Branches Of Hydrology:

 Surface Water Hydrology:

Surface water hydrology includes the study of surface water movement and
the distribution of surface water in space and time. Of particular interest is
the variability in water quantity and flow within a year and between years.
This variability in water supply is largely influenced by climate.
 Ground Water Hydrology:
Ground-water hydrology is the subdivision of the science of hydrology that
deals with the occurrence, movement, and quality of water beneath the
Earth's surface. It is interdisciplinary in scope in that it involves the
application of the physical, biological, and mathematical sciences.
Hydrological Cycle:
The hydrologic cycle involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-
Atmosphere system. At its core, the water cycle is the motion of the water from the
ground to the atmosphere and back again. Of the many processes involved in the
hydrologic cycle, the most important Components / Phases are
Precipitation
Interception
Evaporation / Evapotranspiration
Infiltration
Percolation
Run off (Surface & Ground Water)
Storage (Surface & Ground Water)
Water Use & Demand
Water Balance Equation:
All above factors are depends on water balance equation written as below:

+P-E-T-Int-Ds+Qin-Qout+Gin-Gout+-DS=0
Global Water Budget:
Ocean 97% Glaciers 2% Surface Water 0.2% Deep Ground Water 0.5%
Soil Moisture 0.1% Atmospheric Moisture 0.0001%
Input Mechanism:
1. Precipitation: Runoff + Interception + Storage
2. Interception: Evapotranspiration + Evaporation + Infiltration
3. Storage: Ground Water & Snow packs & Ice
Deterministic Process:
The study in a deterministic process is based on exact law and the chance of
occurrence of variable is ignored.
Example: Q= A.V
Stochastic Process:
In the case of stochastic or probabilistic study, the chance of occurrence of
the variable is taken to consideration.
Example: Calculating of Flood discharge.
Modern Techniques of Hydrology:
Remote Sensing
Geographical Information System
Genetic algorithm
Fuzzy Logic

“Hydro Metrology”
Stratification of Atmosphere:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Troposphere:
Temp: 10 degree to 60 degree
Height: 0 to 10 km
 Layer: Lowest 1st Layer

Stratosphere:
Temp: 60 degree to 10 degree
Height: 20 to 50 km
Layer: 2nd Layer
Mesosphere:
Temp: 10 degree to 98 degree
Height: 50 to 85 km
Layer: 3rd Layer
Stratosphere:
Temp: 98 degree to Temp change with the Height degree
Height: 85 to 100 km
Layer: 4th Layer

Temperature / Lapse Rate:

Temperature, measure of hotness or Lapse rate, rate of change in
coldness expressed in terms of any of temperature observed while moving
several arbitrary scales and indicating upward through the Earth’s
the direction in which heat energy will atmosphere. The lapse rate is
spontaneously flow considered positive when the
temperature decreases

Ozone Layer:
The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs
most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration of ozone
(O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to
other gases in the stratosphere.
Importance of Ozone Layer:
Reduce the harmful UV rays
 Both produce and destroyed in stratosphere
Ozone destruction (UV radiation, Chlorofluorocarbon)
Why Does the Temperature increase with the height in the
stratosphere?
Ozone absorb the UV radiation from the sun which turn increase in the
motion of molecules. Colliding of molecule increase’s the temperature.
Climate Factor Effecting Metrology:
Amount of Precipitation
Occurrence of snow
Effect of wind, Temperature, radiation, and Humidity.
Evapotranspiration.
Atmospheric Circulation:
Atmospheric circulation transports heat over the surface of the Earth that affects
the water cycle, including the formation of clouds and precipitation events. The
movement of air masses brings us our daily weather, and long-term patterns in
circulation determine regional climate and ecosystems.
Air circulation
Circulation for non-rotating Earth
Idealized global circulation
Actual global circulation
Atmospheric circulation Pattern
Global circulation
Dew Point Temperature:
When the temperature of air is reduced, the existing water vapors gets
saturated at a certain temperature and this temperature is known as dew
point temperature.
Wind Variation with height:
V/Vo=(Z/Zo)0.15
Where
V= speed of wind required at a height Z
Vo= speed of wind observed at a height Zo

Relative Humidity:
Actual vapours pressure
Relative Humidity= Saturated vapours pressure of that temp

ea
RH=100 eoT

Saturation deficits:
The difference between the saturated vapors pressure and the actual vapors
pressure is known as saturation deficit.