilbgw;Wf; bfhz;oUe;jjhy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd;
bry;thf;F rhpaj; bjhl';fpaJ.
fhe;jpaofs; jiyikapy; fh';fpu!; fl;rp gyk; bgw;W tps';fpaJ. ,J
ePjpf;fl;rpf;F bgUk; rthyhf mike;jJ.
jpahfuha brl;o kw;Wk; gdfy; murhpd; jiyikapd; fPH; gpuhkzuy;yhj rpy
cah; rhjpapdhpd; fl;rpahf khwpaJ.
gl;oay; gphptpdh; kw;Wk; K!;yPk;fs; fl;rpia tpl;L tpyfpdh;.
o.vk;.ehahpd; kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpd; gl;oay; gphptpdh; ePjpf;fl;rpapy;
Xu';fl;lg;gl;ldh;.
g[spae;njhg;g[ fytu';fs; (gp.md;.rp bjhHpw;rhiy ntiy epWj;jk;)
gpuhkzuy;yhj $hjpfshd bts;shsh;fs;/ bghp brl;oahh;fs;/ gyp$h eha[Lfs;
fk;kh kw;Wk; fhg;g[fs; MfpnahUf;Fk; Mjpjpuhtplh;fSf;Fk; ,ilnaahd
cwt[ frf;ff; fhuzkhf mike;jd.
g[spe;njhg;g[ rk;gt';fs; ele;J rpy fhyj;jpy; uh$ht[k; Mjp jpuhtplh;fSk;
ePjpf;fl;rpia tpl;L tpyfpdh;.
Note:
bkhHp bjhlh;ghd Ma;t[fs;:-
1837-k; Mz;L n$k;!; gphpd;rpng kw;Wk; ,ju Ma;thsh;fshy; gpuhkz \y
Mtz';fs; kw;Wk; bjd;dpe;jpa bkhHpfspd; kPjhd Ma;t[fs; - ,e;jpa
fyhr;rhuk; vd;gJ xnu khjphpahdj; jd;ik bfhz;lJ my;y vd;Wk; g[j;j
jpuhtpl kug[fs; Tl ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;jd vd;gJ ep+gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tp.fdfrig gps;isapd; 1800 Mz;Lf;F Kd; jkpHh;fs; vd;w E}ypy; Mhpah;fs;
tUtjw;F Kd;ng jkpHh;fs; kpfr;rpwe;j ehfhPfj;ij gilj;jpUe;jdh; vd;gij
Rl;of; fhl;odhh;.
 ECC ACADEMY

1856-k; Mz;L kiwj;jpU.uhgh;l; fhy;Lbty; vGjpa ‘jpuhtpl’ my;yJ

‘bjd;dpe;jpa bkhHpfs; Fwpj;j xg;gpyf;fzk;’ vd;w E}y; jpuhtplh; vd;w
fUj;jhf;fj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.
1909-k; Mz;L kpz;nlh khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpwF/ brd;id
khfhzj;ij rhh;e;j gpuhkzuy;yhnjhUf;Ff; fy;tp kw;Wk; ntiytha;g;gpy;
nghjpa gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,y;iy vd;W vjph;g;g[ fhl;l Jt';fpdh;.
1852-k; Mz;L f';fhY yl;Rkp enu#; M';fpnya ,e;jpaf; fHfj;jpypUe;J
btspnawp “brd;id thH; kf;fs; r';fk;” vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhh;.
mnahj;jp jhrg; gz;ojh; vd;gtuhy; jpuhtplh; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;fhf 1876-k; Mz;L
mj;tpjhe;jh rig vd;w mikg;g[k; jpuhtpl ghz;oad; vd;w ,jGk;
btspaplg;gl;lJ.
1882-y; jpuhtplh; fHfk; vd;w mikg;ig mnahj;jpjhrUk;/ $hd; jputpaKk;
nrh;e;J cUthf;fpdh;.
1891-k; Mz;L jpuhtpl kfh$d rig mnahj;jp jhruhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,ul;ilkiy rPdpthrd; vd;gtuhy; 1891-y; giwah; kfh$drig
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1892-1893-k; Mz;L Mjpjpuhtplh; kfh$d rig vd;W bgah;
khw;wk; bra;ag;gl;lJ.
1908-y; rp.r';fud; ehah; (ePjpgjp) brd;id gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; ngRk; nghJ
th;zhrpuk (th;z - $hjp) Kiw mfw;wg;glhj tiu murpay; Kd;ndw;wk;
rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;W Twpdhh;.
,th; ‘jpuhtpl gpugy';fs;’ vd;Dk; E}iy btspapl;lhh;.
1909-k; Mz;L rp.Rg;ukzpak;/ vk;.g[Un#hj;jkd; vd;w ,U tHf;fwp"h;fshy;
‘brd;id gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; r';fk; Jt';fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; nehf;fk;
gpuhkzuy;yhnjhhpilna fy;tpia gug;g[tJ
1919-y; rutzg;gps;is/ tPuhrhkp/ Jiurhkp vd;gtu;fshy; brd;id
Tl;likg;g[f; FG cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. enlr Kjypahh; brd;id
jpUty;ypf;nfhzpapy; gpuhkuy;yhj khzth;fSf;fhf j';Fk; tpLjpia
elj;jpdhh;.
ePjpf;fl;rp M';fpyg; nguuRf;F tpRthrkhf ,Ue;jJ. jdJ Muk;g ehl;fspy;
nQhk;+y; ,af;fj;ij vjph;j;jJ.
,e;jpahtpd; eLtz; ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; cWg;gpdh;fis mDg;gtpy;iy.
 ECC ACADEMY

1916-20-fhyfl;lj;jpy; tFg;g[thhp ,lxJf;fPL bgw;w murpay; Kiwapy;

g';nfw;gjpy; jdJ ftdj;ij brYj;jpaJ.
xj;JiHahik ,af;fj;jpd; nghJ “bkl;uh!; bkapy;” nghd;w Inuhg;gpa
,jH;fSld; ,ize;J fhe;jpiaa[k; njrpathjpfisa[k; vjph;j;Jk; te;jJ.
rl;lkWg;g[ ,af;fj;jpd; nghJ M';fpy murpd; fLikahd eltof;iffis
ePjpf;fl;rp muRfs; fz;of;ftpy;iy.
gjtp ntl;if fl;rp vd;W bghpahh;Fiw Twpdhh;.
$hypad; thyhghf; gLbfhiyia Tl ePjpf;fl;rp vjph;f;ftpy;iy vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Kd;ndho brd;id If;fpa fHfk; MFk;.
P.T.jpahfuh$h; (rh;gpl;o jpahfuhah;):
jpahfuhah; 1852 Vg;uy; 27-k; njjp vfj;J}hpy; njth';f brl;of; FLk;gj;jpy;
gpwe;jhh;.
gs;sp gog;ig Koj;j gpd; brd;id khepyf; fy;Y}hpapy; rl;lk; gapd;W
tHf;Fiu"uhdhh;.
tf;fPy; bjhHpiy tpl bghJ thH;f;ifapy; mjpf Mh;tk; fhl;odhh;.
1882-Kjy; 1922-tiu brd;id khefuhl;rpapd; cWg;gpduhft[k;/ jiytuhft[k;
,Ue;Js;shh;.
1909-ypUe;J 1921- tiu bjd;dpe;jpa tzpf fHfj;ij (South Indian Chamber of
commerce) njhw;Wtpj;J mjd; jiytuhf gzpahw;wpdhh;.
1912-y; lhf;lh; rp.enlr Kjypahh; Muk;gpj;j brd;id If;fpa Tl;likg;gpy;
(Madras United League) nrh;e;jhh;. ,f;Tl;likg;ng brd;id jpuhtplh; rig
(Madras Dravidian Association) vd;W bgah; khw;wk; bra;ag;gl;lJ.
1916 etk;gh; 20-k; njjp tuyhw;W rpwg;g[kpf;f gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; gpufldj;ij
(Non - Brahmin Manifesto) btspapl;lhh;. ,Jnt gpd;dhspy;
gpuhkzuy;yhjhhpd; khf;dh fhh;lh vd;wiHf;fg;gl;lJ.
1917-k; Mz;L ePjpf;fl;rpj; jiytuhf jpahfuha brl;o njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
,th; brd;id khefuhl;rpapd; nkauhf ,Ue;j nghJ jhd; Kjd; Kiwahf
Fwpg;gpl;l khefuhl;rp gs;spfspy; kjpa czt[ jpl;lk; 1920-y; bjhl';fp
itj;jhh;.
,th; M';fpy murh';fj;jpd; Mjuthsh;. gphpl;o#; murh';fk; ,tuJ nritia
ghuhl;o …..
 ECC ACADEMY

1909 $dthp 1-k; ehs; “uht; gfJ}h;” gl;lKk;/

1919 $dthp 1-k; ehs; “jpthd; gfJ}h;” gl;lKk;/
1921-k; Mz;oy; ‘rh;’ gl;l';fSk; tH';fp bfsutpj;jJ
gpd; j';fpa cs;~h; kf;fSf;fhf brd;idapd; giHa tz;zhug; ngl;ilapy;
cs;s tlf;F kjuh!; ,e;J nky;epiy gs;spahdJ 1897-k; Mz;oy; jpahfuha
brl;oahh; kw;Wk; mthpd; je;ijahy; jpwf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpd;dh; 1950-k; Mz;oy; mthpd; ngudhy; mg;gs;sp rh;.jpahfuha fy;Y}hpahf
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ gHikahd khefhul;rpahd brd;id khefuhl;rpapd;
mYtyfkhd hpg;gd; fl;olj;jpy; rh;.jpahfuha brl;oahUf;F xU rpiy
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
bts;is Milfs; kPJ mtUf;F ,Ue;j gw;wpd; fhuzkhf jpahfuhar;
brl;oahh; bts;Sil nte;jh; vd;W bghUj;jkhf miHf;fg;gl;lhh;.
,th; 1925 Vg;uy; 28-k; njjp 75-tJ tajpy; ,we;jhh;.
T.M. ehah;
1868 $dthp 15-k; njjp ghyf;fhl;Lf;F mUnf jp+hpy; juthj; ehah; FLk;gj;jpy;
gpwe;jhh;.
vdnt ,th; jp+h; khjtd; ehah; (T.M.ehah;) vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;.
1907-y; rpj;J}hpy; eilbgw;w khtl;l fh';fpu!; Tl;lj;Jf;F jiyik jh';fpdhh;
ehah;.
lhf;lh; T.M.ehah; 12 Mz;Lfs; brd;id khefuhl;rp cWg;gpduhfg;
gzpahw;wpdhh; (1904-1916)
1908-y; ,e;jpa murhy; bjhHpy; fkp#d; (labour commission) cWg;gpduhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
1912-y; brd;id rl;lkd;w nkyitf;Fj; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
Kjy; cyfg; nghhpd; nghJ (1914-1918) v.v.kjuh (S.S.Madras) fg;gypy;
kUj;Jtg; gzp bra;jhh;.
nghh; Koe;jt[ld; gphpl;o#; murh';fk; mtUf;F bfa;rh; - , - Qpe;j; (Kaiser - i-
Hind) gjf;fk; tH';fp bgUik bra;jJ.
gpd; nghh; nrit gjf;fKk; (War service medal) tH';fg;gl;lJ.
bjd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; eyf; Tl;likg;gpd; ePjp (Justice) M';fpyg; gj;jphpf;ifapd;
jiyik Mrphpahf ,Ue;jhh;.
 ECC ACADEMY

M';fpnyah; nghd;W cil mzpe;J/ M';fpnyah; eilKiwfisg;

gpd;gw;wpajhy; ehaiu M';fpyg;gpj;jh; (Anglophile) vd;W Fiw Twpdh;.
2008-k; Mz;L kj;jpa muR ehaiug; bgUikg;gLj;jp m";ry; jiy
btspapl;lJ.
T.M.ehah; r\f ePjpf; fhtyh;fspy; xUth;
“gpuhkzuy;yhj njrpathjp” vd;gJ bghpahh; <.nt.uhtpd; fzpg;g[
1919 $%iy 17-k; njjp yz;ldpy; jdJ 51-tJ tajpy; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.
lhf;lh; rp.enlr Kjypahh;:-
brd;id jpUty;ypf; nfzpapy; ntshsh; FLk;gj;jpy; 1875-k; Mz;L gpwe;jhh;.
kUj;Jt gog;ig Koj;j gpd; brd;id If;fpa Tl;likg;ig (Madras United
League) 1912-y; Jtf;fpdhh;.
,f;Tl;likg;g[ 1914-k; Mz;L brd;id jpuhtplh; rig (Madras Dravidian
Association) vd;W bgah; khw;wk; bra;ag;gl;lJ.
brd;idapy; jpUty;ypnfzpapy; j';fpg;goj;j gpuhkzuy;yhj
khzth;fSf;bfd “jpuhtplh; tpLjp” (Dravidian Home) Jt';fg;gl;lJ. (July
1916 (or) June 1916)
brd;idapy; jpuhtpl khzth;fSf;fhf elj;jg;gl;l Kjy; tpLjp vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
rkur bry;th;:
gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; Kd;ndw;wj;jpy; mf;fiwf; bfhz;l kUj;Jth; enlr
Kjypahh; brd;id thH; gpuhkzuy;yhj gpuKfh;fis xd;W nrh;f;Fk;
Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhh;.
mg;nghJ brd;id khefuhl;rpapy; gpugykhfj; jpfH;e;J ,U JUt';fshf
bray;gl;L te;j gpugy';fshd bry;te;jh; gpl;o jpahfuha brl;oa[k;/ kUj;J
nkij lhf;lh; o.vk;. ehaiua[k; Xuzpapy; bfhz;L tUk; Kaw;rpapy; btw;wp
bgw;whh;.
1923-y; brd;id rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F eilbgw;w njh;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd;
ntl;ghsuhf nghl;oapl;L btw;wpg; bgw;whh;.
1929-k; Mz;L eilbgw;w ePjpf;fl;rp khehl;Lf;F jiyik jh';fpdhh;.
enlr Kjypahh; xU rkur rpj;jh;.
 ECC ACADEMY

bjd;dpe;jpa gpugyf';fs; (South Indian celebrities) vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah;

nf.vk;.ghyg;gpukzpad;. ,th; lhf;lh; rp.enlr Kjypahiu kfhj;kh fhe;jpa[ld;
xg;gpl;L vGjpa[s;shh;.
eLepiy epd;wth;:
enlr Kjypahh; eLepiy jtwhjth;.
gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; eydpy; ehl;lk; bfhz;l njrpathjp
jhuhs kdg;ghd;ikf; bfhz;l gue;j ghh;ita[ila rPh;jpUj;jthjp.
jd; fUj;Jf;fis tpUg;g[ btWg;gpd;wp btspg;gilahff; Twf; Toath;.
1923-y; brd;id rl;lkd;wj;Jf;F eilbgw;w njh;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rpapd;
ntl;ghsuhfg; nghl;oapl;L btw;wp bgw;whh;.
Kjyikr;rh; Rg;gpuhadpd; murh';fj;ij Mjhpj;jhh;.
jPuh; rj;jpa\h;j;jpapd; jiyikapy; jpwikahf bray;gl;l Rauh$;af; fl;rpapd;
rhjidfisg; ghuhl;odhh;.
mjw;F nky; brd;W ePjpf; fl;rpia ,e;jpa njrpa fh';fpuRld; ,izj;JtpLk;
Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhh; lhf;lh;. rp.enlr Kjypahh;.
ePjpia epiyehl;oath;:-
enlr Kjypahhpd; eltof;iffspd; tpisthf ePjpf;fl;rpapdh;
murpayikg;gpdh; (Constitutionalists) vd;Wk; mikr;ruitapd; (Ministerialists)
vd;W ,U gphptpdh;fshfr; bray;glyhapdh;.
enlr Kjypahh; murpayikg;ghsh;fspd; jiytuhfj; jpfH;e;jhh;.
1927-y; nfhitapy; eilbgw;w gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; khehl;oy; ,t;tpU
gphptpdUf;fpilna Vw;gl;l fUj;J nkhjyhy; ePjpf;fl;rp gpst[g;gl;lJ.
,t;tpU gphptpdUk; ,ize;jdh;.
1929-k; Mz;L eilbgw;w ePjpf;fl;rp khehl;Lf;F jiyik jh';fpdhh; lhf;lh;
rp.enlr Kjypahh;.
me;j khehl;oy; jhd; gpuhkzh;fis ePjpf;fl;rp cWg;gpdh;fshf nrh;g;gJ gw;wpa
jPh;khdk; epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ.
rp.gp.uhkrhkp Iah; rhjp Kiwia vjph;j;Jk;/ Mya EiHt[r; rl;lj;ij
Mjhpj;Jk; ngrpaij enlr Kjypahh; tuntw;Wg; ghuhl;odhh;.
1937 brd;id rl;lkd;wj; njh;jypy; nghl;oaplj; jahuhapUe;j rkaj;jpy; lhf;lh;
rp.enlr Kjypahh; 62-tJ tajpy; fhykhdhh;.
 ECC ACADEMY

,th; kUj;Jtj; bjhHpypy; bghUs; nrh;f;f ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;ghky; bghJg;

gzpf;fhf jd; thH;it mh;g;gzpj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;.
ePjpf;fl;rp Jtf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;ng gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; Kd;ndw;wj;Jf;fhf
Kidg;g[ld; bray;gl;lhh;.
jhd; bgw;w fy;tpapd; gad; gpw;gl;l/ gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;ghiua[k; brd;wila
ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gp tpiHe;jth;.
,th; Jtf;fpa brd;id jpuhtplh; rig ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Kd;ndho mikg;ghFk;.
,th; elj;jpa jpuhtplh; tpLjp brd;idapy; gof;f te;j gpuhkzuy;yhj
khzth;fSf;Fr; bra;j ngUjtpahFk;.

1937 brd;id rl;lkd;w njh;jypy; nghl;oaplj; jahuhapUe;j rkaj;jpy; jdJ 62-

tJ tajpy; fhykhdhh;.
mnahj;jpjhrh;
jpuhtpl ,af;fj;jpd; Kd;ndho/ Kjy; jypj; jiyth;.
1845-k; Mz;L nk 20-k; ehs; gpwe;jhh;.
,tUila ,aw;bgah; - fhj;jtuhad;
,th; jkpH; kl;Lkpd;wp ghyp/ tlbkhHp/ M';fpyk; Mfpa bkhHpfspy; njh;r;rp
bgw;whh;.
tp.mnahj;jpjhrg; gz;ojh; vd;gthplk; fy;tp fw;whh; gpd; rpj;j kUj;JtKk;
gapd;whh;.
,th; fhj;jtuhad; vd;w ,aw;bgaiu tpLj;J jdJ Mrphpah; bgaiuna jk;
bgauhfr; Nl;of; bfhz;L mnahj;jpjhrg; gz;ojuhdhh;.
rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy; ifj;njh;e;jjhy; kUj;Jth; vd;Wk; gz;ojh; vd;Wk;
miHf;fg;bgw;whh;.
ePyfphp kiyg;gFjpapy; thGk; njhlh; ,dg;gphptpy; fyg;g[j;jpUkzk; bra;J
bfhz;L gj;J Mz;Lfs; ,u';Td; (gh;kh) brd;W thH;e;jhh;.
jhH;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F fy;tp fw;f mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;l NHypy; g";rkh; kfh
"hdrig 1891-k; Mz;L ,ul;il kiy rPdpthrDld; nrh;e;J cUthf;fpdhh;.
jkpH; - bgsj;j kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fj;ij njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
1876-k; Mz;L mj;tpjhe;jh rig vd;w mikg;ig njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
1882-y; mnahj;jpjhrUk;/ $hd; jputpak; vd;gtUk; jpuhtplh; fHfk; vd;w
mikg;ig epWtpdh;.
 ECC ACADEMY

mUs; jpU.$hd; uj;jpdk; mth;fSld; ,ize;J jpuhtpl ghz;oad; vd;w

,jiH 1885-y; btspapl;lhh;.
1891-y; jpuhtpl kfh$d rig (Dravidian mahajana sabha) vd;w mikg;igj;
njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
,t;tikg;gpd; Kjy; khehl;il ePyfphpapy; Tl;odhh;.
1891-y; kf;fs; fzf;fPl;od; (Census) nghJ jypj;Jfs; j';fis rhjpaw;w
jpuhtplh; (Casteles Dravidians) vd;W bjhptpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W ntz;Lnfhs;
tpLj;jhh;.
mnahj;jpjhrh; fh;dy; My;fhl;il (Colonel H.S olcott) I re;jpj;J g[j;j
kjj;jpw;F khWtJ gw;wp ngrpdhh;.
,th; My;fhl;od; Mjut[ld; ,y';if brd;W rp';fs g[j;j Jwtpahd gpf;F
Rk';fs ehanfaplkpUe;J jPl;ir bgw;whh;.
,y';ifapypUe;J brd;id jpUk;gpa mnahj;jpjhrh; 1898-y; rhf;fpa g[j;j r';fk;
(Sakya Buddhist Society) vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhh;.
,r;r';f';fspd; Tl;likg;g[ ,e;jpa g[j;j rig (Indian Buddhist Association)
vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
,th; 20-k; E}w;whz;od; Jtf;fj;jpy; 1907-k; Mz;L “xU igrh jkpHd;” vd;w
bra;jpj;jhis btspapl;lhh;.
,th; 1914-k; Mz;L jdJ 69-tJ tajpy; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.
kj;jpa Rfhjhuj; Jiw mikr;ruhapUe;j jypj; vHpy;kiy mnahjjpa jhrhpd;
epidthf njrpa rpj;j itj;jpa Muha;r;rp ikaj;ij (National Centre for
siddha Research) brd;idapy; njhw;Wtpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w nfhhpf;ifia Kd;
itj;jhh;.
2005 brg;lk;gh; 3-k; njjp brd;idapy; rpj;j itj;jpa Ma;t[ ikak; (Institute of
Siddha Research) ,e;jpag; gpujkh; lhf;lh; kd;nkhfd; rp';fhy; jpwe;J
itf;fg;gl;lJ.
,ul;ilkiy rPdpthrd;:-
jhj;jh vdg;gutyhf mwpag;gl;l ,th; 1859-k; Mz;L fh";rpg[uj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.
$hjpg;goepiyfspy; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; r\f ePjp/ rkj;Jtk;/ r\f
chpikfs; Mfpatw;wpw;fhf nghuhodhh;.
1884-y; gpuk;k "hd rigapy; ,ize;jhh;.
 ECC ACADEMY

xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Tl;likg;g[ (k) brd;id khfhz xLf;fg;gl;l tFg;ghhpd;

Tl;likg;g[ Mfpa mikg;g[fspd; jiytuhf gzpahw;wpdhh;.
jdJ 31-tJ tajpy; giwah; kfh$drig vd;w mikg;ig 1891-y;
cUthf;fpdhh;.
,e;j mikg;ng gpd;dh; Mjpjpuhtpl kfh$d rig (1893) vd;w mikg;ghf
khwpaJ. 1893-k; Mz;L ‘giwad;’ vd;w ehd;F gf;f khj bra;jpg; gj;jphpf;ifia
Jtf;fpdhh;.
,th; gpuhkzuy;yhj ,af;fj;ij Mjhpj;jhh;.
1898-y; jhH;j;jg;gl;lth;fspd; fy;tp vg;go g[wf;fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ gw;wpa
xU mwpf;ifia M';fpy murplk; rkh;g;gpj;jhh;.
1917-y; brd;idapy; eilbgw;w Kjy; gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; khehl;oy; fye;J
bfhz;lhh;.
1900-1921 tiuf;Fk; bjd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; thH;e;jhh;. fhe;jp ntiyg;ghh;j;j
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,tUk; bkhHp bgah;g;ghsuhf gzpahw;wpdhh;. fhe;jpaofs;
jkpHpy; ifbaGj;J nghLtjw;F ,th; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;.
1923-y; brd;id khfhz rl;lrig cWg;gpduhd ,th; ePjpf;fl;rpapy; jdJ
bry;thf;fpid Vw;gLj;jp xLf;fg;gl;l chpikfs;/ kWf;fg;gl;l r\f gphpt[fis
nrh;e;j kf;fspd; chpikfisa[k; ghJfhf;f cWjpahd eltof;iffis
nkw;bfhs;s bra;jhh;.
1924-y; jhH;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; chpikia ghJfhf;f xU jPh;khdj;ij
epiwntw;wpdhh; 1925-y; ,J xU rl;lkhf khwpaJ.
1928-y; Mjpjpuhtplh; khfhz khehL brd;idapy; eilbgw;wJ mjw;F
jiytuhf gjtp tfpj;jhh;.
1930/ 1931 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; yz;ldpy; eilbgw;w Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk;
tl;lnkir khehl;oy; (Round Table Conference) Dr. B.R.mk;ngj;fhUld; fye;J
bfhz;lhh;.
1932-y; g{dh xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifbaGj;J ,l;lth;fspy; ,ul;ilkiy rPdpthrDk;
xUth;.
fhe;jpaofs; 1932-y; jPz;lj;jfhnjhh; CHpah; r';fk; (Servants of untouchables
society) vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhh;. ,jpy; ,ul;ilkiy rPdpthrd;/
M.C.uh$h cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jdh;.
gpd;dh; ,e;j mikg;ghdJ Qhp$d; nrth r';fkhf khwpaJ.
 ECC ACADEMY

,th; mk;gyj;jhhpd; cjtpa[ld; brd;id khfhz gl;oayplg;gl;nlhh;

Tl;likg;g[ (Madras Province scheduled castes federation) vd;w mikg;igj;
njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
,tUila jd;dykw;w nritf;fhf uht;rhfpg; (1926) uht; gfJ}h; (1930) jpthd;
gfJ}h; (1936) Mfpa gl;l';fshy; mth; rpwg;g[ bgw;whh;.
mtuJ Rarhpijahd “$Ptpa rhpj RUf;fk;” 1939-y; btspaplg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y;
Kjd;Kjyhf vGjbgw;w Rarhpij E}y;fspy; xd;whFk;.
kj;jpa muR ,tuJ epidthf m";ry; jiy btspapl;lJ.
xl;nlwpapy; ‘chpikf;fyk;’ vd;w bgahpy; (jkpHf muR) epidt[ kz;lgj;ij
mikj;J ,tuJ rpiya[k; (2009) jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ.
jpuhtplkzp vd;Dk; gl;lk; jpU.tp.f mth;fshy; tH';fg;gl;lJ.