Thermal

Expansion:

Expansion
Coefficients,
Thermal Stress,
Strain

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 Thermal
Expansion:
◈ The tendency of matter to change its
shape, area, volume, and density with a
change in temperature is called Thermal
Expansion. When most substances are
heated, their molecules begin to vibrate
and move creating more distance between
themselves. With increase in energy the
particles start moving faster and the
inter-molecular forces between them
weakens. Thermal expansion is expressed
as the relative or fractional change in
length or volume per unit change in
temperature. The relative expansion or
strain divided by the change in
temperature is called the material’s
coe cient of linear thermal expansion.
Types of Thermal Expansion:

◈ Linear Expansion
◈ Superficial Expansion
◈ Volumetric Expansion
Linear Expansion:

When the expansion due to heating occurs

only along one direction, the expansion is
said to be one dimensional or linear
expansion.
Superficial Expansion:

When there is any change in the area of a

body due to heating, the expansion is called
areal or superficial expansion. Change in area
ΔA varies in the same manner as in the case of
linear expansion and is given by,
Relation between the
coe cient of linear
expansion and superficial
expansion:

When the temperature of the square plate of

isotropic material of side length l is increased
by dT. Then the area will be increased by an
amount dA is given by,
Volumetric Expansion:

Just like linear expansion, the change in

volume ΔV is proportional to volume V and
ΔT. ΔV∝ΔT and ΔV∝V
Relation between γ and α

When the temperature of a cube of isotropic

material of side length l is increased by dT.
Then the volume will be increased by an
amount dV is given by,
Thermal Expansion
Anomalous Expansion of Water:

Almost all the material expands when they are heated. On

the other hand, some substances contract when they are
heated over a specific temperature range. The most common
example is water. From the below graph, we can observe that
the density of water is maximum at 4C. So, for a fixed mass of
water at 0C, the density will increase with the increase in
temperature up to 4C. For fixed mass, the density of water
will be inversely proportional to volume. Hence the volume
of water will decrease with an increase in temperature from
0C to 4C.
Thermal Stress and Strain
Thermal Stress and Strain

When we prevent the thermal expansion of the rod by

fixing both ends, the rod acquires a compressive strain
due to external forces provided by the rigid support at the
ends. The corresponding stress developed in the rod due
to the external force is called thermal stress. It is given by,

When the temperature increases, the stress will be

compressive. When the temperature decreases, the stress
will be tensile.