Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cell Cycle Cell Division
Cell Cycle Cell Division
Cell Growth
and
Division
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Cell Cycle
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Cell Division
✓ All cells are derived from
pre-existing cells
✓ New cells are produced for
growth and to replace damaged or
old cells
✓ Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria)
and eukaryotes (protists, fungi,
plants, & animals)
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Keeping Cells Identical
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DNA Replication
✓ DNA must be
copied or Original DNA
strand
replicated
before cell
division Two new,
✓ Each new cell
identical DNA
strands
will then have an
identical copy of
the DNA
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Identical Daughter Cells
Two
identical
daughter
cells
Parent Cell
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Chromosomes
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Prokaryotic Chromosome
✓ The DNA of
prokaryotes
(bacteria) is one,
circular
chromosome
attached to the
inside of the cell
membrane
copyright cmassengale 8
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
✓ All eukaryotic cells store genetic
information in chromosomes
✓ Most eukaryotes have between 10 and 50
chromosomes in their body cells
✓ Human body cells have 46 chromosomes
or 23 identical pairs
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Eukaryotic Chromosomes
✓ Each chromosome is composed of a
single, tightly coiled DNA molecule
✓ Chromosomes can’t be seen when
cells aren’t dividing and are called
chromatin
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Compacting DNA into Chromosomes
✓ DNA is
tightly
coiled
around
proteins
called
histones
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Chromosomes in Dividing Cells
✓ Duplicated
chromosomes are
called
chromatids & are
held together by
the centromere
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Boy or Girl?
The Y Chromosome Decides
Y - Chromosome
X - Chromosome
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The Cell
Cycle
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Cell Cycle
DNA Copied
Cells prepare for
Cells Division
Mature
Daughter
Cells
Cell Divides into
Identical cells
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Five Phases of the Cell Cycle
✓ G1 - primary growth phase
✓ S – synthesis; DNA replicated
✓ G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively the 3 stages above
are called interphase
✓ M - mitosis
✓ C - cytokinesis
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Interphase - G1 Stage
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Interphase – S Stage
✓ Synthesis stage
✓ DNA is copied or replicated
Two
identical
copies
of DNA
Original
DNA
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Interphase – G2 Stage
✓ 2nd Growth Stage
✓ Occurs after DNA has been copied
✓ All cell structures needed for
division are made (e.g. centrioles)
✓ Both organelles & proteins are
synthesized
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What’s Happening in Interphase?
Animal Cell
What’s occurring
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Mitosis
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Mitosis
✓ Division of the
nucleus
✓ Also called
karyokinesis
✓ Only occurs in
eukaryotes
✓ Has four stages
✓ Doesn’t occur in
some cells such
as brain cells
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Four Mitotic Stages
✓ Prophase
✓ Metaphase
✓ Anaphase
✓ Telophase
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Early Prophase
✓ Chromatin in nucleus condenses to form
visible chromosomes
✓ Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in
cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)
Nucleolus Cytoplasm
Nuclear Membrane
Chromosomes
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Late Prophase
✓ Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are
broken down
✓ Chromosomes continue condensing &
are clearly visible
✓ Spindle fibers called kinetochores
attach to the centromere of each
chromosome
✓ Spindle finishes forming between the
poles of the cell
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Late Prophase
Chromosomes
Kinetochore Fiber
Chromosome
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Review of Prophase
What’s
occurring?
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Spindle Fibers
✓ The mitotic spindle form from the
microtubules in plants and centrioles in
animal cells
✓ Polar fibers extend from one pole of the
cell to the opposite pole
✓ Kinetochore fibers extend from the pole to
the centromere of the chromosome to which
they attach
✓ Asters are short fibers radiating from
centrioles
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The Spindle
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Metaphase
✓ Chromosomes, attached to the
kinetochore fibers, move to the center
of the cell
✓ Chromosomes are now lined up at the
equator Equator of Cell
Pole of
the Cell
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Metaphase
Asters at
the poles
Spindle Chromosomes
Fibers lined at the
Equator
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Metaphase
Aster
Chromosomes at Equator
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Review of Metaphase
What’s
occurring
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Anaphase
✓ Occurs rapidly
✓ Sister
chromatids are
pulled apart to
opposite poles
of the cell by
kinetochore
fibers
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Anaphase
Sister
Chromatids
being
separated
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Anaphase Review
What the
cell looks
like
What’s
occurring
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Telophase
✓ Sister chromatids at opposite poles
✓ Spindle disassembles
✓ Nuclear envelope forms around
each set of sister chromatids
✓ Nucleolus reappears
✓ CYTOKINESIS occurs
✓ Chromosomes reappear as
chromatin
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Comparison of Anaphase & Telophase
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Cytokinesis
✓ Means division of the cytoplasm
✓ Division of cell into two, identical
halves called daughter cells
✓ In plant cells, cell plate forms
at the equator to divide cell
✓ In animal cells, cleavage furrow
forms to split cell
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Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow Cell plate in
in animal cell plant cell
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Mitotic Stages
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Daughter Cells of Mitosis
✓ Have the same number of
chromosomes as each other and as
the parent cell from which they
were formed
✓ Identical to each other, but smaller
than parent cell
✓ Must grow in size to become mature
cells (G1 of Interphase)
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Identical Daughter Cells
What is
the 2n
or
diploid
number?
2
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Draw & Learn these Stages
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Draw & Learn these Stages
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Name the Mitotic Stages:
Name this?
Name this?
Name this?
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Name the Mitotic Stages:
Interphase
Telophase Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
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Eukaryotic Cell Division
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Mitosis Animation
Name each stage as you see it occur?
Mitosis Animation
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Mitosis in Onion Root Tips
Do you see any stages of mitosis?
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Test Yourself
over Mitosis
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Mitosis Quiz
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Mitosis Quiz
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Name the Stages of Mitosis:
2 5.
1.
4.
3.
6. 7.
8. 9.
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Name the Stages of Mitosis:
5. Early
1. Early Anaphase 3. Early 4. Metaphase Telophase,
prophase Begin
cytokinesis
2. Interphase
8. Mid-Prophase
6. Late
Prophase 7. Late telophase,
Advanced 9. Late
cytokinesis Anaphase
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Identify the Stages
?
? ? ?
? ? ?
(i) (j)
(h)
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Identify the Stages
?
Early, Middle, & Late Prophase
? ? ?
Metaphase Anaphase
Late Prophase
? ? ?
Late Anaphase Telophase Telophase &
copyright cmassengale Cytokinesis 60
Locate the Four Mitotic
Stages in Plants
C)
D)
B)
A)
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Locate the Four Mitotic
Stages in Plants
C) Anaphase
D) Telophase
B) Metaphase
A) Prophase
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Uncontrolled Mitosis
✓ If mitosis is not
controlled, unlimited
cell division occurs
causing cancerous
tumors
✓ Oncogenes are special
proteins that increase
the chance that a Lung Cancer Cells
normal cell develops
into a tumor cell
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What’s wrong with cancer cells?
Image Credit and Learn More about the Cell Cycle and Cancer (Kahn Academy) 64
Cell Division in
Prokaryotes
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Cell Reproduction
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Types of Cell Reproduction
✓ Asexual reproduction involves a single
cell dividing to make 2 new, identical
daughter cells
✓ Mitosis & binary fission are examples
of asexual reproduction
✓ Sexual reproduction involves two cells
(egg & sperm) joining to make a new
cell (zygote) that is NOT identical to
the original cells
✓ Meiosis is an example
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Asexual Reproduction by Binary Fission
Sketch the “Visual Vocab” diagram on p. 148
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Asexual Reproduction occurs in
Prokaryotes & some Eukaryotes
1) Binary Fission
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Some eukaryotes reproduce asexually through
mitosis:
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72
Multicellular Life
● Tissues are groups of
cells that work together
to perform a similar
function.
● Organs are groups of
tissues that work
together to perform a
specific function or
related functions.
● Organ Systems are
groups of organs that
carry out similar
functions.
73
74
Specialized Cells Perform Specific
Functions: You began as a single fertilized egg.
75
76
77
78
Adult Stem Cells (Somatic Stem Cells)
-undifferentiated cells found all over the body among specialized cells
Advantages: Disadvantages:
-Can be taken -few in number
from a patient, -difficult to isolate
grown in culture, -sometimes tricky
and put back to grow
into the patient, -may also contain
avoiding more DNA
transplant abnormalities
rejection.
-Avoid ethical
issues.
Adult Stem Cells treated with the right combination of molecules
may give rise to a completely different type of tissue. This is called
transdifferentiation, which remains an active area of research.
79
Embryonic Stem Cells
-most come from donated embryos grown in a clinic.
-an embryo is a fertilized egg
80
Review Games and Quizzes
1) ClassZone.com: Collection of online
a) 5.1 Quiz quizzes:
b) 5.2 Quiz
1) Mitosis Quiz
c) 5.3 Quiz
d) 5.4 Quiz 2) Mitosis Quiz
e) 5.5 Quiz 3) Mitosis Questions
2) Interactive Review 4) Mitosis Lab Quiz
3) Mitosis Animation 5) Mitosis Quiz
4) Binary Fission 6) Mitosis Quiz
5) Mitosis Matching 7) Mitosis Quiz
Chapter 5 Ends Here
81
Chapter 6:
Meiosis
Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)
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Facts About Meiosis
✓ Preceded by interphase which
includes chromosome replication
✓ Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis
I and Meiosis II
✓ Called Reduction- division
✓ Original cell is diploid (2n)
✓ Four daughter cells produced that
are monoploid (1n)
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Facts About Meiosis
✓ Daughter cells contain half the
number of chromosomes as the
original cell
✓ Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
✓ Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
✓ Occurs in the ovaries in females
(Oogenesis)
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More Meiosis Facts
✓ Start with 46 double stranded
chromosomes (2n)
✓After 1 division - 23 double
stranded chromosomes (n)
✓After 2nd division - 23 single
stranded chromosomes (n)
✓ Occurs in our germ cells that
produce gametes
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Why Do we Need Meiosis?
✓ It is the fundamental basis of
sexual reproduction
✓ Two haploid (1n) gametes are
brought together through
fertilization to form a diploid
(2n) zygote
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Fertilization – “Putting it
all together”
2n = 6
1n =3
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Replication of Chromosomes
✓ Replication is the
process of
duplicating a Occurs in
chromosome Interphase
✓ Occurs prior to
division
✓ Replicated copies
are called sister
chromatids
✓ Held together at
centromere
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A Replicated Chromosome
Gene X
Homologs Sister
(same genes, Chromatids
different alleles) (same genes,
same alleles)
too
much!
meiosis reduces
genetic content
The right
number!
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Meiosis: Two Part Cell
Division
Sister
chromatids
Homologs separate
separate
Meiosis Meiosis
I II
Diploid
Diploid
Haploid
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Meiosis I: Reduction Division
Nucleus Spindle
fibers Nuclear
Early envelope
Prophase I Late Metaphase
(Chromosome Prophase I Anaphase Telophase I
number I I (diploid)
doubled)
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Prophase I
Homologous chromosomes
Join to form a
(each with sister chromatids)
TETRAD
Called Synapsis
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Crossing-Over
✓ Homologous
chromosomes in
a tetrad cross
over each other
✓ Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged
✓ Produces
Genetic
recombination in
the offspring
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Homologous Chromosomes
During Crossing-Over
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Crossing-Over
Homologous pairs
of chromosomes
align along the
equator of the
cell
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Anaphase I
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Telophase I
Nuclear envelopes
reassemble.
Spindle disappears.
Prophase Metaphase
II II Telophase
Anaphase II 4 Genetically
II Different
haploid cells
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Prophase II
Nuclear envelope
fragments.
Spindle forms.
Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.
Pole
Sister chromatids
separate and
move to opposite
poles.
Nuclear envelope
assembles.
Chromosomes
decondense.
Spindle disappears.
Cytokinesis divides
cell into two.
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Results of Meiosis
Gametes (egg & sperm)
form
Different combinations of
alleles for different
genes along the
chromosome
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Meiosis Animation