HYDRAULICS

Pipe Flow

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…In Water Supply
 …In Dams
• To provide a gravity supply from the
storage,

• As a suction pipe for a pumped supply,

• To maintain flow downstream from storage,

• To bypass a significant flood-flow through a

piped spillway.

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… In Irrigation Systems
… In Industrial Usage
… Pumps
… In Marine Environment
… In Medical Applications

• The transport of a fluid in a closed
conduit under pressure is called
pipe flow
The closed conduit is called pipe if it
is round, otherwise duct.
Not all conduits are round in cross-
section, most of the common ones
are.
Pipe Flow
WHY is it round, generally?
• Easy manufacture,
• Resistant to a considerable
pressure difference across their
walls without distortion of their
shapes
• The wetted perimetre is the
minimum for round cross-
sections for the same cross
sectional areas. Minimum energy
loss due to minimum friction.
Hence
“Hydraulically economical
cross-sections should be
designed”
 Components of Typical Pipe System

• Pipes,

• Various Fittings,

• Flowrate Control Devices,

• Pums/Turbines
 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

Pipe Flow Open Channel Flow

Pressurized Flow Free Surface Flow

The Main Driving Force is The Main Driving Force is

Pressure Gradient along the Gravity

pipe
If the pipe is not full, it is not possible to maintain this pressure difference (p1-p2)
 Flow Regimes through Pipes
The flow of a fluid in a pipe may be laminar flow or it may be turbulent flow.
Osborne Reynolds (1842–1912), a British scientist and mathematician, was
the first to distinguish the difference between these two classifications of flow
by using a simple apparatus.
Flow Regimes through Pipes

Laminar Flow

Viscous effects cause the fluid to stick Stationary surface; the fluid in
to the wall. contact with the wall has zero
velocity (no-slip condition)
Maximum velocity occurs at the axis.

The velocity profile is parabolic

In laminar flow average velocity is

0.5 times of the maximum velocity in
a pipe. (Vmean=0.5Vmax)

In between parallel plates (in laminar

flow) (V mean =0.66Vmax) 0.66 times of
the maximum velocity.
Average Velocity
Flow Regims through Pipes

Turbulent Flow
The fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations, or mixing, in contrast to laminar flow in which the
fluid moves in smooth paths or layers.

In turbulent flow the speed of the fluid at a point is continuously undergoing changes in both
magnitude and direction.

The velocity distribution in turbulent flow is more uniform and flatter than the laminar
flow due to momentum interchange between fluid layers.

For the fully developed turbulent flow the average velocity is 0.8 times the maximum
velocity. (Vmean=0.8Vmax)
Both laminar and turbulent pipe flow produce velocity profiles that are
symmetric about the axis of the pipe with a maximum velocity at the
center of the pipe.

Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

V = 0.5u max V = 0.8u max

Re=VD/ν
 Distribution of Velocity in Pipe Flow
The most important parameter to define is

The Average Velocity (V) in a cross section.

• Velocity distribution is related with the shear stress

distribution.

• So, by using equation of balance, shear stress distribution is

obtained.
 Distribution of Velocity in Pipe Flow
If we write the balance of forces for a steady flow (acceleration is zero);

The flow is in (s) direction, Summation of forces F=ma

The acting forces on a

cylindrical fluid element are:

 Pressure against fore

front and back front are
different.

gravity
Shear along perimeter.
If we write the balance of forces for a steady flow (acceleration is zero);

The flow is in (s) direction, Summation of forces F=ma

Pressure Force Gravity Force Shear Force

(p + dp )πr 2 − pπr 2 − (ρgπr 2 ds )sin α − τ y (2πrds ) = 0

dpπr 2 − ρgπr 2 ds sin α − τ y 2πrds = 0

 dp r
 − ρg sin α  = τy
 ds 2

 1 dp  r

τy =  − sin α ρg
 ρg ds  2

For horizontal pipe flow, gravity has no effect except

for a hydrostatic pressure variation across pipe, that is
usually negligible.
Energy equation
 V 2 (p + dp )   V2 p  dp
∆h L =  + + z1  −  + + z 2  = + (z1 − z 2 ) ds.sin α )
( z2 − z1 =
 2g γ   2g γ  γ
dp ∆h L 1 dp
∆h L = − dssin α =J= − sin α
γ ds ρg ds
Pressure force Gravity Shear force

(p + dp )πr 2 − pπr 2 − (ρgπr 2 ds )sin α − τ y (2πrds ) = 0

dpπr 2 − ρgπr 2 ds sin α − τ y 2πrds = 0

 dp r  1 dp  r
 − ρg sin α  = τ y τ y =  − sin α ρg
 ds 2  ρg ds  2

Energy equation

 V 2 (p + dp )   V2 p  dp
∆h L =  + + z1  −  + + z 2  = + (z1 − z 2 )
 2g γ   2g γ  γ

z 2 − z1 = ds. sin α

dp ∆h L 1 dp
∆h L = − dssin α =J= − sin α
ρg ds ρg ds
 r  D 
τ y = ρg J =r − y
2  2 

D y
τ y = ρg −  J
 4 2
Or at the wall y=0

D
τ0 = ρ g   J
4

τ 0 = ρgRJ

Hydraulic Radius; R = Flow area/Wetted perimeter

For a circular cross section pipe; R =(πD2/4)/(πD) → R=D/4

 D ??
τ0 = ρ g   J J is the slope of the
4 energy grade line
??
τ 0 = ρgRJ

D y
τ y = ρg − J
4 2
Total Shear Stress τT; τT = τl + τ t

du
• Laminar τl; τl = ρν
dy

τ t = −ρu′v′
• Turbulent τt;

In a turbulent flow there are two components of total shear stress, the
shear stress of turbulent flow is larger than that of the laminar flow.
 Velocity Distributions in:

laminar and turbulent flows are different

Velocity
Distribution

Laminar Turbulent

Laminar Turbulent
Laminar Flow through Pipes

In Laminar flow the relation between

Velocity distribution

discharge

pressure

can be found in analytical form.

Laminar Flow in Pipes
A relation between shear stress inside a fluid du ν = (τ y ρ) (du dy )
and gradient of velocity is given by the
τl =µ
definition of kinematic viscosity
dy
D y
τ y = ρg − J
4 2
This is valid for, Newtonian fluid and laminar flow.

D y  D y2 
du = (g J ν ) − dy u = ( g J ν )  y −  + constant
4 2  4 4 
•Along the wall y=0 velocity is zero V=0 so constant=0

•In the axis D D2

y=
2
u axis = u max = ( gJ ν ) = ( gJ ν ) R 2
16
Velocity has parabolic distribution
The average velocity is one half of the axial velocity (maximum velocity), so

D2
V = (gJ ν ) For a circular cross section pipe flow
32
 D2
V = (gJ ν ) For circular cross section pipe flow
32

R2
V = (gJ ν ) For an arbitrary cross section pipe flow
2
This equation is known as Hagen-Poiseuille

Q=VA The discharge

for circular cross section
pipe flow is obtained as

γπD 4 J
Q=
128µ
 γπD 4 J
Q=
128µ

For circular cross section

pipe flow

 ∆p / γ 
J = 
 L 

The pressure drop ∆p due to energy loss

128µLQ
∆p =
πD 4
 128µLQ
∆p =
πD 4

Energy loss ∝ µ, L, Q

∝ 1/D4