PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE Designed By: Rasika Indrajith

Structural design of piles and piers Reviewed By : Dulan Chinthaka

Reference Description Output

CONTENT
1.0 GENERAL .................................................. 01

.......................................
2.0 DESIGN OF PILES 03
..
.......................................
3.0 DESIGN OF PIER 09
..

ANNEX A- PILE GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN 17

 PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE Designed By: Rasika Indrajith
Structural design of piles and piers Reviewed By : Dulan Chinthaka
Reference Description Output

1.0 GENERAL
1.1 INTRODUCTION

This design report contains the structural design calculations for pilesand piers of the
PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE, FCT Nigeria.

1.2 ANALYSIS

3D finite element models were developed using CSI Bridge software package for
piers and decks initially, setting necessary boundary conditions at abutments
locations (Figure 1 and 2). Then separate models were developed for abutments and
reactions extracted from pier models were applied to the abutment models at each
girder location.

Fig 1: 3D view of the finite element model of the bridge

Page 1
 PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE Designed By: Rasika Indrajith
Structural design of piles and piers Reviewed By : Dulan Chinthaka
Reference Description Output

2.0 DESIGN OF PILES

2.1 EFFECTIVE LENGTH CALCULATION FOR PILES & COLUMNS (Le)

2.1.1 EFFECTIVE LENGTH CALCULATION FOR PILES

Pile is designed as a circular column. The point of zero displacement can be

considered as a fixed point. Lo is the length between restraints. Hence that point
becomes the lower restraint. The upper restraint will be the pile cap bottom for
both longitudinal direction and lateral direction.

BS 5400
Part 4:1990 Le = ( effective height coefficient ) x L 0
5.5.1.2
Table 11 effective height coefficient,
for longitudinal direction = 1.5
for lateral direction = 1.5

L0 values are to be taken from CSI Bridge analysis for each pier.

2.2 DESIGN OF PILE - CONSIDERING ENVELOPE OF RESULTS

x
Let axis X-X to be parellel to
the longitudinal axis of the bridge
y y

x
About Y Axis
= 7.00 m
Height from zero displacement point to bearing pad

Effective height coefficient = 1.5

Clear height between end restraints, Lo = 7.00 m

Effective height, Le = 7.0 x 1.50 = 10.5 m
Diameter of the pile = 1.2 m

Page 2
 PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE Designed By: Rasika Indrajith
Structural design of piles and piers Reviewed By : Dulan Chinthaka
Reference Description Output

Slenderness ratio
Le / h = 10.5 ÷ 1.2 = 8.8 < 12.0
About Y axis - Pile is Short
BS 5400
Part 4:1990 About X Axis
5.5.1.1 Height from zero displacement point to tie beam = 7.0 m

Effective height coefficient = 1.5

Clear height between end restraints, Lo = 7.0 m

Effective height, Le = 7.0 x 1.50 = 10.5 m
Diameter of the pile = 1.8 m
Slenderness ratio
Le / h = 10.5 ÷ 1.8 = 5.8 < 12.0

About X axis - Pile is Short Pile is short

2.2.2 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

BS5400: Characteristic strength of concrete, fcu = 30 N/mm2

Part 4:1990 Characteristic strength of reinforcement, f y = 460 N/mm2
5.5.5 Diameter of pile, h = 1.0 m
5.5.4 As per the structural design criteria of the project, pile cover is
equation 16 Cover = 75 mm

(Mx / Mux)an + (My / Muy)an ≤ 1

BS5400: where,
Part 4:1990 Mx - Moments about X axis
5.5.5 My - Moments about Y axis
5.5.4
Ultimate moments capacity about X-axis
equation 16 Mux - assuming ultimate axial force equal to the design
axial force

Ultimate moments capacity about Y-axis

Muy - assuming ultimate axial force equal to the design
axial force
Assume 20 Φ bars for main reinforcement and
10 Φ bars for links
Diameter of pile, h = 1200 mm
Diameter of r/f circle, hs = 1200 - 2( 75+10) - 20
hs = 1010
hs/h = 1010 ÷ 1200 = 0.8

Select charts no.7 of "Charts for the design of circular columns to BS 8110".

20 nos. of 20 Φ
main reinforcement bars.
BS 8110
Area of reinforcements, Asc = 6283 mm2
circular
column Ac = 1130973 mm2
chart 100Asc / Ac = 0.556

Page 3
 PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE Designed By: Rasika Indrajith
Structural design of piles and piers Reviewed By : Dulan Chinthaka
Reference Description Output
2.2.3 CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE MOMENT CAPACITY

BS5400: For circular columns ultimate moment capacities about both axes are equal.
Part 4:1990 Ultimate axial load,(from CSI Bridge) = 3957 kN
Partial load factorϒf3 = 1.1
4.2.3 Therefore Nu = 4353 kN
5.5.4
N / h2 = 4353 x 1000 ÷ 1200 2
= 3.02
BS5400:
Part 4:1990 M / h3 = 1.40 (From column chart- chart 7)
Moment capacity of pile Mux,Muy = 1.40 x 1200 3 ÷ 10^6 Mux, Muy
5.5.4 Mux,Muy = 2419 kNm = 2419
Equation 17 kNm
Nuz = 0.45fcu Ac + fyc Asc
where,
Ac - Area of concrete
Asc - Area of reinforcement
fyc - Design compressive strength
2
Ac = (Ø 1200 ÷ 4) - 6283
= 1124690 mm2
5.5.3.2 fyc = fy / ( γm +fy/2000) γm = 1.15
5.5.3.4 = 460 / (1.15+ 460/2000)
= 333 N/mm2

Nuz = (0.45x 30 x 1124690 + 333 x 6283 )

= 17278 kN
BS5400: N/Nuz = 4353 ÷ 17278
Part 4:1990 = 0.25 > 0.2
Table 12 αn = 1.09
Design moments from analysis
1.1 x Mx (from CSI Bridge) = 172 kNm
1.1 x My (from CSI Bridge) = 119 kNm

Project Additional moment due to 75 mm unexpected eccentricity of pile.

specification
Mey = 0.075 x 4353 = 326.5 kNm

Additional moment due to the slenderness

BS5400:
Part 4: Mtx = Mx + (Nhy /1750) (lex/hy) 2 (1-0.0035lex/hy)
1990 = 436 kNm
5.5.5.4 Mx = Mtx + Me = 436 + 326 = 762 kNm
equation 21
Mty = My + (Nhx /1750) (ley/hx) 2 (1-0.0035ley/hx)
= 383 kNm
My = Mty + Me = 383 + 326 = 709 kNm

equation 16 (Mx / Mux)an + (My / Muy)αn = 762 1.09 709 1.09

( ) + ( )
2419 2419
= 0.55 < 1.0
Hence Main Reinforcement is Satisfactory ( 20 T 20 )

Page 4
 PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE Designed By: Rasika Indrajith
Structural design of piles and piers Reviewed By : Dulan Chinthaka
Reference Description Output

To check the additional reinforcement for shear, reinforcement that would be just
enough for bending & axial force should be found out. Same procedure was
carried out by changing the number of main reinforcement until eqation 16
gives ratio close to 0.99.

16 T 20gives ratio value close to 0.99 for equation 16

Reinforcemnt Area = 5026.55 mm2

BD 74/00 Additional Longitudinal Steel for Shear

Part 8 Asa > V/2x(0.87xfy)
C 6.3.4,4 Asa = Area of additiional longitudinal steel
V = Ultimate shear force (from shear force summary)
Shear force = (V22+V32)^0.5 V2 = 68 V3 = 52
= 85.6 kN
Shear force (x1.1) = 94.17 kN
Asa = 94.17x1000 /2 ( 0.87 x 460)
= 118 mm2
Total Requirement of Longitudinal Steel
= Asshear + Asbending = 5144 mm2
Provided As ( 20 T 20 ) = 6283 mm2

Hence Main Reinforcement is Satisfactory

Further check,
BS5400: Mux,Muy = 2419 kNm
Part 4:
1990 Mx = 762 kNm
5.3.2 My = 709 kNm

Mvector = 1041 kNm = Mapplied ULS

1.15 (Mapplied ULS) = 0.49 < 1

Mu
Hence Main Reinforcement is Satisfactory

Check for minimum reinforcement requirement

BS5400: Minimum r/f required = Lesser of (0.15N / fy, 1% Ac)

Part 4: = 1419 mm2
5.8.4.1

BD 74/00 Minimum r/f required = 0.3% Ac

Part 8 = 3393 mm2
C 9.2.2
As provided = 6283 mm2

Hence OK

Page 5
 PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE Designed By: Rasika Indrajith
Structural design of piles and piers Reviewed By : Dulan Chinthaka
Reference Description Output

2.2.4 DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Max. Shear force (x1.1) = 86 kN

Min. Axial force (x1.1) = 1500 kN

Calculation of effective depth of the pile - using moments of areas

column
No of bars 20 Number distance
NxX
angle (radian) 0.31 of bars to r/f (X) angle
Diameter 1000 1 405 405 0 0
total radius 500 2 385 769 18 0.31
cover 75 2 327 654 36 0.63
link 8 2 238 476 54 0.94
main r/f 25 2 125 250 72 1.26
calc radius 405 1 0 0 90 1.57
0 0 0 108 1.88
0 0 0 126 2.20
0 0 0 144 2.51
0 0 0 162 2.83
∑ 10 2554

Distance to Centroide of R/F= 2554/10

255.39 mm

d = Distance to Centroide of R/F + Radius

755 mm

BD 74/00
Part 8 Design shear stress, v = V/bd
C 5.1 = 86x 1000/(755x1200)
= 0.09 N/mm2

0.75X(fcu)1/2 = 0.75x√(30) = 4.11 N/mm2

Design shear stress,v = 0.09 < 0.75x(fcu) 1/2
or 4.75 N/mm2
Hence O.K

Allow. shear resistance = (0.27/γm)(100As/bwd)1/3 (fcu)1/3 ξs

Where, depth ratio, = (500/d)1/4
= (500/755)
= 0.90 or 0.7 (greater value)

BD 74/00 γm = 1.25 As = 3142 bw = 1200 d = 755 fcu = 30

Part 8 ξs vc = 0.43 N/mm 2

C 6.1 ξs vc* = ξs vc x ( 1+ 0.05N/Ac )

= 0.45 N/mm2 > 0.09 N/mm2
Minimum shear R/F required

Page 6
 PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE Designed By: Rasika Indrajith
Structural design of piles and piers Reviewed By : Dulan Chinthaka
Reference Description Output

Asv > 0.4bsv/0.87fyv

b = Pile diameter Sv = Link spacing
Asv = 157 mm2 (2 legs of 8mm dia links)
BD 74/00 Sv ≤ Asv x 0.87 x fy /(0.4 x b)
Part 8 Sv = 131 mm
C 9.3.2
Hence Provide R 10 @ 150 mm spacing

2.2.4.1 DESIGN FOR SHEAR - SUMMARY

SF(Max) v N/mm
2
AF,N ξs vc*
PILE CHECK SHEAR RF
kN (Min) kN N/mm2

Considering top and bottom seperately,

Minimum shear
Top 86 0.09 4778 0.52
R/F required
T10@150
Minimum shear
Bottom 42 0.05 4908 0.52
R/F required
T10@150

Page 7
 PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE Designed By: Rasika Indrajith
Structural design of piles and piers Reviewed By : Dulan Chinthaka
Reference Description Output

3 DESIGN OF COLUMN

Considering 3.1 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

critical pier
Let axis X-X to be parellel to
the longitudinal axis of the bridge
y y

x
About Y Axis
Height from zero displacement point to bearing pad = 6.30 m

Effective height coefficient = 1.3

Clear height between end restraints, Lo = 6.3 m

Effective height, Le = 6.3 x 1.30 = 8.2 m
Diameter of the column = 1.1 m

Slenderness ratio
Le / h = 8.2 ÷ 1.1 = 7.4 < 12.0

About Y axis - Column is Short

BS 5400
Part 4:1990 About X Axis
5.5.1.1 Height between tie beam and capping beam = 6.3 m

Effective height coefficient = 1.3

Clear height between end restraints, Lo = 6.3 m

Effective height, Le = 6.3 x 1.30 = 8.2 m
Diameter of the column = 1.1 m
Slenderness ratio
Le / h = 8.2 ÷ 1.1 = 7.4 < 12.0

Column is
About X axis - Column is Short
short

Page 8
 PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE Designed By: Rasika Indrajith
Structural design of piles and piers Reviewed By : Dulan Chinthaka
Reference Description Output

3.1.1 BAR ARRANGEMENT OTHER BASIC INFO

BS5400: Characteristic strength of concrete, fcu = 30 N/mm2

Part 4:1990 Characteristic strength of reinforcement, f y = 460 N/mm2
5.5.5 Diameter of column, h = 1.1 m
5.5.4 Assume severe environment condition, for driving rain
equation 16 Cover = 55 mm

(Mx / Mux)an + (My / Muy)an ≤ 1

BS5400: where,
Part 4:1990 Mx - Moments about X axis
5.5.5 My - Moments about Y axis
5.5.4
Ultimate moments capacity about X-axis
equation 16 Mux - assuming ultimate axial force equal to the design
axial force

Ultimate moments capacity about Y-axis

Muy - assuming ultimate axial force equal to the design
axial force
Assume 25 Φ & 25 Φ bars for main reinforcement and
12 Φ bars for links
Diametre of column, h = 1100 mm
Diametre of r/f circle, hs = 1100 - 2( 55+12) - 25
hs = 941
hs/h = 941 ÷ 1100 = 0.9

Select charts no. 8 of "Charts for the design of circular columns to BS 8110".

12 T 25 + 12 T 25 main reinforcement bars.

BS 8110
Area of reinforcements, Asc = 11781 mm2
circular
column Ac = 950332 mm2
chart 100Asc / Ac = 1.240

Page 9
 PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE Designed By: Rasika Indrajith
Structural design of piles and piers Reviewed By : Dulan Chinthaka
Reference Description Output
3.1.2 CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE MOMENT CAPACITY
For circular columns ultimate moment capacities about both axes are equal.
BS5400:
Part 4:1990 Ultimate axial load,(from CSI Bridge) = 7530 kN
Partial load factor ϒf3 = 1.1
4.2.3 Therefore Nu = 8283 kN
5.5.4
N / h2 = 8283 x 1000 ÷ 1100 2
= 6.85
BS5400:
Part 4:1990 M / h3 = 1.85 (From column chart 8)
Moment capacity of pile Mux,Muy = 1.85 x 1100 3 ÷ 10^6 Mux, Muy
5.5.4 Mux,Muy = 2462 kNm = 2462
Equation 17 kNm
Nuz = 0.45fcu Ac + fyc Asc
where,
Ac - Area of concrete
Asc - Area of reinforcement
fyc - Design compressive strength
2
Ac = (Ø 1100 ÷ 4) - 11781
= 938551 mm2
5.5.3.2 fyc = fy / ( γm +fy/2000) γm = 1.15
5.5.3.4 = 460 / (1.15+ 460/2000)
= 333 N/mm2

Nuz = (0.45x 30 x 938550.8 + 333 x 11781 )

= 16597 kN
BS5400: N/Nuz = 8283 ÷ 16597
Part 4:1990 = 0.5 > 0.2
Table 12 an = 1.50
Design moments from analysis
1.1 x Mx (from CSI Bridge) = 1109 kNm
1.1 x My (from CSI Bridge) = 877 kNm

5.5.4 Due to 20 mm unexpected eccentricity of column on the pile.

Me = 0.02 x 8283 = 166 kNm
Due to the slenderness
BS5400:
Part 4: Mtx = Mx + (Nhy /1750) (lex/hy) 2 (1-0.0035lex/hy)
1990 = 1390 kNm
5.5.5.4 Mx = Mtx + Me = 1390 + 166 = 1556 kNm
equation 21
Mty = My + (Nhx /1750) (ley/hx) 2 (1-0.0035ley/hx)
= 1158 kNm
My = Mty + Me = 1158 + 166 = 1323 kNm

(Mx / Mux)an + (My / Muy)αn = 1556 1.50 1323 1.50

( ) + ( )
2462 2462
= 0.90 < 1.0
Hence Main Reinforcement is Satisfactory
12 T 25 + 12 T 25

Page 10
 PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE Designed By: Rasika Indrajith
Structural design of piles and piers Reviewed By : Dulan Chinthaka
Reference Description Output
To check the additional reinforcement for shear, reinforcement that would be just
enough for bending & axial force should be found out. Same procedure was
carried out by changing the number of main reinforcement until eqation 16 gives
ratio close to 0.99.

20 T 20 gives ratio value close to 0.99 for equation 16

Reinforcemnt Area = 6283.19 mm2
BD 74/00
Part 8 Additional Longitudinal Steel for Shear
Asa > V/2x(0.87xfy)
C 6.34.4
Asa = Area of additiional longitudinal steel
V = Ultimate shear force (from shear force summary)
Shear force = (V22+V32)^0.5 V2 = 195 V3 = 225
= 297.7 kN
Shear force (x1.1) = 327.52 kN
Asa = 327.52 x1000/2 ( 0.87 x 460)
= 409 mm2
Total Requirement of Longitudinal Steel
= Asshear + Asbending = 6692 mm2
Provided As 12 T 25 + 12 T 25 = 11781 mm2
Hence Main Reinforcement is Satisfactory

Further check,
BS5400: Mux,Muy = 2462 kNm
Part 4:
1990 Mx = 1556 kNm
5.3.2 My = 1323 kNm

Mvector = 2042 kNm = Mapplied ULS

1.15 (Mapplied ULS) = 0.95 < 1

Mu
Hence Main Reinforcement is Satisfactory

Check for minimum reinforcement requirement

BS5400: Minimum r/f required = Lesser of (0.15N / fy, 1% Ac)

Part 4: = 2701 mm2
5.8.4.1

BD 74/00 Minimum r/f required = 0.3% Ac

Part 8 = 2851 mm2
C 9.2.2
As provided = 11781 mm2

Hence OK

Page 11
 PROPOSED BRIDGE AT CH 14+200 KUJE Designed By: Rasika Indrajith
Structural design of piles and piers Reviewed By : Dulan Chinthaka
Reference Description Output

3.1.3 DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Max. Shear force (x1.1) = 298 kN

Min. Axial force (x1.1) = 5986 kN

Calculation of effective depth of the column - using moments of areas

No of bars 36 Number distance to

NxX
angle (radian) 0.17 of bars r/f (X)
Diameter 1500 1 669 669
total radius 750 2 659 1318
cover 55 2 629 1257
link 12 2 579 1159
main r/f 28 2 512 1025
calc radius 669 2 430 860
2 335 669
2 229 458

∑ 18 7647

Distance to Centroide of R/F= 7647/18

424.82 mm

d = Distance to Centroide of R/F + Radius

1175 mm

BD 74/00 Design shear stress, v = V/bd

Part 8 = 298x 1000/(1175x1100)
C 5.1 = 0.23 N/mm2

0.75X(fcu)1/2 = 0.75x√(30) = 4 N/mm2

Design shear stress,v = 0.23 < 0.75x(fcu) 1/2
or 5 N/mm2
Hence O.K

BD 74/00 Allow. shear resistance = (0.27/γm)(100As/bwd)1/3 (fcu)1/3 ξs

Part 8 Where, depth ratio, = (500/d)1/4
= (500/1175)
C 6.1 = 0.81 or 0.7 (greater value)

γm = 1.25 As = 0 bw = 1100 d = 1175 fcu = 30

ξs vc = 0.00 N/mm 2

ξs vc* = ξs vc x ( 1+ 0.05N/Ac )
= 0.00 N/mm2 < 0.23 N/mm2
Shear R/F required

BD 74/00 Asv > 0.4bsv/0.87fyv

Part 8 b = Column diameter Sv = Link spacing
2
Asv = 226 mm (2 legs of 12mm dia links)
C 9.3.2 Sv ≤ Asv x 0.87 x fy /(0.4 x b)
Sv = 206 mm

Hence Provide T 12 @ 150 mm spacing

Page 12