THE CELL CYCLE/MITOSIS

✓ Structural proteins and enzymes

are synthesized
GAP 1 (G1) ✓ Duplication of cellular contents
(except chromosomes)
✓ Cell growth
SYNTHESIS PHASE ✓ DNA replication
✓ Preparation for mitosis
✓ Checkpoint
✓ Cell growth

GAP 2 (G2)

-
(M stands for Mitosis)
✓ Chromosome condense and
become visible
✓ The nuclear membrane
disintegrates
✓ Centrioles start producing spindle
PROPHASE
fibers
✓ Nucleolus disappears*
 THE CELL CYCLE/MITOSIS
✓ Spindle fibers attach to the
centromeres of the chromosome
(point of attachment:
KINETOCHORE)
✓ Chromosomes (in dyad) aligns at
METAPHASE
the equatorial/ metaphase plate

✓ Spindle fibers attached to the

kinetochore shorten
✓ Non-kinetochore spindle fibers
lengthen which elongates the
cell
ANAPHASE
✓ Centromere break apart
(cohesin*); sister chromatids
separate and move to the
opposite side/ pole of the cell

✓ Opposite process of prophase

✓ Chromatids reach the opposite
poles of the cell and return to
chromatins
✓ Nuclear membrane reintegrates
TELOPHASE
✓ Nucleolus reappears
✓ Formation of the cleavage
furrow
 THE CELL CYCLE/MITOSIS
✓ Physical process of cell division
which divides the cytoplasm of
cell into two identical daughter
cells
CYTOKINESIS

✓ Non-dividing state/ cell cycle

**GAP 0 (G0) arrest
 MEIOSIS

✓ Structural proteins and

enzymes are
synthesized
GAP 1 (G1) ✓ Duplication of cellular
contents (except
chromosomes)
✓ Cell growth
SYNTHESIS
✓ DNA replication
PHASE
✓ Preparation for mitosis
GAP 2 (G2) ✓ Checkpoint
✓ Cell growth

✓ Chromosome
condense and
become visible
PROPHASE I ✓ The nuclear membrane
(General) disintegrates
✓ Centrioles start
producing spindle fibers
✓ Nucleolus disappears*
 MEIOSIS
A. LEPTOTENE
✓ Replicated chromosome condense
B. ZYGOTENE
✓ Synapsis begins (pairing of
homologous chromosome forming 4
chromatids called tetrad/ bivalent/
bivalent tetrad
*Synaptonemal Complex- structure
that binds two non-sister chromatids
to form Tetrad
C. PACHYTENE
✓ Crossing over occurs (process of
physical exchange of chromosome
region; genetic recombination)
*Chiasma- area of contact between
to non-sister chromatids
D. DIPLOTENE
✓ The two pairs of non-sister chromatids
begin to disintegrate (synaptonemal
complex dissociates)
E. DIAKINESIS
✓ Nuclear membrane and nucleolus
dissolved
✓ End of prophase I
 MEIOSIS
✓ Spindle fibers attach to
one side of
centromeres of the
tetrad
METAPHASE I ✓ Chromosomes (in
tetrad) aligns at the
equatorial/ metaphase
plate

✓ Spindle fibers attached

to the kinetochore
shorten
✓ Non-kinetochore
spindle fibers lengthen
which elongates the
cell
✓ Chromosome in each
ANAPHASE I tetrad separate and
migrate toward the
opposite poles
✓ Centromere survives
Anaphase I (*the sister
chromatids/ dyad
remain attached at
their respective
centromere regions)
 MEIOSIS
✓ Dyads reach the
opposite poles of the
cell and return to
chromatins
TELOPHASE I ✓ Nuclear membrane
reintegrates
✓ Nucleolus reappears
✓ Formation of the
cleavage furrow
✓ Physical process of cell
division which divides
the cytoplasm of cell
into two daughter cells
CYTOKINESIS with half number of
chromosomes
✓ In human: 23 dyads (X
form) each nucleus

checkpoints; same process but without replication of DNA; cell growth

Similar process to MITOSIS; the two cells produced in Meiosis I simultaneously divide in Meiosis II
✓ Chromosome
condense and
become visible
✓ The nuclear membrane
PROPHASE II disintegrates
✓ Centrioles start
producing spindle fibers
✓ Nucleolus disappears*
 MEIOSIS

✓ Dyads align at the

METAPHASE II metaphase/ equatorial
plate

✓ Sister chromatids move

away from each other
ANAPHASE II going to the opposite
poles
 MEIOSIS

✓ Formation of cleavage
TELOPHASE II furrow

✓ Formation of four
haploid daughter cells
✓ In human: each
daughter cell has
haploid chromosome/
CYTOKINESIS n=23
✓ Daughter cells are
different from each
other and to the parent
cell