INTRO TO PHILO 2ND QUARTER 1ST SEM REVIEWER o Example: Either I pass the exam or I’m

going to retake the course. I’m not going

Fallacy to retake the course. Therefore, I passed
- All about reasoning the exam.
- Faulty reasoning ▪ Invalid Arguments form
- Logically or illogically 1. Invalid Hypothetical Syllogism
- Falac- deception a. Converse Error
- Fallere- deceive Affirming the CONSEQUENT
▪ Formal Fallacies Example: If there is an earthquake, then
➢ Deductive arguments the ground is shaking. The ground is
➢ Valid or invalid shaking. Therefore, there is an
➢ Yung form or structure ang tinitingnan earthquake.
➢ Formation of the argument only b. Inverse Error
➢ Ano ang meron sa argument, mayroon Denying the ANTECEDENT
bang nasabing mali? No, not, do not, cannot
▪ Informal Fallacies Example: If there is an earthquake, then
➢ Walang pake sa structure or form the ground is shaking. There is no
➢ Paano or bakit sya nakitang mali? earthquake. Therefore, the ground is not
shaking.
2. Invalid Disjunctive Syllogism
Fallacy o Affirming any of its disjuncts, does not lead
to any definite conclusion
o Either
o Example: Either a person loves eating or he
formal fallacies informal fallacies loves shopping. A certain person loves
eating. Therefore, that person does not
love shopping.
Formal Fallacies
Informal Fallacies
▪ Valid Arguments Forms
1. Appeal to Popularity
- There is Hypothetical Syllogism- may 3 proposition:
- Play upon the need of the person for security and
Premise 1, Premise 2, Conclusion
belongingness
1. Pure Hypothetical Syllogism
- Kung ano ginagawa ng karamihan ay gagawin mo
o Conditional Propositions
rin para maging belong
o Flow chart
- Example: It is okay to skip classes since almost
o Example: If I pass the exam, then I can
everyone does.
study medicine. If I can study medicine,
2. Appeal to force
then I can be a doctor. Therefore, if I pass
- Involving threat to the listener
the exam, then I can be a doctor
- Example: Consider voting for this candidate, keep in
2. Mixed
mind that when this person finds out that you did
a. Modus Ponens
not vote for him, he will probably hurt you.
Affirming the ANTECEDENT
3. Appeal to pity
Makes the conclusion true
- Aims to evoke pity or mercy from the listener
Example: If I pass the exam, then I can
- Example: The student who plagiarized in a project
study medicine. I passed the exam.
should not be given a grade of zero because it
Therefore, I can study medicine.
would pain his parents.
b. Modus Tollens
4. Argument against the person
Negating the CONSEQUENT
- Verbal attack of character
Turning the table into NEGATIVE
- Example: How can we believe anything coming
Negative reasoning
form an immoral person?
Not, no, do not, cannot, not
5. Red herring
Denying
- Draws listener or reader off track
Example: If I pass the exam, then I can
- Change topic
study medicine. I cannot study medicine.
- Example: Younger teachers are better than old
Therefore, I did not passed the exam.
ones. There is a budget deficit this year and younger
3. Disjunctive Syllogism
teachers ask for law salaries
o One disjuncts must be true
6. Strawman Fallacy
o Either
- Distorts the opponents’ position
o Namimili
- Jokes
o Choosing specific answer
- If naniniwala ka kay god, naniniwala ka kay santa - Example: If you hate the president, you must be a
kase parehas naman sila hindi nakikita supporter of the other presidential candidate in the
- Example 2: Communism is a political ideology last election.
stating that there is no such thig as private 17. Appeal to False Authority
property, so there is no such thing as stealing and - Cites an unqualified authority
trespassing for them. This is why a lot of them are - Example: According to this celebrity, this medicine
criminals is good for your lungs.
7. Begging to Questions
- Proves validity of conclusion
- Inuulit lang yung thought
- Equivalent lang ng antecedent and consequent
- Example: God is not evil because He is benevolent.
8. Complex Questions
- Attempts to trap by asking a loaded question
- When are u getting married
- Where did u kill the victim?
- Mahirap sagutin na questions
9. False Causes
- Depends on minor causal relations or succession of
events
- Mga pamahiin
- Example: Whenever I wear black, something
terrible happens to me. Therefore, black is an
unlucky color.
10. Slippery Slope
- Chain of events not likely to occur
- Madalas na inooverthink
- Example: School uses a lot of paper. Paper came
from tress, and without trees, there will be no
oxygen. If there is no oxygen, we will die. Therefore,
the school is killing us
11. Fallacy of Division
- Attribute is improperly transferred
- The company’s performance increased this year.
Audrey is part of that company. Therefore, she
must have performed well in that company.
- Ang simbahan ay banal, lahat ng nagsisimba ay
banal.
12. Hasty Generalization
- Specific example or instantiation
- Mark is a cheater. Joseph is a cheater. Every man is
a cheater.
13. Fallacy of Equivocation
- Involving a word used in different senses
- Same word different uses
- Example: Nobody is perfect. I am nobody.
Therefore, I am perfect.
- A star is a heavenly body. Sharon is a Mega star.
Therefore, Sharon is a heavenly body.
14. Weak analogy
- Analogy that is inapplicable or irrelevant to the
subject
- criminal is harmful to society. killing a criminal is like
killing a cockroach
15. Argumentum and Ignoration
- Nobody has proven X is true
- There is no proof that God exists. Therefore, God
does not exist
16. False Dilemma
- Misleads listener by limiting the options into 2
LESSON 2: WHAT DOES IT MEAN “TO BE” - Work and Days- poem of Hesiod, Not control us
but to give us something Good
Our beginnings and battles with the unknown
MORAL ORDER
THE CROODS
- Actions na dapat mangyare oara magkaroon ng
- Ancient
magandang society
- Cavemen
- Enough strength to survive in the reality MOUNT OLYMPUS
- 2 types of strength: PHYSICAL and INTELLIGENCE
- Tinitirhan ng mga Gods sabi ni Homer
SPACE SWEEPERS - Kamukha lamang ng mga Gods ang Tao

- They made a new world that only rich people can STUFF THAT MAKES EVERYTHING:
go
THALES

THE ARC
❖ There is limitation in thinking - Originating principle
- Lahat ay may pinagmulan pero hindi natin alam
MYTHYS
WATER
- Beliefs and/or values na pinaniniwalaan ng tao - May single element ang arc
para hindi magoverthink or magkaroon ng anxiety - Lahat ng bagay ay kaya magproduce ng water
to search for the unknown - Everything needs, makes, gives WATER
- HOW THE PHILIPPINES WAS MADE ACCORDING TO - Human – tears
MYTHS:
A. There are 3 diyos/diyosa:
1. AMIHAN – diyos ng hangin ANAXIMANDER
2. AMAN SINAYA- diyos ng tubig
Student of Thales
3. BATHALA – diyos ng lupa at pinakamataas
THERE IS NO ORIGIN
◼ Nagiiba iba ang representasyon ng diyos at
APERION
diyosa sa internet dahil binabase sa
characteristics na bigay ng iba sa kanila: ARISTOTLE
Maganda/pogi, immortal, powers
B. There was a fight: EVERYTHING HAS AN ORIGIN OR AN ORIGIN ITSELF
1. Aman Sinaya vs Bathala = umuulan nang Those origin are already DEFINITE or final
malakas
ANAXIMENES
2. Si Amihan ay nagkatawang ibon para maging
konsensya ng dalawang diyos AIR
3. Humingi ng tawad si Bathala at nagbigay ng - Believes that everything was air
buto kay Aman Sinaya - Single element
4. Buto → BAMBOO tree - We are inhaling air for us to survive
5. BAMBOO TREE → Maganda at Malakas
6. Amihan used air para mabuksan yung bamboo PYTHAGORAS

TROJAN WAR Everything is NUMBERS

- Helen was abducted by Paris
- Helen is the wife of Menelaus
- Zeus nangingialam sa EMOTIONAL AND POLITICAL
AFFAIRS NG MGA TAO to lessen the population
according to HOMER
- Sa panahon ngayon ang gumagawa noon ay si
God, people, politicians
ATOMS
BEGINNING OF THE GREEK PHILOSOPHY
HESIOD
- FATE- Tadhana
Supported ANAXIMENES
- But even though we inhale air, we have boundless
mask which are DEVINE and DEFINITE
- Air has definite form
- Limit of air is known because of numbers
- MUSIC- in order to make harmony we have proper
NOTES which are NUMERICAL TERMS
LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS
REALITY OF SPACE
- We need to face the fact of reality of space
- SPACE- are not just nothing, it is made up if atoms
SOPHIST RELATIVISM 2. Material Cause- ano kailangan para mabuo-
soul and body
- How do we know the absolute truth?
3. Efficient Cause- how is it possible- parents and
- There is NO such thing as absolute truth/ fixed
God
truth because we live in the world that changes
4. Final Cause- why are you doing it- existence
PROGATOGARS Final answer/end= telos
SOPHIST
An unexamined life is not worth living
NO UNIVERSAL LAW
- Because we as individuals are the only judge if you Socrates: Psyche/soul
are right or wrong
- Psyche or soul is our personality
STATE AND RELIGION
- To know what is good
- Have a big impact on our lives
- “knowledge is a virtue”
- STATE- gives us order/law that is best for us
- Are you having a good life or a virtuous life
- RELIGION- teach us values and morality

PLATO: Soul
GORGIAS
- Knowledge is our guide
NO TRUTH
◼ RATIONAL PART
- We came from nothing
~ desire of forms, faculty of soul
- Our existence is nothing
~Easier to know the truth
WORDS ARE SYMBOLS
~ wisdom, logical
- Words are just symbols but we cannot use it to
prove something is true ~ the true pleasure
~ the true happiness
◼ IRRATIONAL PART
~ satisfaction towards our body
THYRASYMACHUS

MIGHT IS RIGHT HIERARCHAL SOUL

POWER AND AUTHORITY - Dapat nasa tamang order dahil there will be a
- We don’t have the authority to tell that it is wrong disorder in soul if this happens
because they have the power and authority - Appetitive/ desire that can lead to evilness if
imbalanced
SOCRATES 1. RATIONAL
- Lahat ng totoo
SOCRATIC DIALECT
- Gives wisdom
ELENCHUS
- Logical thinking
- Technique that we use to abandon the first
2. SPIRITED
opinion then changing the perspective
- Gives reason to the action your going to do
UNIVERAL- concept
- Emotions
PARTICULAR
- courage
ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE AND THE DIVIDED LINE 3. APPETITIVE
- Appetite, desire of you body or material things
- “what they see is the only reality that exist” - TEMPERANCE-
- Truth hurts
- We are dealing with our own chains ARISTOTLE: DE ANIMA- soul
- We believe only what we see
1. Vegetative
- You vs. the reality
- Can nourish itself
MATTER AND FORM ARE ONE - Reproduce
- Plants and humans
ARISTOTLE – WE ARE PRONE TO CHANGE 2. Sensitive
- Questions to obtain our actuality as individual - Ability to sense: animals
1. Formal cause- ano gusto mong mabuild- 3. Rational
human - Ability to think and reason: humans
EROS

- To love is to love the form of beauty

- Not just physical but also the soul
- Love because of personality

PHILIA

- Love of friendship
- 3 levels:
◼ BASED ON PLEASURE
~ values you can see
◼ BASED ON UTILITY
~ reciprocity of interests; common interest
◼ BASED ON THE GOOD
~ common virtue of life; paniniwala

SELF-LOVE

- Ones commitment to attaining a life of virtue

- For one to love in its highest form, one has to love
oneself first

AGAPE

- Love of unconditionally
- God and Parents
-