APPENDIX

SKELETAL SYSTEM - it is the framework of the body that is held together by

tendons, ligaments, and cartilage.It helps humans move and is involved in the
production of blood cells and the storage of calcium.
SCAPULA - it allows for full functional upper extremity movement including
protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, upward rotation and downward
rotation.
COCCYX - it provides balance and stability when a person is seated.
CARPALS - it allows the wrist to move and rotate vertically.
METACARPALS - accommodates the muscles, tendons and nerves of the
palms.
PHALANGES - the phalanges in fingers helps us manipulate our environment
while the phalanges of the foot help us balance, walk and run.
FEMUR - it is the longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the human body. Its
function is weight bearing and stability of gait.
TIBIA - to bear weight the medial aspect of the tibia bearing the majority of the
weight load.
FIBULA - to combine with the tibia and provide stability to the ankle joint.
COXA -
ULNA - it assist with rotation, this rotation allows for the maximal function of the
wrist and hand due to the increased range of motion.
STERNUM - it works to protect the organs of the torso.
RIB - it aid respiration.
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE - it allows the neck’s flexibility and head’s range of
motion.
PATELLA - functions primarily as an anatomic pulley for the quadriceps muscle.
SACRUM - it forms the posterior pelvic wall and strengthens and stabilizes the
pelvis.
RADIUS - permits the forearm and hand to pronate and supinate, flex and
extend at the elbow, and adduct, abduct, extend, flex and circumduct the
wrist.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN - it protects the spinal cord, and provides stiffening fo the
body and attachment for the pectoral and pelvic girdles and many muscles.
HUMERUS - serves as an attachment to 13 muscles which contribute to the
movements of the hand and elbow, and therefore the function of the upper
limb.
CLAVICLE - it serves as a connection between axial and appendicular skeleton
in conjunction with scapula.
MANDIBLE - it holds the lower teeth in place, and it assists in mastication and
forms the lower jawline.
SKULL - it provides protection to the brain and structure.
 APPENDIX
NERVOUS SYSTEM - it is a network of nerve cells and fibers that transmit nerve
impulses throughout the body.This system is made up of brain, spinal cord,
and nerves that makes our body move voluntary and involuntarily.

BRAINSTEM - it sends signals from the brain to the rest of the body. It controls
regulation of heart rate, breathing, sleeping and eating.

RADIAL NERVE - it provides motor and sensory function to the arm. This is the
reason why we can straighten and raise our elbows, wrists, hands and
fingers.

TIBIAL NERVE - it enables the lower leg to receive messages from the brain.

CEREBRUM - this is the largest part of the brain which initiates and coordinates
movement and regulates temperature.

CEREBELLUM - it is important for making postural adjustment in order to

maintain balance. It controls over voluntary movement such as; walking,
posture, coordination, speech and eye movements.

SPINAL CORD - it connects your brain to your lower back. It carries nerve
signals from the brain to the body and vice versa. Any damage to the spinal
cord can affect the movement or function.

THORACIC NERVE - transmit information between the spinal cord and various
parts of the body.

PUDENDAL NERVE - provides most of the movement and sensations for the
pelvic region, including the external genitals and anus. It plays a critical role in
your ability to control your pee and poop.

SACRAL NERVE - provides motor and sensory nerves for the pelvis, buttocks,
genitals, thighs calves and feet.

SCIATIC NERVE - it is responsible for motor and sensory functions of the lower
body.

SAPHENOUS NERVE - provides sensory innervation to the medial aspect of the

lower leg and the medial foot as far as the first metatarsal phalangeal joint.
 APPENDIX
MUSCULAR SYSTEM - it aids in movement, blood flow, and other bodily
functions. This system id made of three different types of muscles.

a. Skeletal Muscle - connected to bone and aid in voluntary movement.

b. Smooth Muscle - found inside organs and help to move substances through
organs.
c. Cardiac Muscle - found in the heart and help pump blood.
GRACILIS - it flexes the knee, adducts the thigh and medially rotate the tibia on
the femur.
TRPEZIUM - it controls the stability and the movement of the thumb.
LATISSIMUS DORSI - performs action of the upper extremity. It adduct, medially
rotate and extend the arm at the glenohumeral joint.
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE - it helps rotate the trunk, help pull the chest and also
supports the rotation of the spine.
GLUTEUS MEDIAS - it is one of the main pelvic stabilizer that controls transverse
and frontal plane motion of the femur and hip.
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS - it controls flexion of the trunk on the stance-side and to
decelerate the swing leg, contractions of the stance-side, it also help to
control flexion of the hip and to extend the thigh.
BICEPS FEMORIS - its function is to extend the thigh and flex the leg.
SEMITENDINOSUS - it helps to extend the thigh and assists the popliteus muscle
in rotating the leg internally.
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS - its primary action is knee flexion, knee internal rotation
and hip extension. It also play a main role providing knee stability.
GASTROCNEMIUS - it is responsible for normal walking, and running actions.
TENDO CALCANEUS - it lifts the heel off the ground during activity. It also called
as Achilles Tendon.
TEMPORALIS - it is responsible for both closing the mouth and retraction.
ORBICULARIS OCULI - it closes the eyelids and assists in pumping the tears
from the eye into the nasolacremal duct system.
MASSETER - it is responsible for the action of mastication (chewing). When it
contracts it causes powerful elevation of the mandible causing the mouth to
close.
DELTOID - it moves and stabilize the shoulder joint and upper arm.
TRICEPS BRANCHII - it acts to hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid
cavity. The long head also assists with the extension and adduction of the arm
at the shoulder joint.
BRANCHIORADIALIS - it flexes the forearm at the elbow.
VASTUS LATERALIS - it helps the other muscles to help extend the knee joint. It
maintains thigh and knee cap position while walking and running.
RECTUS FEMORIS - it produce hip flexion especially if the knee is flexed.
VASTUS MEDIALIS - it extends the knee joint and it also contribute to correct
tracking the patella.
SARTORIUS - it is both a hip and knee flexor.
 APPENDIX
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - brings in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide in our
body.This system is made up of the airway, the lungs, and the different
muscles of respiration.

NASAL CAVITY & PARANASAL SINUSES - it filters, warm and moisten the air to
breath, gives a sense of smell and make mucus.

NOSTRILS - it allows air to enter the nose and pass into the nasal cavity.

PHARYNX - it carries air, food and fluid down form the nose and mouth.

LARYNX - it allows air to pass from the throat to the trachea on to the lungs. It
also contains the vocal cords and essential to human speech. It also called as
the voice box.

TRACHEA - it carry air in and out of the lungs.

LEFT LUNG - it is smaller than the right lung because of the space taken up by
the heart. It brings oxygen into the bloodstream and removing carbon dioxide.

BRONCHI - it carry air to and from the lungs. It also helps moisturize the air to
breath and screen out foreign particles.

ALVEOLI - its job is to move oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules into and out
of your bloodstream.

DIAPHRAGM - this is a thin, dome-shaped muscle below the lungs and heart
that helps you inhale and exhale.
 APPENDIX
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - it is a collection of glands that secrete hormones into the
circulatory system to be delivered to the body’s vital organs. This system
regulates metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual
function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

PINEAL GLAND - it is to receive information about the state of the light-dark

cycle from the environment and convey this information to produce and
secrete hormone melatonin.

PITUITARY GLAND - it is the master gland because it tells other glands to

release hormones.

THYROID - uses iodine from food to make two thyroid hormones that regulate
the way the body uses energy.

PARATHYROID GLAND - a substance that helps control the amount of calcium in

the blood.

THYMUS - it is the body’s defense mechanism providing surveillance and

protection against diverse pathogens, tumors, antigens and mediators of
tissue damage.

PANCREAS - it is important for digesting food and managing your use of sugar
for energy after digestion.

OVARY - produce egg cells.

ADREANAL GLANDS - it produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism,

immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential
functions.

PLACENTA - it provides oxygen and nutrients to growing baby and removes

waste products from the baby’s blood.
 APPENDIX
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM - it is the body’s defense against bacteria, viruses, and
other pathogens.

TONSIL - it locates at the throat and palate, it can stop germs entering the body
through the mouth or the nose.

THYMUS - it is the body’s defense mechanism providing surveillance and

protection against diverse pathogens, tumors, antigens and mediators of
tissue damage.

THORACIC DUCT - to transport lymph back into the circulatory system.

LARGE INTESTINE - it turns food waste into stool and passes it from the body
when you poop.

APPENDIX - the function of appendix is still unknown but one theory says that
appendix acts as a storehouse for good bacteria, rebooting the digestive
system after diarrhea illnesses.

INGUINAL NODES - it is an important relay in the lymphatic system from the

lower limb as well as filtering lymphatic drainage originating from the groin,
penile, vulvar and rectal areas.

AXILLARY LYMPH NODE - it is responsible for draining lymph-a clear or white

fluid made up of white blood cells from the breasts and sorrounding areas,
including the neck, the upper arms and the underarm area.

MAMMARY PLEXUS - it drains skin, areola and nipple.

SPLEEN - it fights invading germs in the blood, it controls the level of blood
cells, and it filters the blood and removes any old or damaged red blood cells.

BONE MARROW - it manufactures bone marrow stem cells and other

substances, which in turn produce blood cells.

LYMPHATIC VESSEL - it transports lymph away from tissues. It collects and filter
lymph as it continues to move toward large vessels called collecting duct.
 APPENDIX
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - pumps the blood throughout the body. It also transport
nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells. It also helps
fight disease, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA - I carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest.

AORTA - it is the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the
body.

PULMONARY VEINS - it collects the oxygenated blood and carry it from the lungs
to the heart.

PULMONARY ARTERIES - moves deoxygenated blood from the heart to the

lungs.

INTERIOR VENA CAVA - it carries blood from the legs, feet and organs in the
abdomen and pelvis.

DESCENDING AORTA - it carries blood to the thorax and abdomen, letting off
several intercostal and posterior branches.

FEMORAL VEIN - it carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body, back up to
the heart.

FEMORAL ARTERY - its function is to supply the lower body with blood.
 APPENDIX
URINARY SYSTEM - It helps eliminate waste products from the body.

RIGHT KIDNEY - it removes waste products from the body, drugs from the body
and balance the body’s fluids.

RIGHT URETER - filters blood and create urine as a waste products.

URETHRA - allows urine to pass outside the body.

UTERUS - to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.

LEFT KIDNEY - serves the body as a natural filter of the blood, and removes
water soluble wastes, which are diverted to the bladder.

LEFT URETER - carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

OVARY - produce egg cells.

BLADDER - the bladder’s walls relax and expand to store urine and contract
and flatten to empty urine through the urethra.

VAGINA - excretory canal for the products of menstruation. and urine.

 APPENDIX
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM - It is an organ system that protects the body from
damage, loss of water, or abrasion from outside.

HAIR - it serves as mechanical protection for the skin, increases sensory

function and aids in regulating body temperature.

NAILS - to reinforce and protect the ends of the fingers and toes.

SKIN - it is the first physical barrier that the human body has against the
external environment. It includes protection against microorganisms,
dehydration,ultraviolet light, and mechanical damage.
 APPENDIX
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - It is a combination of bodily organs and
tissues used in the process of producing offspring.

FALLOPIAN TUBE - transports the ova from the ovary to the uterus each month.

OVARY - produce the egg cells.

ENDOMETRIUM - thickens and renews itself, preparing for pregnancy.

VAGINA - it connects the uterus and cervix to the outside of the body allowing
for menstruation, intercourse and childbirth.

MYOMETRIUM - induce uterine contractions.

CERVIX - acts as the door to the uterus which sperm can travel through to
fertilize eggs.
 APPENDIX
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - breaks down food, extracts nutrients into the bloodstream,
and excretes waste.

LIVER - the liver processes this blood and breaks down, balances and creates
the nutrients and also metabolizes drugs into forms that are easier to use for
the rest of the body or that are non toxic.

GALLBLADDER - it function is to store bile.

APPENDIX - the function of appendix is still unknown but one theory says that
appendix acts as a storehouse for good bacteria, rebooting the digestive
system after diarrhea illnesses.

ANUS - is the opening where the gastrointestinal tract ends and exits the body.

ESOPHAGUS - to carry food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach.

STOMACH - it is the organ that digest food. It produces enzymes and acids.
This mix of enzymes and digestive juices breaks down food so it can pass to
the small intestine.

PANCREAS - it is important for digesting food and managing your use of sugar
for energy after digestion.

LARGE INTESTINE - it turns food waste into stool and passes it from the body
when you poop.

SMALL INTESTINE - it helps the further digest food coming from the stomach.

ECTUM - to receive stool from the colon.