Topics To Study at Some Point

ADJECTIVES
thoughtful = considerate ≠ thoughtless = inconsiderate

be thoughtful/considerate x thoughtless/inconsiderate of someone
It was considerate of you to let us know you were going to be late.
Foi [atencioso de sua parte] / [consideração sua] nos informar que se atrasaria.
It was really thoughtful/considerate of you to remember my birthday.
Foi [muita consideração sua] / [muito atencioso de sua parte] lembrar do meu aniversário.
It was very inconsiderate of you to keep us waiting.
Foi muita falta de consideração sua nos deixar esperando.
thoughtful = erudite, intellectual

MPB’s lyrics tend to be more thoughtful than pop’s ones.
As letras do MPB tendem a ser mais reflexivas do que as do pop.
caring = affectionate
careful ≠ careless
Fatherhood seems to have brought out the most caring side of him.
A paternidade parece ter feito aflorar o seu lado mais carinhoso.
serious
My employee has brought up a serious problem our company has been going through and it’s about time for us
to solve it.
Meu funcionário trouxe à tona um grave problema pelo qual nossa empresa vem passando e já passou da hora
de nós o resolvermos.
older x oldest / elder x eldest / elderly / the elderly

It’s important to raise our kids to respect the elderly.
É importante educar os nossos filhos para respeitarem os mais velhos.
old x ancient x former x aged x antique x longtime

The castle stands on the site of an ancient battlefield.
O castelo fica no local de um antigo campo de batalha.
An old acquaintance of mine is standing for a seat in Congress.
Um velho conhecido meu está concorrendo a uma vaga no Congresso.
The ancient family manor is still standing.
O antigo casarão da família ainda se encontra de pé.
The former president has taken on the position of Minister of Economy in the current government’s Ministry.
O ex-presidente assumiu o cargo de Ministro da Economia no Ministério do atual governo.
A few longtime dwellers want everything in the neighborhood to stay the same.
Alguns moradores de longa data querem que tudo no bairro continue o mesmo.
Did you hear about the woman who managed to buy a priceless antique masterpiece for only a few million reals
at an online auction?
Você soube da mulher que conseguiu comprar uma antiga obra de arte valiosíssima/ de valor inestimável/de
grande valor por apenas poucos milhões de reais em um leilão online?
strict
I had a conservative and strict upbringing, but still quite privileged.
Tive uma criação conservadora e rígida, mas ainda assim bastante privilegiada.
proper x suitable x appropriate ≠ improper x unsuitable x inappropriate

Not all orphanages provide a proper upbringing for their children.
Nem todos os orfanatos proporcionam uma educação adequada para as suas crianças.
unpleasant
To move backwards away from someone or something, usually frightening or unpleasant.
ferocious x fierce
Having spotted a ferocious dog in the street, I backed off and crossed to the other side of the street
Tendo avistado um cachorro feroz na rua, me afastei e atravessei para o outro lado da rua.
stubborn
Will I have to put up with these stubborn kids?
Terei que aturar essas crianças teimosas?
high / tall / long x low / short
The sun is at the highest point in the sky at noon.
O sol está no ponto mais alto do céu ao meio-dia.
Of the boats at the marina, his might not even be the most elegant, but it was certainly the biggest.
Dentre os barcos na marina, o dele podia até não ser o mais elegante, mas certamente era o maior.
It’s only been possible for me to keep going to medical school, which is a full-time and quite long major,
because my mom has been backing me since the beginning.
Apenas tem sido possível que eu continue fazendo medicina, que é um curso em tempo integral e bastante
longo, porquê minha mãe tem me bancado desde o princípio.
My grandmother says if she stands too long, her ankles hurts.
Minha avó fala que se ela fica em pé por muito tempo, os seus tornozelos doem.
big / large / great x small / little
Unlike the Lannisters of Casterly Rock, the Lannisters of Lannisport are a lesser-known and less
wealthy/affluent branch of this great and powerful Westerosi noble house.
Ao contrário dos Lannisters de Casterly Rock, os Lannisters de Lannisport são um ramo menos conhecido e
menos abastado dessa grande e poderosa casa aristocrática westerosi.
huge x tiny
wide / broad x narrow
deep x shallow
crowded / full / filled x empty

Something that usually bugs me a lot is people taking up two seats on a bus, especially if it is crowded
Algo que costuma me irritar bastante são pessoas ocupando dois assentos/lugares em um ônibus, principalmente
se está lotado.
renowned
One of the most renowned artists ever is the late Michael Jackson. No wonder he was dubbed the King of Pop.
Um dos mais renomados artistas de todos os tempos é o falecido Michael Jackson. Não é à toa que ele foi
apelidado de o Rei do Pop.
well-known x lesser-known
The Skarsgårds are a well-known Swedish acting family.
Os Skarsgårds são uma família de atores sueca muita conhecida.
tolerant of ≠ intolerant of
decisive ≠ indecisive  decidido ≠ indeciso

She’s indecisive about whether to travel or to start working after graduation.
Ela está indecisa sobre se deve viajar ou começar a trabalhar após a formatura/graduação.
decisive x key x important x crucial x major x paramount x significant x central x vital x prominent x
critical x indispensable x essential x fundamental x imperative
Music has played a key role in his life.
A música desempenhou um papel chave em sua vida.
It’s essential that the government regulate ads on the internet.
É essencial que o governo regule os anúncios na internet.
used x secondhand
As education costs rise, websites that sell used/secondhand books are becoming popular.
À medida que os custos da educação aumentam, websites que vendem livros usados/de segunda mão estão se
tornando populares.
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

in the x of the
This is by far the most valuable painting in the museum’s collection.
Esta é de longe a pintura mais valiosa do acervo do museu.
ever in superlatives
“the” before superlatives
Rule: “the” is used before a superlative adjective when it is followed by a noun or a defining phrase.
Note: in informal contexts, “the” can be left out when there is no noun or defining phrase after the superlative
adjective.
Of the boats at the docks, his might not even be the most elegant, but it was certainly (the) biggest.
Dentre os barcos nas docas, o dele podia até não ser o mais elegante, mas certamente era o maior.
A: Why did you decide to stay at this hotel?

B: It was the cheapest I could find. (“I could find” works as a defining phrase.)
A: Por que decidiu se hospedar nesse hotel?
B: Era o mais barato que consegui encontrar.
B: It was cheapest.
B: Era o mais barato.
A pessimist is someone who expects the worst to happen.

Um pessimista é alguém que espera que o pior aconteça.
MODAL VERBS
might
Of the boats at the docks, his might not even be the most elegant, but it was certainly the biggest.
should
She shouldn’t drink. Alcohol often brings the worst out in her.
Ela não deveria beber. O álcool geralmente traz à tona o que há de pior nela.
must
The ethics of cloning must be thoroughly taken into account by experts in the field.
A ética da clonagem deve ser minuciosamente abordada por especialistas na área.
to have to
You have to back to get out of the parking lot.
Você tem que dar a ré para sair do estacionamento.
I just don’t have enough money to vacation in Canada as we’d previously planned. I’ll have to back out.
Apenas não tenho dinheiro suficiente para passas as férias no Canadá como havíamos previamente planejado.
Terei que andar para trás.
There are no seats left. We’ll have to stand.
Não há assentos sobrando. Teremos que ficar em pé.
It was raining heavily and non-stop. So we had to stand in the pouring rain during all the party.
Chovia demais e sem parar. Então tivemos que ficar embaixo de chuva durante a festa toda.
Will I have to put up with these stubborn kids?
Terei que aturar essas crianças teimosas?
I had to call the owner of the apartment where I live at present to let him know that there is an infiltration in the
bathroom wall.
Tive que ligar para o proprietário do apartamento onde atualmente moro para avisá-lo de que há uma infiltração
na parede do banheiro.
could
Your car is in my way. Could you back it up so I can go through?
Seu carro está no meu caminho. Você poderia dar a ré para eu passar?
B: It was the cheapest I could find.
to be able to
Parents will be able to use this software to oversee their children’s use of the internet.
Os pais poderão usar esse software para supervisionar o uso dos seus filhos da internet.
to be bound to x to be certain to x to be sure to
The employees are bound not to back down on the decision to go on strike.
Os funcionários certamente não irão recuar na decisão de fazer greve.
to be due to
The client backed out of the deal the day before he was due to sign the contract.
O cliente desistiu do negócio um dia antes de assinar o contrato.
to be supposed to
The client backed out of the deal the day before he was supposed to sign the contract.
-ING CLAUSES
preposition + -ing
The client backed out of the deal the day [before signing] / [he signed] the contract.
WAS/WERE GOING TO x WOULD

It was considerate of you to let us know you [were going to be] / [would be] late.
Foi consideração sua nos avisar que [iria/ia se atrasar] / [se atrasaria].
The client backed out of the deal the day before he [was going to] / [would sign] sign the contract.
VERB PATTERNS
to stand, to bear, to put up with, to tolerate  + gerund
It’s too noisy here. How can you stand living here?
É muito barulhento aqui. Como você aguenta morar aqui?
I won’t stand them interrupting me all the time.
Não vou suportar eles me interrompendo toda hora.
to expect (someone/something) to do something

to expect that
SUBJUNCTIVE
IF and WHETHER
zero conditional
whether
it’s essential, it’s important, it’s crucial, it’s vital, it’s imperative, it’s critical
It’s essential that the government regulate ads on the internet.
É essencial que o governo regule os anúncios na internet.
subjunctive with “to require”, “to demand”, “to specify”, “to suggest” etc.
He’s demanded that this advertisement be placed in this month’s issue.
Ele exigiu que essa publicidade seja colocada ainda na edição deste mês.
She suggested that pressure be applied to companies that engage in false/misleading advertising.
Ela sugeriu que seja aplicada/feita pressão sobre as empresas que se envolvem com propaganda enganosa.
APOSTROPHE
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
knowledge
He majors in Physical Education with the aim of acquiring the necessary knowledge to be able to work as a
soccer referee later on.
Ele cursa Educação Física na faculdade com o intuito de adquirir os conhecimentos necessários para poder
trabalhar como árbitro de futebol posteriormente.
NOUNS
subject x matter x issue
Why did you bring up the subject of money in front of my parents?
Por que você tocou no assunto de dinheiro na frente dos meus pais?
She brought up an important issue at the meeting.
Ela levantou uma questão importante na reunião.
issue x edition x editing
He specified that this advertisement be placed in this month’s issue.
Ele especificou que essa publicidade seja colocada na edição deste mês.
power company x power plant

The government intends to publicly back power companies that provide clean energy.
O governo pretende apoiar publicamente companhias elétricas que fornecem energia limpa.
parking lot x parking space

You have to back to get out of the parking lot.
Você tem que dar a ré para sair do estacionamento.
The car stopped in the street and then backed up to get into the parking space.
O carro parou na rua e depois deu a ré para entrar na vaga de estacionamento.
demand
Even though it’s obvious her demands are unrealistic, she’s made sure she won’t back down.
Embora seja óbvio que as suas exigências não são realistas, ela se assegurou de que não irá andar para trás.
audience
The audience cheered as she stood up to make a speech.
A plateia vibrou quando ela se levantou para discursar.
site x location x venue x spot

bonfire x campfire
The bonfire was too hot, so we backed off a little.
A fogueira estava quente demais, então nos afastamos um pouco.
remnant
Some remnants of the original house still stand.
Alguns vestígios da casa original ainda se mantêm de pé.
role x the role of

After phrases, such as “the position of”, “the post of” and “the role of”, no article is used before the job title.
in the field x area x branch

Ethics has become an important part of the field of genetics.
A ética se tornou uma importante parte do campo da genética.
pattern x standard
Technology can already identify thoughts from scans of activity patterns in human brains.
A tecnologia já consegue identificar pensamentos a partir de varreduras de padrões de atividade no cérebro
humano.
deal
The app provides information about in-store sales for/to bargain hunters free of charge/for free. The app does so
by collecting information from thousands of stores. In addition, anyone can share information about deals
eventually found with other consumers on this app.
O aplicativo fornece informações sobre vendas em lojas físicas para “bargain hunters” gratuitamente. O
aplicativo faz isso através da coleta de informações de milhares de lojas. Além disso, qualquer um pode
compartilhar informações sobre ofertas eventualmente encontradas com outros consumidores nesse aplicativo.
HYPHEN
make-up
This make-up brings your eyes out.
Essa maquiagem realça os seus olhos.
non-stop
AT x ON x IN
at midnight / at midday / at noon
The sun is at the highest point in the sky at midday.
at night x in/during the night

I usually go to the gym at night. (during nights in general)
Costumo ir à academia à noite.
It rained heavily in the night / during the night. (during a particular night)
Choveu demais à noite / durante a noite.
On the night of a full moon, or when it gets excited, the ring patterns on its body glow yellow.
this morning / this afternoon / this evening / tonight
We went shopping at the mall this afternoon.
Fizemos compras / Fomos fazer compras / Fomos às compras no shopping [hoje à tarde] / [nesta tarde].
all morning / all afternoon / all evening / all night

He was late and kept me wait all morning.
Ele se atrasou e me deixou esperando / me fez esperar [a manhã toda/inteira] / [durante a manhã toda/inteira].
You left all the lights on in the house all afternoon.
Você deixou todas as luzes da casa acesas a tarde inteira.
I’ve been working in the yard all afternoon and now my back aches.
Venho trabalhando no quintal a tarde toda e agora minhas costas estão doendo/doem.
I spent all afternoon on the phone to my mother.
Passei a tarde toda no telefone com minha mãe.
on the morning of something (it also applies to “afternoon”, “evening” and “night”)  na manhã
He was involved in a car accident on the morning of March 15th, 2008.
Ele se envolveu em um acidente de carro na manhã de 15 de março de 2008.
I was born on the afternoon of May 17th, 1998.
Nasci na tarde do dia 17 de maio de 1998.
An eclipse is due to happen on the night of December 12th.
Um eclipse está previsto para acontecer na noite de 12 de dezembro.
one morning / one afternoon / one evening / one night  numa manhã / em uma manhã
on a/an + adjective and/or season + morning/afternoon/evening/night
I can distinctly remember the moment when I was told by my mom I’d managed to get into college. It was one
morning in late May, 2017.
Consigo me lembrar perfeitamente do momento em que fui informado pela minha mãe que eu havia conseguido
passar na faculdade. Isso foi numa manhã do final do mês de maio de 2017.
I was born on a fall afternoon.
Nasci numa tarde de outono.
The family set off for the beach on a beautiful sunny summer morning.
A família partiu para a praia numa linda manhã ensolarada de verão.
at sunrise / at sunset
The beach [is full of people] / [gets crowded] at sunset.
A praia [fica cheia de gente] / [fica lotada de gente] no pôr-do-sol.
early in the morning / late in the morning (it also applies to “afternoon”, “evening” and “night”)
There’s a lot of traffic early in the morning when people are going to work or school.
Há muito trânsito de manhã cedo / de manhãzinha quando as pessoas estão indo para o trabalho ou escola.
I usually go to bed late at night.
Costumo ir para cama tarde da noite.
in the middle of the morning (it also applies to “afternoon”, “evening” and “night”)
From nowhere, my baby woke up crying in the middle of the night feeling sick.
Do nada, meu bebê acordou chorando no meio da noite passando mal.
at dawn / in the early hours of the morning

They got home from the party at dawn / in the early hours of the morning.
Eles chegaram da festa de madrugada.
After a long journey on the road, I arrived in Juiz de Fora in the early hours of Thursday morning.
Depois de uma longa viagem, cheguei em Juiz de Fora na madruga de quarta para quinta.
The paper boy used to pass by my home at about 5 am.
O entregador de jornal costumava passar aqui em casa por volta das 5 da madrugada / da manhã.
Note: these collocations above are only used to refer to times between about 4 and 7 am. So, to refer to times
between midnight and about 4 am, collocations with “night” are used.
From nowhere, my baby woke up crying in the middle of the night feeling sick.
Do nada, meu bebê acordou chorando no meio da madrugada / da noite passando mal.
It is most active in the wee hours of the night, when moonlight bathes the land. Its large eyes can pierce the darkness and
perceive prey with absolute clarity.
at lunchtime / at break
on New Year’s Eve / on New Year’s (Day) x for New Year’s

There are usually a lot of parties on New Year’s Eve.
Geralmente, há muitas festas na véspera de Ano Novo.
at Christmas x on Christmas Day / on Christmas Eve x for Christmas

Many people go to their parents’ or other relatives’ home at Christmas.
Muitas pessoas vão à casa de seus pais ou de outros parentes no Natal.
My family usually has Christmas dinner on Christmas Eve.
Minha família normalmente faz a ceia de Natal no dia da véspera de Natal.
at Easter x on Easter Sunday x for Christmas

We took our dog for a walk at Easter.
Levamos nosso cachorro para passear na Páscoa.
Christians go to church on Easter Sunday to celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Os cristãos vão à igreja no domingo de Páscoa para celebrar a Ressurreição de Jesus Cristo.
on Mother’s Day x for Mother’s Day

I’m going to travel to my hometown for Mother’s Day.
Vou viajar para minha cidade natal no Dia das Mães.
on a birthday/anniversary
They always eat out on their wedding anniversary.
Eles sempre comem fora no aniversário de casamento deles.
at the point
on the moon / on Mars

Neil Armstrong was the first earthling to set foot on the moon.
Neil Armstrong foi o primeiro terráqueo a pisar na lua.
The spacecraft has just landed on Mars.
A espaçonave acabou de pousar em Marte.
in the sky
in the (pouring) rain

at the meeting
She brought up an important issue at the meeting.
Ela levantou uma questão importante na reunião.
in the street
at the top x on top

Christ the Redeemer stands [at the top] / [on top] of Corcovado.
O Cristo Redentor fica no topo/no alto do Corcovado.
on the site
in Congress
Um velho conhecido meu está concorrendo a um assento no Congresso.
ARTICLES
the sun / the moon
the sky
Look at the sky! The sun is rising!
Olhe para o céu! O sol está nascendo
no articles
to go to the movie theater/movies/cinema

to go to the theater
to go to the gym/fitness center
When I was going to the gym, a guy came to me and asked whether I knew whose car getting in his car way to
get out of the garage it is.
to go to the station / to go to the bus stop
How far is it from here to the bus station? Because if it’s far, I’d better hurry to leave home as soon as possible.
Qual é a distância daqui até a rodoviária? Porque se for longe, é melhor eu me apressar para sair de casa o
quanto antes.
to go to the bank
to go to the post office/mail
I’ve got to go to the bank and then go to the post office. I won’t be long.
Tenho que ir ao banco e depois irei no correio.
to go to the doctor / to go the dentist
She’s unwell. So she’s gone to the doctor.
Ela não está bem. Então ela foi ao médico.
to go to church x to go to the church

Christians go to church on Easter Sunday to celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. (general churches)
Some bricklayers went to the church to repair the roof. (a particular church)
Alguns pedreiros foram à igreja para arrumar o telhado.
Note: this line of reasoning also applies to other places, such as schools, colleges, universities, hospitals,
masses, services and prisons/jails.
My grandmother usually goes to mass at the church in her neighborhood.
Minha avó costuma ir à missa na igreja do bairro dela.
VERBS
to solve
to solve it.
to raise x to rise x to arise / to increase x to decrease / to go up x to go down / to reduce / to lower

Note: “to raise” is synonym of “to bring up something” and “to bring up someone”.
It’s important to raise our kids to respect the elderly.
É importante educar os nossos filhos para respeitarem os mais velhos.
Health professionals have backed the proposal to raise the tax on cigarettes.
Os profissionais da saúde apoiaram a proposta de aumentar o imposto sobre cigarros.
The government has backed down from its controversial plan to increase the income tax.
O governo desistiu de seu controverso plano de aumentar o imposto de renda.
Olhe para o céu! O sol está nascendo.
Note: in this latter example, “to rise” is synonym of “to come up”.  the sun rises / the sun comes up
As education costs rise, websites that sell secondhand books are becoming popular.
À medida que os custos da educação aumentam, websites que vendem livros de segunda mão estão se tornando
populares.
to provide for/to x to offer

aplicativo faz isso através da coleta informações de milhares de lojas. Além disso, qualquer um pode
to miss x to lose
To admit you are wrong or you have lost an argument.
Admitir que você está errado ou que perdeu uma discussão.
to sign
to agree x to arrange
To decided not to do something you’d agreed to do.
Decidir não fazer algo que você havia combinado de fazer.
to spot
to cross the street

to remember x to remind x to recall

It was really thoughtful of you to remember my birthday.
Foi muita consideração sua se lembrar do meu aniversário.
to apply (aplicar-se, valer)

She suggested that pressure be applied to companies that engage in false/misleading advertising.
Ela sugeriu que seja aplicada/feita pressão sobre as empresas que se envolvem com propaganda enganosa.
“a/an” can also be used to make generalizations if the statement also applies to something specific to this noun.
This line of reasoning applies when one refers to musical instruments in general.
to close x to shut
The school which she is the head of is closing.
A escola da qual ela é diretora está fechando.
to occupy x to take up x to hold

When a person’s job title is not uniquely theirs in an organization, so that there are more people holding this
same position, “a/an” is used.
se está lotado.
to assume x to take on
to find x to find out x to discover x to figure out x to learn

B: It was the cheapest I could find.
I learned that my neighbor is a stealth marketer.
Descobri que meu vizinho é um “stealth marketer”.
to think of x to thing about

In the examples above, the speaker is thinking of these nouns in general; however, in relation to “TV”, when the
speaker is thinking of a specific one, “the” is necessary.
to annoy x to irritate x to piss off x to bug x to upset

to bother x to disturb x to disrupt x to trouble
se está lotado.
to be dubbed some name – to nickname some name

to oversee x to supervise
PHRASAL VERBS WITH VERB “TO BE”

to be on
The TV was on, but no one was watching it. So I turned it off.
A TV estava ligada, mas ninguém estava assistindo. Então desliguei-a.
MAKE
to make sure x to assure x to ensure x to insure
to make a speech
The audience cheered as she stood up to make a speech.
to make a generalization
to make something more specific (tornar algo mais específico)

“the” is required when the noun is made more specific by a modifying phrase following it.
GET
to have/has got to
She suddenly stood up and said “I’ve got to go”.
De repente, ela se levantou e disse “tenho que ir”.
TAKE
to take a picture
Stand still so I can take a picture.
Fica quieto para eu poder tirar uma foto.
to take part in x to participate in x to attend

To take part in an election as a candidate.
Participar de uma eleição como candidato.
to take a walk / to take a stroll

to take a dog/someone for a walk
to take into account x to take into consideration x to bear in mind x to keep in mind
to take on x to assume
HOLD
to hold a position (a position, a job title, a post, an office)
to hold a degree / to have a degree (a master’s degree, a PhD, a BA)

There are 80 professors on the faculty of the Physics Department, among whom, though, only 24 hold/have a
master’s degree/PhD.
Há 80 professores no corpo docente do Departamento de Física, dentre os quais, todavia, apenas 24 possuem
mestrado/doutorado.
WALK x STROLL x WANDER

to walk x to stroll x to wander
to take a walk / to take a stroll

to go for a walk / to go for a stroll
to take a dog/someone for a walk

RUN
to run x to stand
He intends to run as a city councilor.
Ele pretende se candidatar como vereador.
LEFT
left x to remain
There are no seats left (over). We’ll have to stand.
Não há assentos sobrando. Teremos que ficar em pé.
Only a few houses were left standing after the earthquake.
Apenas algumas poucas casas ficaram de pé após o terremoto.
They fought until only one was left standing.
Eles lutaram até que sobrasse/restasse/ficasse apenas um em pé.
There are still 42 pages left to finish up the book.
Ainda faltam 42 páginas para terminar de ler o livro.
to leave out x to omit

In informal contexts, “the” can be left out when there is no noun or defining phrase after the superlative
adjective.
KNOW
to let someone know
It was considerate of you to let us know you were going to be late.
Foi consideração sua nos avisar/informar/comunicar que iria se atrasar.
SET
to set foot in/on
the sun sets / the sun goes down

sunset
PLAY
to play an instrument
I know how to play the harmonica since I was a child.
Sei tocar gaita desde criança.
to play a role (in)

BEAR
to stand, to bear, to put up with, to tolerate  + gerund
Não vou suportar eles me interrompendo toda hora.
to take into account x to take into consideration x to bear in mind x to keep in mind
HEAD
NOUN
head of
She’s been appointed as head of the company.
Ela foi nomeada como chefe da empresa.
ADVERBS
publicly
backwards x forwards
To make a vehicle move backwards.
thoroughly
even
especially x mainly x mostly x most of all x above all

especially x specially
se está lotado.
EVER
ever in superlatives
TIME EXPRESSIONS
at present x currently
bathroom wall.
Tive que ligar para o proprietário do apartamento onde atualmente moro para informa-lo de que há uma
infiltração na parede do banheiro.
it’s about time

to solve it.
since the beginning x from the beginning

all the time

Não irei tolerar eles me interrompendo toda hora/o tempo todo.
the day before / the previous day / the preceding day / a day earlier x eve
O cliente desistiu do negócio um dia antes/na véspera/no dia anterior de assinar o contrato.
There are usually a lot of parties on New Year’s Eve.
Geralmente, há muitas festas na véspera de Ano Novo.
the day after / the next day / the following day / the coming day / the day ahead
in x during x for x over x throughout

It rained heavily in the night.
Choveu demais de noite.
over the past 10 years

It’s clear that the time devoted to commercials on TV has increased over the past 10 years.
É evidente que o tempo dedicado aos comerciais na TV aumentou nos/ao longo dos últimos 10 anos.
again
I’ve decided not to stand again and to retire from public life,
Decidi não me candidatar novamente/de novo e me aposentar da vida pública.
backwards x forwards
To make a vehicle move backwards.
short-term x medium-term x long-term (adjectives)  curto prazo x médio prazo x longo prazo
in the short term x in the medium term x in the long term  ao curto prazo x ao médio prazo x ao longo
prazo
full-time x part-time
long x short
early x late
suddenly x all of a sudden

She suddenly stood up and said “I’ve got to go”.
De repente, ela se levantou e disse “tenho que ir”.
previously
later on
already x now
humano.
newly x freshly
She’s become a minister in the newly elected government.
Ela se tornou ministra no governo recém-eleito.
AGE
He’s a man-child. He only hangs out with kids half his age.
Ele é um crianção. Ele só anda/convive/sai com crianças da metade da idade dele.
LINKING WORDS
but still
then x after x later

so that
Stand still so I can take a picture.
Fica parado para eu poder tirar uma foto.
even though x though

There are 80 professors on the faculty of the Physics Department, among whom, though, only 24 hold a
master’s degree.
mestrado.
as x when x while
The audience cheered as/when she stood up to make a speech.
The audience cheered as/while she was standing up to make a speech.
A plateia vibrava enquanto ela se levantava para discursar.
As education costs rise, websites that sell used books are becoming popular.
À medida que os custos da educação aumentam, websites que vendem livros usados estão se tornando
populares.
as x like
so x then x therefore x thus x hence x accordingly x consequently

The TV was on, but no one was watching it. So I turned it off.
A TV estava ligada, mas ninguém estava assistindo. Então desliguei-a.
with the aim of
unlike x in contrast to
QUANTIFIERS
not all
some
Some suspect that the terrorists were backed by foreign powers.
Alguns suspeitam que os terroristas foram bancados/financiados por potências estrangeiras.
enough
a little
all x whole x entire

only a few
Only a few houses were left standing after the earthquake.
Apenas algumas poucas casas ficaram de pé após o terremoto.
much
I watch TV a lot, but I don’t listen to the radio much.
Assisto muito TV, mas não ouço muito rádio.
really x a lot x very much

se está lotado.
I watch TV a lot, but I don’t listen to the radio much.
Assisto muito TV, mas não ouço muito rádio.
PREPOSITION
among x of x between
Of / Among the boats at the docks, his might not even be the most elegant, but it was certainly the biggest.
master’s degree.
mestrado.
FROM
humano.
AWAY x FAR
NEAR x NEARBY x CLOSE
away from
by far
BY
by far
WAY
in my way x on my way
HOW? x WHAT ... LIKE?

(IT’S) NO WONDER
WORD FORMATION
to acquaint – acquaintance
noise – noisy
privilege – privileged
(un)realistic x down-to-earth x sensible x practical x pragmatic – realist – wisdom x practicality x

pragmatism
optimistic x pessimistic – optimist x pessimist – optimism x pessimism
I’m an optimist. We’re optimists.
Sou otimista. Somos otimistas.
controversy – controversial
O governo desistiu de seu plano controverso/polêmico de aumentar o imposto de renda.
to propose – proposal
to discuss x to argue – discussion x argument

To mention or start discussing a subject.
Mencionar ou começar a discutir um assunto.
To admit you are wrong or you have lost an argument.
Admitir que você está errado ou que perdeu uma discussão.
fright/to frighten/frightening/frightened x scare/to scare/scary/scared x to terrify/terrifying/terrified x

afraid/to be afraid of x fear/to fear
affection – affectionate
patient – to be patient
patience – to have the patience – to have little/no patience – to lose patience/to lose one’s temper – to run
out of patience
to modify – modifying
to account – account – accountable – to take into account

unique x sole x exclusive

uniquely x solely x exclusively
When one refers to a person’s job title that is uniquely theirs in an organization, one uses no article or “the”.
specific to x particular to (específico a/de) ≈ unique to x exclusive to
to value – value – valued – valuable – invaluable x to devalue – devalued

value for money
to be worth – worth – worthy x worthless – unworthy
to be worth someone while – worthwhile
priceless
to collect – collection
consistent with ≠ inconsistent with – consistency ≠ inconsistency

coherent ≠ incoherent – coherence ≠ incoherence
contradictory – contradiction
His actions are inconsistent with his goals.
As suas ações são incoerentes com seus objetivos.
EDUCATION VOCABULARY
orphanage
to go to medical school x to go to college x to attend college

to major in x to study something in college
[He majors in Physical Education] / [He studies Physical Education in college] with the aim of acquiring the
necessary knowledge to be able to work as a soccer referee later on.
Ele cursa/faz/estuda Educação Física na faculdade com o intuito de adquirir os conhecimentos necessários para
poder trabalhar como árbitro de futebol posteriormente.
ethics x ethic – ethical

expert x specialist x scholar

scholarship x full scholarship x partial scholarship

scholarship holder x scholar
to scan – scan
humano.
Physical Education
head x head teacher x principal

lesson x class x lecture  lecture: aula (na universidade)

video lesson
My professor has posted the video lesson on the internet.
Meu professor postou a vídeo-aula na internet.
student  dicente
teacher x professor x lecturer  docente
My professor has posted the video lesson on the internet.
Meu professor postou a vídeo-aula na internet.
faculty, teaching staff  corpo docente
on the faculty
master’s degree.
mestrado.
teaching, lecturing  docência
to teach, to lecture  lecionar
lecture  palestra (na universidade) x speak  palestra

lecturer  palestrante (na universidade) x speaker  palestrante
to lecture  palestrar (na universidade) x to speak  palestrar
Physics Department
master’s degree.
mestrado.
to hold a degree / to have a degree (a master’s degree, a PhD, a BA)

mestrado/doutorado.
bachelor’s degree (BA) x master’s degree (MA) x PhD

mestrado/doutorado.
graduation
education
As education costs rise, websites that sell used/secondhand books are becoming popular.
À medida que os custos da educação aumentam, websites que vendem livros usados/de segunda mão estão se
tornando populares.
MEDICINE VOCABULARY
to go to medical school x to attend medical school x to study medicine
ankle
to hurt
surgery – surgeon
to operate on someone
to have an operation / to have surgery (fazer uma cirurgia, operar)
She has to have an operation. So she’ll be in hospital for a few days.
Ela tem que operar. Então, ela ficará internada por alguns dias.
to undergo an operation / to undergo surgery (passar por uma cirurgia)

genetics
cloning
to scan – scan
humano.
in a human brain
humano.
WORK VOCABULARY
employee / worker x employer
to solve it.
to go on strike
The employees are bound not to back down on the decision to go on strike.
Os funcionários certamente não irão recuar na decisão de fazer greve.
client x customer
deal
to retire (from) – retirement – retired – retiree

I’ve decided not to stand again and to retire from public life.
Decidi não me candidatar novamente/de novo e me aposentar da vida pública.

to work as
job title x position x post x office

the position of x the post of
to hold a position x to occupy a position (a position, a job title, a post, an office)
head x boss x chief x president x chairman x chairwoman x chairperson

to appoint as
WEDDING / MARRIAGE VOCABULARY

to marry x to get married
She married a Jew, despite having been raised as a Catholic.
Ela se casou com um judeu, apesar de ter sido criada como católica.
wedding anniversary
MONEY VOCABULARY
tax on
to raise / to increase tax x to lower / to cut / to reduce tax

income tax
to back x to finance x to fund

Alguns suspeitam que os terroristas foram bancados/financiados por potências estrangeiras.
to value – value – valued – valuable – invaluable x to devalue – devalued

value for money
to be worth – worth – worthy x worthless – unworthy
to be worth someone while – worthwhile
priceless
the rich / the wealthy x the poor / the needy

rich / wealthy / affluent / high-income x poor / needy / low-income / humble
wealth / affluence x poverty
to enrich / to get rich / to become rich x to impoverish / to get poor / to become poor
enrichment x impoverishment
to pay off the debts
SHOPPING VOCABULARY
deal
POLITICS, WAR AND HISTORY VOCABULARY

foreign power
Alguns suspeitam que os terroristas foram bancados por potências estrangeiras.
battlefield
stand x run
job title x position x post x office (political office)
the position of x the post of
to hold a position x to occupy a position (a position, a job title, a post, an office)
head x boss x chief x president x chairman x chairwoman x chairperson
former president
to appoint as
seat in
Um velho conhecido meu está concorrendo a uma vaga/um assento no Congresso.
(in) Congress
city council – city councilor

city hall - mayor
conservative – conservatism
manor
The ancient family manor is still standing.
O antigo casarão da família ainda se encontra de pé.
remnant
Some remnants of the original house still stand.
Alguns vestígios da casa original ainda se mantêm de pé.
to democratize
The computer has democratized access to information.
O computador democratizou o acesso à informação.
newly elected
Ministry – minister
Minister of Culture – Minister of Economy
She’s become Minister of Culture in the newly elected government.
Ela se tornou Ministra da Cultura no governo recém-eleito.
the rich / the wealthy x the poor / the needy

rich / wealthy / affluent / high-income x poor / needy / low-income / humble
wealth / affluence x poverty
to enrich / to get rich / to become rich x to impoverish / to get poor / to become poor
enrichment x impoverishment
branch of a house/family
noble - nobility
ENVSUSTAINABILITY VOCABULARY
clean energy
TRIP AND TOURISM VOCABULARY
Christ the Redeemer / Corcovado
Christ the Redeemer stands on top of Corcovado.
O Cristo Redentor fica no alto do Corcovado.
to vacation / to holiday = to spend a vacation/holiday  passar as férias

I just don’t have enough money to vacation / to spend vacation in Canada as we’d previously planned. I’ll have
to back out.
to take a vacation/holiday  tirar férias
to need a vacation/holiday  precisar de férias
to be on vacation/holiday  estar de férias
to go on vacation/holiday  entrar de férias
to travel on vacation/holiday  viajar nas férias
Notes: AmE  vacation = férias / holiday = feriado
BrE  holiday = férias / feriado
I’ve been really busy at work, so I’m really looking forward to the holidays.
Holidays in the Brazilian rainforests are now becoming popular with travelers.
Have a good holiday!
WEATHER VOCABULARY
at sunrise / at sunset
the sun rises / the sun comes up

sunrise
Olhe para o céu! O sol está nascendo.
the sun sets / the sun goes down

sunset
pouring rain
in the (pouring) rain

to rain heavily/hard x to rain lightly/slightly
It rained hard in the night.
Choveu demais à noite.
to rain non-stop
FOOD AND RESTAURANT VOCABULARY

vegetables: onion (cebola), garlic (alho), carrot (cenoura)
chef (chef, chefe de cozinha) x cook (cozinheiro)
to eat out
RELIGION VOCABULARY
(to have) Christmas dinner
the Resurrection of Jesus Christ
Christians go to church on Easter Sunday to celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
SPORTS VOCABULARY
referee
MEANS OF TRANSPORT
spacecraft
to board / to get in / to get on x to land / to get off

boarding x landing
to take off x to land

take-off x landing
seat
se está lotado.
on a bus
se está lotado.
ANIMALS VOCABULARY
eagle (águia) x hawk (gavião) x falcon (falcão)
pigeon = pombo
penguin
BOTANY VOCABULARY
branch x stem x trunk
VOCABULARY FOR WRITING

to make a generalization
to make something more specific (tornar algo mais específico)

specific to x particular to (específico a/de) ≈ unique to x exclusive to
line of reasoning
This line of reasoning applies when one refers to musical instruments in general.
speaker x listener  locutor x interlocutor / falante x ouvinte

In the examples above, the speaker is thinking of these nouns in general; however, in relation to “TV”, when the
speaker is thinking of a specific one, “the” is necessary.
MUSIC VOCABULARY
to play
harmonica
accordion
The accordion is her favorite instrument.
A sanfona é o instrumento favorita dela.
to be dubbed some name – to nickname some name

the King of Pop

MOVIES VOCABULARY
to play a role in
to dub – voice actor / voice actress – voice acting / dubbing
acting family
The Skarsgårds are a well-known Swedish acting family.
Os Skarsgårds são uma família de atores sueca muita conhecida.
PHYSICS VOCABULARY
at a speed
Sound can travel at different speeds, depending on the temperature of the air.
O som pode viajar a diferentes velocidades, dependendo da temperatura do ar.
speed x rate
the air
TECHNOLOGY VOCABULARY
to scan – scan
humano.
ART VOCABULARY
to paint – paint – painting
stain – paint – ink – dye
collection
SEA and OCEAN VOCABULARY

dock x harbor x port x marina
at the docks x at the marina
BUILDING VOCABULARY
TOOLS
saw/handsaw (serra, serrote) x chainsaw (motosserra)
screw (parafuso) x screwdriver (chave de fenda)
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
plumber (encanador) x water pipe
wall between the bathroom and the bedroom. He contacted the building manager, who eventually sent a
plumber to my home to look into it and to set whose problem it would be. He came to the conclusion that there
is a leak in a water pipe outside the apartment, so that the person who will have to afford the repair will be
neither the owner nor me, but rather the building manager. That’s a relief, since if the leak were inside the
apartment, it would be either the owner of it or I who would have to bear the costs and I guess it wouldn’t come
cheap.
That’s a relief, since if the leak were inside the apartment, the costs would have to be borne by either the owner
of it or me.
Tive que ligar para o proprietário do apartamento onde atualmente moro para informa-lo/avisá-lo que há uma
infiltração na parede do banheiro. Ele entrou em contato com o síndico, que eventualmente mandou um
encanador à minha casa para investigar e determinar de quem seria o problema. Ele chegou à conclusão de que
há um vazamento em um cano fora das dependências do apartamento, de modo que a pessoa que terá de arcar
com o conserto não será o dono nem eu, mas sim o síndico. Isso é um alívio, visto que se o vazamento estivesse
dentro das dependências do apartamento, seria o dono do mesmo ou eu quem teria de arcar com os custos e
suponho que não sairia barato.
Isso é um alívio, visto que se o vazamento estivesse dentro das dependências do apartamento, os custos teriam
que ser arcados pelo dono ou por mim.
bricklayer
Some bricklayers went to the church to repair the roof.
Alguns pedreiros foram à igreja para arrumar o telhado.
POSSESSION AND RENT

to own – owner x landlord x holder – ownership
bathroom wall.
Tive que ligar para o proprietário/dono/titular do apartamento onde atualmente moro para avisá-lo de que há
uma infiltração na parede do banheiro.
tenant
A tenant is someone who pays rent to live somewhere.
estacionamento: parking lot / car park

in the car park
I assume all the cars in this car park belong to workers here.
Presumo que todos os carros nesse estacionamento pertencem aos trabalhadores daqui.
vaga de estacionamento: parking space
varanda: balcony
alpendre: porch
porão: basement, cellar
adega: cellar, wine cellar
sótão: attic (AmE) / loft (BrE)
capim: grass
grama: grass
gramado: lawn
horta: garden, vegetable garden, kitchen garden

jardim: garden
terreiro: yard (AmE) / garden (BrE)

quintal, fundos da casa: backyard, yard (AmE) / back garden (BrE)
frente da casa: front yard (AmE) / front garden (BrE)
pátio: courtyard, yard

pátio da escola: school yard
pátio da cadeia: prison yard

Topics To Study at Some Point

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ADJECTIVES

thoughtful = considerate ≠ thoughtless = inconsiderate

thoughtful = erudite, intellectual

older x oldest / elder x eldest / elderly / the elderly

old x ancient x former x aged x antique x longtime

proper x suitable x appropriate ≠ improper x unsuitable x inappropriate

crowded / full / filled x empty

decisive ≠ indecisive  decidido ≠ indeciso

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

A: Why did you decide to stay at this hotel?

A pessimist is someone who expects the worst to happen.

WAS/WERE GOING TO x WOULD

to expect (someone/something) to do something

power company x power plant

parking lot x parking space

site x location x venue x spot

role x the role of

in the field x area x branch

at night x in/during the night

all morning / all afternoon / all evening / all night

at dawn / in the early hours of the morning

on New Year’s Eve / on New Year’s (Day) x for New Year’s

at Christmas x on Christmas Day / on Christmas Eve x for Christmas

at Easter x on Easter Sunday x for Christmas

on Mother’s Day x for Mother’s Day

on the moon / on Mars

in the (pouring) rain

at the top x on top

to go to the movie theater/movies/cinema

to go to church x to go to the church

to raise x to rise x to arise / to increase x to decrease / to go up x to go down / to reduce / to lower

to provide for/to x to offer

to cross the street

to remember x to remind x to recall

to apply (aplicar-se, valer)

to occupy x to take up x to hold

to find x to find out x to discover x to figure out x to learn

to think of x to thing about

to annoy x to irritate x to piss off x to bug x to upset

to be dubbed some name – to nickname some name

PHRASAL VERBS WITH VERB “TO BE”

to make something more specific (tornar algo mais específico)

to take part in x to participate in x to attend

to take a walk / to take a stroll

to hold a degree / to have a degree (a master’s degree, a PhD, a BA)

WALK x STROLL x WANDER

to take a walk / to take a stroll

to take a dog/someone for a walk

to leave out x to omit

the sun sets / the sun goes down

to play a role (in)

especially x mainly x mostly x most of all x above all

it’s about time

since the beginning x from the beginning

all the time

in x during x for x over x throughout

over the past 10 years

suddenly x all of a sudden

then x after x later

even though x though

so x then x therefore x thus x hence x accordingly x consequently

all x whole x entire