See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/344608077

Community Based Rehabilitation

Presentation · October 2020

CITATIONS READS

6 811

1 author:

Lorenzo Pierdomenico
SOS Missionario
21 PUBLICATIONS   13 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Try out to develop CBR understanding in Vietnam View project

Community Based Rehabilitation in Vietnam View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Lorenzo Pierdomenico on 12 October 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Community
Based
Rehabilitation

Lorenzo Pierdomenico
lore.pier@libero.it
Models of rehabilitation services
Institutional Rehabilitation

Outreach rehabilitation

Community Based Rehabilitation

What is CBR?

 CBR is characterized by the

active role of PWD, their
families and the community in
the rehabilitation process.

 In CBR, knowledge and skills are

transferred directly to the PWD
themselves, their families and
the community members.
 GOAL

Full participation
&
Equality

Objectives

PWD Community
 Changing the attitude in
– Improvement in their self-
sufficiency for Activity
Daily Life-ADL

+ VE
– Improvement in their social
& economic self-sufficiency
Some suggestions about the
CBR management structure
in
Vietnam
 Province

CBR Steering Committee:

 Political Representative
 CBR Project Manager
 CBR Secretary/Administrator
 DPO
 CBR Trainer

Tasks:
 Problem analysis
 Planning
 Training
 Evaluation
 District

CBR Steering Committee:

 Political Representative
 CBR Project Manager
 CBR Secretary/Administrator
 DPO
 CBR Trainer

Tasks:
 Train CBR volunteers
 To motivate, guide & address CBR Coordinators
 Monitoring
 Commune

CBR Coordinators

PWD
Social
Nurses Teachers &
Workers
Families

Tasks:
 Support & supervise CBR Workers

 Report & record

 Refer PWD to:

- Health
- Education
- Vocational training
- Job
 Village

CBR Workers

Family
of
PWD PWD

Tasks:
• Identification of PWD
• Training the family of PWD
• Make simple orthopedic technique
• Refer PWD to CBR Coordinator
 Positive & Risky points
of
CBR

CBR will be positive if:

o Adapted…;
o Contested…;
o Reworked…;
o Reframed….

If not, CBR will have:

 Several controversy…;
 Vague…;
 With many different models & perspectives…;
 Without an evidence base…;
 Not sustainable….
 MANAGEMENT
of a
CBR PROJECT

Every project to be successful, it must be

managed properly, additionally a CBR project
have many more complications.
 Minimizing Constrains & Shortcomings

Vision + Skills + Motivations + Resources + Plan = CHANGES

+ Skills + Motivations + Resources + Plan = Mistakes

Vision + + Motivations + Resources + Plan = Concern

Vision + Skills + + Resources + Plan = Resistances

Vision + Skills + Motivations + + Plan = No actions

Vision + Skills + Motivations + Resources + = Chaos

 PROJECT CYCLE
 Planning
 Implementing & Monitoring
 Evaluation

 What to do?
 WHO should do?
 HOW should be done?
 WHEN should be done?
 WHERE should be done?
follow:

 Reconsider a revise:
 To remain efficient/effective long-run CBR has to adopt a strategy.
 Changes for improving…
 Implementing changes…
 Assigning responsibility: …
− decide who should execute what,
− draw up specific tasks for each person,
− discuss with the people involved, getting periodically feedback.
 PLANNING
a
CBR PROJECT

Planning should start with an analysis of the past

and the present, and then continues with a look
into the future.
 Planning:
 Who is to benefit?
 What should be done?
 How is it to be done?
 When is it to be done?
 Who should do?

Complications:
 Disability has complex impact on the people and require multi-
disciplinary responses for each individual;
 The attitudes of the communities towards disability often exclude
PWD instead of to include them in the society;
 Disability requires strong cooperation, and close coordination
among different sectors.
follow:

 Content of a CBR Action Plan (CBR-AP):

a. Setting up CBR Steering Committee(CBR-SC)…
b. Situation analysis
c. Setting a project objectives and targets
d. Tasks description and distribution
e. Organization

a) Setting up a CBR-SC:
 The CBR-SC should formulate the policy for the
CBR-AP in the province, which should explain:
o How should be develop a CBR-AP;
o Which authority should be responsible for formulating the CBR-AP?.
follow:

 Member of the CBR-SC should include representative of:

o Political group (e.g., members of the legislative body);
o Various departments (e.g., DoET, DoH, DoLISA);
o Mass Organizations and Disabled People Organizations-DPOs.

 The CBR-SC should meet from time to time for:

o Reviewing the CBR-AP and eventually make adjustments;
o Working on the basis of a consensus;
o Asking their organizations/departments to participate in efforts to
provide broad political basis for the work to be done;
o Informing and/or involving larger groups of citizens, besides to engage
the public to increase the support to CBR;
o Before to approve the CBR-AP, the CBR-SC should give it to the
board/heads of the organizations/departments represented.
follow:
b) Situation analysis:
 The situation analysis is needed in order to:
• Estimate the number of PWD;
• Know the causes of disability;
• Assess the needs of the PWD;
• Undertake a survey of the services available to PWD;
• Review efficiency & effectiveness of rehabilitation services;
• Assess the gap between needed and available services;
• Undertake a forecast regarding the prevalence of disability
and future needs of rehabilitation.
o The analysis situation should comprise:
• Number of PWD;
• Causes of disability;
• Social and economic situation of PWD;
• Needs of PWD;
• Services & resources available to PWD in the different sectors;
• Forecast for the future.
follow:

c) Setting project objectives & targets:

 It should be taken into account:
• The definitions of “objectives” and “targets”;
• Formulation of the objectives with the appropriate targets;
• Develop a suitable set of project’ indications, in order to
eventually measure its success or failure.

o Revision of targets:
• In a CBR-AP for formulating the definitive targets is needed
to follow up the constraints analysis…

o Indicators:
• When targets have been decided, indicators to measure the
outcome should be formulated and appropriate procedures
set up to follow the development of the project…
 follow:

d) Task description and distribution:

 It is very useful to produce a list of tasks, starting with the
more simple ones, and then continues with the most
complex…

Identification and medical treatment of PWD

Level Tasks Person responsible
Home a) Recognize symptoms related to disability  Family member
b) Report identify PWD to  “
c) Identify a person with:  CBR-VC & VW
 moving difficulties
 seeing difficulties
 hearing/speech difficulties
 strange behaviour
 learning difficulties
 no feeling in hands/fest

Community a) Confirm identity of PWD - Personnel health serv.

b) Refer person with unclear disability to district level - “
c) Prescribe and provide medicaments - “

First referral level a) Identify disabilities in unclear cases using diagnostic methods  CBR-VC & physician at District hospital
(district) not available at lower level
b) Prescribe & provide medicament & surgical treatment not - “
available at lower level
Second referral level a) Identify disabilities in unclear cases using diagnostic methods  Physician at province hospital
(province) b) Provide medical treatment not available - “
 Functional training
Level Tasks Person responsible
Home a) Applying training packages - Family trainer
and b) Identify and motivated trainer - “
Community c) Choose and provide training packages - CBR-VC & VW
d) Instruct trainer - “
e) Check accurate use of training packages - “
f) Supervise and advise trainer - “
g) Check results and keep records - “
h) Refer PWD to higher level of services when justified - “
First referral level a) Provide functional training not feasible to carry out at lower levels - CBR-VC
(district) b) Supervise and adapt training carried out at community level - ’’
Second referral level a) Provide specialized functional training not feasible to carry out at lower levels - CBR-VC
(province)

Education for CWDs

Level Tasks Person responsible
Community a) Identify CWDs at school age, who do not attend school - CBR-VC & VW
b) Report these children to the CBR-SC - “
c) Discuss schooling of those identified CWDs with local school head and - “
teacher - “
d) Integrate CWDs if feasible in the local school - “
e) Refer CWDs for whom schooling is not regarded as feasible
First referral level a) Analyze educational needs and possibilities for schooling among CWDs - CBR-VC with the support of
(district) b) Design with the school head and teacher an approach to be tested for those CBR-Ms
CWDs who have difficulties with schooling - “
c) Analyze possibilities for higher education for those referred and arrange for
such education - “
d) Refer CWDs for whom no schooling seems feasible
e) Undertake training courses for local teachers, who receive CWDs in the class - “
- “
Second referral a) Analyze education needs and possibilities for referred CWDs - Specialist in education for
level (province) b) Provide special education CWDs
c) Include appropriate training programs for teachers in colleges, so all of them - “
have an adequate knowledge about non specialized schooling for CWDs - “
 Vocational activities
Level Tasks Person responsible
Home a) Identify disabled adults who do not work - CBR-VC & VW
b) Assess their capacity to work - “
c) Make interview to find out their interests and motivations - “
d) Report to the CBR-SC - “
e) Identify a job at home or with the family what the disabled can and/or wish do
- “
f) Arrange training for these job and assess the outcome - “
g) Provide special technical tools, etc., needed for work - “
h) Monitor the work attendance and help to solve any practical problems - “
Community a) Assess the capacity, motivation, interest of disabled adults referred for - CBR-M & VC
vocational activities
b) Identify training needs and arrange appropriate training - “
c) Give adequate assistance (e.g., loans) to disabled adults for self-employment - “
d) Refer those with unclear situation or who could participate in more extensive - “
activities
Referral levels a) Assess the capacity, motivation, interest of those referred - Specialists
(District, Province) b) Design a vocational activities for those who return home - “
c) Choose disabled adults with a capacity for more extensive training and refer - “
them to the appropriate program
d) Monitor the outcome of the specially designed courses - “

Intervention to improve the environment

Level Tasks Person responsible
Home a) Improve physical environment of the house - Family member
b) Increase acceptance by family of the PWD - Family members, CBR-VC & VW
Community a) Reduce physical barriers in the community - Community leaders
b) Increase acceptance of the PWD by community members - Teachers, CBR-VC & VW
c) Make all community services accessible to as many PWD
possible - CBR-VC & VW, and the Referral
system
Referral levels a) Implement changes in buildings codes to remove physical - Government, local authorities
(District, province) barriers - “
b) Improve public buildings and access roads - “
c) Improve means of transportation - “
d) Improve curricula for teachers to include teaching of better
attitude towards PWD - Teachers, media, CBR-SCs, CBR-Ms,
e) Increase public awareness, concern and interest for PWD VC, VW, DPOs, Mass Organizations
 Legal questions and representation
Level Tasks Person responsible
Home a) Report to CBR Committees problems that PWD have as regards: - CBR-VC
 human rights
 legal protection
 equal opportunities
 representation
b) Monitor the outcome of interventions proposed
- CBR-VC & VW
Community a) Tale action regarding the problems referred to - CBR-SC
b) Arrange for representation of PWD in all CBR-SCs - “
c) Report to referral levels all problems that need the attention of the - “
authorities
Referral levels a) Take any action possible regarding legal problems that can be solved at - Local authorities
(District, province) these level
b) Report to the National level about unsolved problems - “

Development of personnel
Level Tasks Person responsible
Community a) Selection of CBR-VC and VW - CBR-SCs
b) Orientation and information for all relevant groups of personnel - “

Referral levels a) Orientation and information of all relevant groups of personnel - CBR-Ms
(District, b) Training of CBR-VC and VW - “
province)

Management
Level Tasks Person responsible
District and a) Planning of district services and information for interested - Community leaders & CBR
commune communities SCs
b) Management of the PoA - CBR-VCs
c) Selection of CBR-VC and VW - “
d) Monitoring and evaluation - “
Province a) Province planning - CBR-SCs
b) Management of infrastructures & administrative support services - “
into which the project is integrated
c) Planning & providing of all resources for the training of CBR staff - “
in education, health, social & vocational
d) Technical aids and supervision - “
e) Monitoring and evaluation - “
follow:

e) Organization:
 Who is in charge has many organizational problems, like:
• Most action concerning PWD are centralized and there are rarely
any organizational structures below the central level to deal with
the problems;
• Departments have often no or only symbolic activities which leads
to a situation where a PWD may have access to only a part of the
services needed;
• Often coordination at all levels is almost non-existent and the
linkages between peripheral and referral services are seldom
formally organized;
• It should be useful to discuss about action that could be taken
regarding each level in order to improve the overall organization of
the project.
 IMPLEMENTING
a
CBR PROJECT
CBR involve a wide range of roles and skills from many
different professions, and selection, induction and
training for the field staff, take on particular relevance.

The implementation of a CBR project should be based on:

1. Social Awareness, Advocacy, Community, Preparation
and Participation
2. Resources
3. Coordination
4. CBR & Referral System
1. Social Awareness, Advocacy, Community
Preparation & Participation: it is a process which
involve assisting people in a community to experience collective
consciousness of their situation.

 Social Awareness: orientation of, as many people as possible on

disability issues and on ways in which PWD can be assisted through
CBR.
o The things to consider:
• The PC; the Community; the PWD and their family members should be
the focus of awareness activities. How?:..
• Useful resources at the public seminars for promoting interests are: …
• The seminars should be handled by the CBR-M (province) and CBR-M
(district) with the objectives: …
follow:

 Advocacy: vulnerability is a complex combination of interrelated, mutually

reinforcing and dynamic factors.
o The things to consider:
• Advocacy measures should draw more allies/supporters …;
• Advocacy should be a strategic action to influence a public policy…;
• Advocacy aims to create favorable public opinion ….

 Community Preparation: it should be a dynamic process of

enabling different sectors in the community to become active partners in the
development of the CBR project.
o It should be achieved:
• Discussion of the merits of CBR: ...
• Acceptance of the community leaders of CBR;
• Organization of CBR Steering Committees;
• Identification of areas where CBR should be developed.
follow:

 Community Participation: a process through which the communities

involve themselves in identifying and prioritizing needs, implementing, managing
and evaluating the activities.

o The activities involved:

• Holding a series of community consultative meetings/seminars;
• Planning of services for the target group;
• Tapping of resources;
• Promoting the CBR project;
• Disseminating CBR information in order to find resources for:…;
• Dialogues that should reflect the target group’ interest and their role in
the project for instance with:….
follow:

 The strategy to achieve it is: in CBR, Information, Education and

Communication are the 3 vital components for achieving community
Preparation and Participation.

 The aims is:

 General awareness of, and interest in CBR among the different sectors
involved;
 Develop a sense of commitment and accountability towards CBR;
 Sustain interest of the community in CBR.

o It should be considered:
• Target group:…
• Priority messages:…
• Means and communication channels:…
follow:

2. Resources:
a) Financial;
b) Physical;
c) Material;
d) Human resources.

a) Financial resources: CBR implementation and expansion

would require local budget expenditure, which is not often
planned.

o It should be considered:
• Allocation of resources: …;
• Mobilization of resources: …
follow:

b) Physical resources: an efficient CBR project should always

collaborate with the referral (e.g., health, education and social
welfare) existing services.
o It should be considered:
• The local Government should provide if/when needed facilities: ...
• Existing facilities in the community could likewise be used: ...
• Public utility transportation for regular activities: ...

c) Material resources: the use of available CBR materials is

necessary for starting a CBR project.
o The following material should be considered:
• The use of rehabilitation and teaching materials;
• The use of CBR Monitoring Documents: ...
• The use of indigenous materials: ...
• Other materials.
follow:

d) Human resources: manpower is the key resource in CBR.

 Responsibilities and Roles:

Responsibilities: it should be expressed through a CBR
Steering Committee for ensuring the involvement of different
departments, public institutions and private associations…

Roles: formal management should be guided by written

regulations valid at all levels…
o At province level: a CBR Steering Committee should be
responsible in making decisions at the top level of
the province.
 In the specific: ...
follow:

o At district level: the CBR-SC should be responsible for all

the activities undertaken in the district
 In the specific: ...

o In the field: the CBR VC & VW should be responsible for all

the activities undertaken in the communities
 In the specific: ...
 CBR SERVICES
There is no “Formula” in CBR work, but it exists a principle, such us:
To provide as many services as possible at the home of the PWD.

 Schedule of services to provide: the CBR-VC and VW first

must perform a “House-to-House” survey for detecting and referring
of: …
and then perform services:
 Follow up visit…;
 Development rehabilitation…;
 Functional rehabilitation…;
 Vocational rehabilitation…;
 Social rehabilitation…;
 Educational rehabilitation....
follow:

 Selection of CBR staff:

CBR-PMs should give time and attention to the selection of their
CBR-VC and VW, as the choice of these people can be considered
at least half of the job.
o Selection’s criteria:
• CBR-VC and VW should originate from and to live in the
community that they are going to work. The CBR-PMs should
select them taking in consideration some important
characteristics like: …
• CBR-PMs should have some important points such us: …
follow:
o Objectives:
• To gain skills in social behavior;
• To gain skills in basic physiotherapeutic services;
• To gain knowledge in diagnosing the seven types of disabilities, like: …
• To gain skills in interviewing family members or PWD.
o The goal of training:
− Make proper diagnosis;
− Interview families with a disabled member, and the PWD themselves;
− Undertake the adequate action to provide rehabilitation services to PWD;
− Start disability early detection in the community.
o Target participant:
 PWD and they family members;
 Health workers;
 Teachers;
 DPOs, Mass organization’ members; and,
 Other interested persons.
follow:

o Training for CBR staff:

• CBR Workers: need to have a basic school educational level, but it

should be provided well-structured in-service training. The objective of
the CBR training is to provide VW with general skills and “holistic view” in
rehabilitation…

• CBR Managers:
− Understand that CBR program belong to the community;
− They should have knowledge of the possibilities and the limits of the concept
of CBR, for assisting and addressing better the CBR-VC and VW: …
− They need to be committed people, who try to “understand”, rather than
waiting to be “understood”;
− They need to have charisma for being leaders, and to be able to do the right
things in the right way, in the right moment at different levels.
follow:
o Addressing CBR activities:
 The management should be formal, with clear objectives and based on
simple monitoring documents.
 Good management offer a clear structure to the project, and give a lot of
ideas to the activities.

o Levels:
At province level: the CBR-M is the head of all CBR activities
in the province and should:
− Plan ahead, supervise the work done, besides to make decisions against
conditions might have bad influence on the quality of work;
− Be responsible of the all documents that are being filled up by the
CBR-M at district level;
− Prepare, lead, and document all the CBR meetings on the basis of the
work done in the preceding months, and the one to come;
− Supervise the district Working Plan and accept or makes changes;
− Contact the heads of the province and other local authorities in the
province whenever useful or necessary.
follow:

At district level: the CBR-M is the head of all the CBR activities in
the district and should:

− Plan ahead, and supervise the work done;

− Have full responsibility over all the personnel in the district;
− Prepare and lead the district CBR meetings on the basis of the work done
in the preceding months, and the one to come;
− Contact the heads of the community and other local authorities of their
area whenever useful or necessary;
− Be aware about the difficulties that CBR-VC and VW have to face in the
field, being open to all problems that might occur to them;
− Reward (once a year?) CBR-VC and VW particularly who has achieved
very remarkable results in his/her job.
− Send at least one month before the beginning of each year the PoA
for the coming one to the provincial CBR-SC.
follow:

At community level:
 The CBR-VC:
− Forward the documents gathered from the CBR-VW to the district CBR-
PM;
− Make sure that the VW are able to arouse the interest of family members
in training sessions provided.
 The CBR-VW:
− Forward the monitoring document to the CBR-VC;
− Record in details each Single Visit;
− Arouse the interest of family members and PWD in the services provided.
3. Coordination:
 Coordination brings groups of activities into proper relationships with
each other to effectively implement a project.
 Coordination should be smooth, efficient and effective.

 Coordination within the district CBR-SC:

 Experiences show that successful CBR projects develop as a result
of an effective two-way and parallel line and in circle of
communication, like:

CBR-SC CBR-VC CBR-VW PWD

Family Trainer
follow:

 Coordination based on tasks:

o Planning: …
o Implementation: …
o Monitoring: ...

 Coordination with Referral: it involves inter-agency and multi-

sectoral coordination, which would contribute tremendously to the
systematic delivery of rehabilitation services, to the maximum use of
available resources, and in the promotion of advocacy work …

 Coordination with DPOs: if all existing groups representing

PWD and their families could join in an umbrella group, it may
constitute a very valuable partner for the CBR management at all levels ...
follow:

 Meetings: the meeting at all levels is an important instrument for

improving the coordination among stakeholders of the CBR project.

o Ordinary meetings: the ordinary meetings should be held according to an

agenda established and distributed before the first day of each year at:
 Province level …
 District level …
4. CBR & Referral System: refer to set of activities
wherein various rehabilitation services has made available and
accessible to the PWD in the community.

o Issues to be considered:
 Procedure:
• Establish a directory of local facilities and identify the services
according to recommended classification.
• Establish a directory of International agencies/NGOs working in
the area.
• Provide information about CBR project such as: …
• Establish guidelines for the CBR-SC: …
• Establish guidelines for the CBR-VC & VW: …
• Establish monitoring and evaluation system for the referral
network.
follow:

 Service:
• Identification of PWD through: …
• Assessment of needs to be done by CBR-VC and VW: ...
• Classification of needs and problems: …
MONITORING A CBR PROJECT
 Who needs to know?...
 Why do they need to know?...
 When do they need to know?...
 How much do they need to know?...

 Monitoring process:…
 Who?
 What?
 When?
 Why to monitoring?:
− To know what is taking place;
− Assessing progress towards goals outlines;
− Take effective and immediate action.
follow:

o It should be considered:
• Level,
• Roles,
• Type,
• Who,
• When,
• What,
• Whom to .
follow:
Level Roles Type Who When What Whom to
in monitoring Of monitoring to monitor to monitor report to submit Submit info

PWD - Articulation of effect - Verbal - Self - On going or - Verbal/informal - CBR- VW and

on services received - FT during visits of conversation between or VC
- Proposal of - Community CBR-VC and/or CBR-VC and/or VW and
alternatives to the VW FTs/PWD
existing services - Written

Family - Feedback on services - Verbal - PWD - On going - Assessment forms filled - CBR-VW
Trainer -FT and training - Written assessment - Community and/or during up and/or VC
- Prepare written forms - CBR-VC and visit of CBR-VC
reports on activities VW and/or VW
conducted - The CBR
project as a
whole
CBR-VW - Assessment of PWD - Written on a - PWD - Visits to - Case loads - CBR-VC
based on set goals monthly basis - FTs families as - Referrals made
- Referral made - Community required - Types of services given
- PWD being viewed - Referral - Assessment results
with socio-economic - Observation remarks of
profile the family
- Quality of
community support

CBR-M - Technical assessment - Summary of data - PWD - Receive - Summary of activities - CBR-SC
of the training gathered - FT monthly report undertaken
conducted - CBR-VW to be collated - Profile of PWD
- Training and - Site visits for submission - Strengths and
supervision of VW at least quarterly weaknesses provided in
- Collating and the program
analyzing reports - Interview with implementation
submitted by VW PWD, FT and CBR-
- Gathering relevant VW
info to assess quality
of services provided - Identify problems,
successes and
program
implementation
follow:

 Monitoring documents: have the aim to keep an accurate and

precise view of the work performed in the field, for reaching
more quality and efficiency.

 Aims:
 To gather information about:
 The process and related activities in accordance with the project
description;
 Effect & impact of the undertaken activities;
 The project organization related to management;
 The external environment of the CBR project;
 The sustainability of the CBR project.
follow:

 Objectives:
 To evaluate the achievements made in relation to the project
document;
 To provide insight into the sustainability of the project;
 To provide insight into the capacity for implementation and
integration of the CBR work in the context;
 To make recommendations for the expansion of the activities.
 EVALUATION
It should be carried out once a year for assessing if the project has
reached its objectives …

 What is evaluation? …
 Who does the evaluation?....
 When does evaluation take place? …
 Steps involved in evaluation …
follow:

Furthermore it should be taken into consideration:

 Set the Indicators…

 Determine sources of verification…
 Consider the possible hypotheses to do…
SUSTAINING A CBR PROJECT
CBR project should be a part of the whole process of the
community development, for contributing to achieve full
participation and equal opportunities for all…

o It must be taken into consideration:

 Rehabilitation policy:
− Formulation of a provincial rehabilitation policy;
− Development of a provincial CBR Action Plan-CBR-AP;
− Effective implementation of the provincial CBR-AP.
follow:

 Community participation:
− A strong community acceptance of CBR project evidenced by the
active participation and support from community members and local
officials;
− Achieve self-sufficiency to sustain manpower, facilities and operating
costs;
− Community participation for giving way to the improvement of the
quality of life of PWD;
− A positive change in the attitudes of the community towards PWD,
manifested in the improvement of the quality of life of PWD, and their
participation in the community life.

 Local Government:
− The Government of the Province and District levels should recognize
the CBR strategy in their territory;
− At all levels of the Government structures, basic services relevant to
disability issues and resources should be allocated.
follow:

 Disabled People Organization/Association/Clubs:

− PWD should be empowered, transforming them from consumers of
services into providers of services. It is only when a group of
independent, self-sufficient PWD are in active partnership with the
community, that CBR activities may be fully sustained on a long term
basis;
− PWD who have independence, resources and knowledge should come
together and organize themselves, support each other, and seek active
participation and partnership with the community in order to: …
 SOME QUESTIONS
LOOKING FOR ANSWERS
Monitoring and evaluation in CBR

 CBR managers should be clear about the advantages of monitoring and

evaluating their CBR project. What could be the benefits?
 CBR managers should have skills in the use of management and evaluation tools.
To do what?
 CBR managers should have skills in monitoring and evaluation, both
quantitatively and qualitatively, in an CBR project. To do what?
 CBR managers should develop indicators. How to do?
 CBR managers should be clear about the different ways in which monitoring and
evaluation results can be used to improve their CBR project. How to use them?
 Thank you very much
View publication stats