CE361 Hydraulics

Exercise 2 – Guide for Students 09.11.2021

A. Abbreviations
n: Manning’s roughness coefficient
W: Power of pump
: Pump efficiency
Sf: Slope of energy grade line
R: Hydraulic radius
B. Some common conversions, formulas and equations for relevant chapter

1
1. Manning’s formula 𝑉 = 𝑥𝑅 2/3 𝑥𝑆𝑓 1/2 (m/s)
𝑛
2. Hydraulic Radius R = D/4 (m)
𝛾𝑥ℎ𝑝 𝑥𝑄
3. Power of pump W = (kW, Q (m3/s), 𝛾 (kN/m3), ℎ𝑝 (m))

4. kW = kN.m/s
5. Slope of energy grade line Sf = hL/L

C. Remarkable Points
1. This chapter mainly deals with multiple pipe systems, especially parallel systems. If
energy equation is written between A and B, it can be seen that head losses in parallel
pipes are equal to each other.

Series

Parallel Pipes

2. At the intersection point N, conditions are equivalent for pipes 2 and 3, besides, they end
up in same tank. This is the evident that head losses are same for parallel pipes. However,

1
CE361 Hydraulics

flow rates are distinguished into the pipes dealt with considering conditions (velocity and
diameter).

3. If we need to deal with a three-reservoir system, the crucial step is determining the flow
direction. If the elevation of intersection is unknown, we should start the solutions
assuming a flow direction. Afterwards, we need to check the final flow rates.

4. Pumps are added on the current chapter, finally we can pay attention to hpump term in
energy equation.
5. Energy grade line and hydraulic grade
lines play a prominent role in
reservoir-pipe systems. These lines
must be drawn for each system. These
lines are graphical representation of
Bernoulli equation. They are also
pretty useful since they clarify the
changes of flow in terms of heads (m).

2
CE361 Hydraulics

REFERENCES
Cengel, Y. A. (2010). Fluid mechanics. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
Chin, D. A. (2017). Fluid mechanics for engineers in SI units. Pearson.
Hibbeler, R. C. (2017). Fluid Mechanics in SI Units. Pearson Education India.
Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., & Okiishii, T. H. (2009). i Huebsch W. W. Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics.
White, F. M. (2003). Fluid mechanics/Frank M. White. McGraw-hill.