U.S.

-PAKISTAN CENTER
FOR ADVANCED STUDIES
IN ENERGY (USPCAS-E)

Advanced Power System Analysis

EE-863 (Core)
Lecture#1
By
Dr. Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi
 About Instructor: Academics
Dr. Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi
• PhD in Power Engg from SKKU (2013-2017)
– Smart Distribution Networks Planning (98.56% / 4.38 GPA)

• MS in Power Engg from UET Peshawar (2010-2012)

– WHRPP in Cement Works (80.5% / 3.21 GPA)

• BS in Power Engg from UET Taxila (2004-2008)

– Operational and stability issues in EPS of Pakistan due to
renewable energy integration (75.04% / 3.01 GPA)

• FSc in Pre-Engg from F.G Sir Syed College (2002-2004)

– Percentage: 78%

• SSc in Sciences from APSC, RWP (2001-2002)

– Percentage: 81%
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 About Instructor: Experience
Dr. Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi
• Assistant Professor in EPE, USPCAS-E (2017 to date)
– Smart Distribution Networks Planning and scheduling
– Smart Grids, MG, MMG, VPP, Electrical power systems

• Assistant Director / AXEN, MoD (2011 to 2013)

– Electrical and Mechanical Works
– Design, Inspection and Evaluation
– Administration

• Assistant Works Manager, ACL Wah (2008 to 2011)

– Electrical Works (Drives, Machines and Grid Station)
– Electrical installations installation
– Electrical installations O&M

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 Course learning objectives
1. Build deep understandings on power system and its modeling

2. Modeling techniques for power system analysis and modeling

of power system apparatus (transformers, motors,
transmission lines), Single and three phase systems

3. Power flow analysis and Bus admittance matrix including

Power flow solution

4. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault calculations

5. Understand the definitions and concepts associated with short

circuit, power flow and stability analysis.

6. Discuss techniques and tools for power system analysis 4

 Prerequisites
1. Steady-state analysis of single-phase and three-phase circuits

2. Elements of transient analysis and basics electromagnetic field

theory

3. Principles of electric machines, transformers, and transmission lines

4. Per-unit system and representations

5. Please also review Linear Systems for definition of a vector, a matrix,

matrix sum and products, determinants, matrix inverse

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 Course: Main Topics
1. Electric Energy Systems (a detailed perspective)
2. Transmission line Parameters
3. Modeling of Transmission Lines
4. Steady State Operation of Transmission Lines
5. Modeling of Machines and Loads
6. Power Flow Problem and Bus Admittance Matrix
7. Power Flow Solution
8. Fault Analysis
9. Symmetrical Components
10. Impedance Matrix Formulation
11. Power System Transients
12. PS Stability Analysis
13. Stability Methods
14. Economic Dispatch
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Recommended and Reference Books
1. Grainger, John J., and William D. Stevenson, Power
system analysis, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.

2. HadiSadaat, Power system analysis, McGraw-Hill,

Schaum’s series, 1999.

3. Power system analysis and design by J. Duncan

Glover (2006)

4. A. R. Bergen and V. Vittal, Power systems analysis,

Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2000.

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 LESSON SUMMARY
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS (Lecture-1)
1. Introduction to the course and subject
2. Role of power system in society
3. Components of a power system
4. Operation and Control
5. Organizational structure
6. The goal of the course is to provide an overview of
interconnected power system operation
7. Modern methods of power system analysis
8. The course will equip the students with the basic tools for
analyzing the operation of a power system in normal as well
as emergency conditions
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 History of Power Systems
(Fun Facts)
❖ First real practical use of electricity began with the telegraph (1860's) and
then arc lighting in the 1870’s

❖ Early 1880’s – Edison introduced Pearl Street dc system in Manhattan

supplying 59 customers

❖ 1884 – Sprague produces practical dc motor

❖ Mid 1880’s – Westinghouse/Tesla introduce rival ac system

❖ 1885 – invention of transformer

❖ Late 1880’s – Tesla invents ac induction motor

❖ 1893 – Three-phase transmission line at 2.3 kV

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 History of Power Systems
(Fun Facts). Contd.
❖ 1896 – ac lines deliver electricity from hydro generation at
Niagara Falls to Buffalo, 20 miles away; also 30kV line in
Germany

❖ Early 1900’s – Private utilities supply all customers in area

(city); recognized as a natural monopoly; states step in to
begin regulation

❖ By 1920’s – Large interstate holding companies control most

electricity systems

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 WHAT IS POWER SYSTEM?
A Power System is a system that has following components

1. Generation: Source of power, ideally with a specified

voltage and frequency

2. Transmission system: Transmits power; ideally as a perfect

conductor

3. Distribution system: Connects load to transmission system

4. Power Consumption load: Consumes power; ideally with a

constant resistive value

It is one of the largest and most complex man made system

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POWER SYSTEM- World Requirements.
❖ World is focusing on the development of a sustainable and resilient
electric infrastructure.

❖ Electric power system can range from quite small, such as an island,
to one covering half the continent

❖ Microgrids can power smaller areas (like a campus) and can be

optionally connected to the main grid

❖ The operating frequencies are 50 Hz and 60 Hz.

❖ Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight is primary

consideration; frequency is 400 Hz.

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POWER SYSTEM- World Requirements.
Contd.
❖Power system provides vital service to the society

❖Electrical power is somewhat like the air we

breathe : we think about it only when it is missing

❖It should be operated with the goal of achieving:

✓Highest reliability standards
✓Lowest operation cost
✓Minimum environmental impacts

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Power System of Today

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Power System of Future

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The need of time: New Power System
– ▪ Higher efficiency.

– ▪ Lesser transmission losses.

– ▪ Bi-directional power flow in the feeders.

– ▪ Two different operating modes.

– ▪ Active participation of customers.
– ▪ Both Radial and looped configuration.

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 Operational Issues of New Power System

• Control

• Protection

• Reliable Communication

• Cyber security

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POWER SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

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 Complications in Power Systems
A few complications of Power systems are shown:
• No ideal voltage sources exist.
• Loads are seldom constant.
• Transmission system has resistance, inductance,
capacitance and flow limitations.
• Simple system has no redundancy so power system will
not work if any component fails.

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Contingents of PS: Generation.

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 Contingents of PS: Generation.
• Takes place in power plants which may be
geographically dispersed

• A plant may house more than one generating units

• Types of generating units may depends on energy

sources.
• Types of energy sources are: Hydrocarbons(oil ,coal,
natural gas, etc); Water; Nuclear; Solar; Chemical;
Wind; Tidal, Geothermal, etc.

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 Energy Conversion: Example:
Thermal Power Plant
Conversion process in a thermal power plant:
1. Chemical energy TO Burners TO Thermal Energy;
2. Thermal Energy TO Boilers TO Mechanical Energy;
3. Mechanical Energy TO Turbines TO Kinetic Energy;
4. Kinetic Energy TO Rotating Machines TO Electrical Energy.
Overall conversion efficiency of a thermal power plant

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 Installed Generating Capacity in
Pakistan
• Electricity – total installed capacity: 37,402 MW (2020)
• Electricity – total installed capacity: 40,000 MW (2021) Appx.
• Electricity – Sources (2020)
1. Furnace oil: 14% of total
2. Natural gas: 31% of total
3. Coal: 16% of total
4. Hydroelectric: 29% of total
5. Nuclear: 4% of total
6. Renewable (solar & wind): 5% of total
7. Others (Bagasse, Waste Heat Recovery etc.): 1% of total
There are four major power producers in country:
1. WAPDA (Water & Power Development Authority),
2. KESC (Karachi Electric Supply Company),
3. IPPs (Independent Power Producers)
4. PAEC (Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission)
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Contingents of PS: Power Transmission
• High Voltage AC Transmission
• High Voltage DC Transmission
• Connect generating plants to consumption
points-Use Remote Energy Sources
– Transmit power from generating stations to
customer end
– Voltage level at generating station is usually
increased to reduce losses
– Small line 130km
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Contingents of PS: Power Transmission
(Contd.)
Power Transmission Systems offers:

• Lower transmission losses/MW transfer

• Lower line voltage drop/KM
• Higher transmission capacity/KM
• Reduced right-of-way requirement/MW transfer
• Lower capital and operating costs/MW transfer

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Contingents of PS: Power Transmission
(Contd.)
Power Transmission Equipment includes:
• Transformer
✓ Step-up Transformers
✓ Step-down Transformers
✓ Voltage Regulators
✓ Phase Shifters
• Transmission lines and cables
• Circuit breakers and isolators
• Shunt and Series Reactors and Capacitors
• Lightning Arrestors
• FACTS Devices
• Converter/Inverter
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 Contingents of PS:
Power Distribution System
• Receives electrical energy from the HV/MV levels
• Supplies energy to customers
✓At MV/LV levels
✓Single phase and/or three phase
• Deliver Power Deliver to Load Locations
• Interface with Consumers / Metering
• Distribution Sub‐stations
➢ Step‐Down Transformers
➢ Distribution Transformers

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 Contingents of PS:
Power Distribution System (Contd.)
• Power Distribution Equipment includes:
– Distribution Transformers (DXFR)
– Feeders (O/H or underground cables)
– Switches, fuses etc
– Protective Relays
– Lightning Arrestors
– CT/PT

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 Contingents of PS:
Power Consumption and load
• Industrial
• Commercial
• Residential
• Demand Response
– Controllable Load
– Non‐Controllable

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 Power System Operation and Control
Power System Control includes:
• Data Collection: Sensors, PMUs, etc.
• Decision Making: Controllers
• Actuators: Circuit Breakers, etc.

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 Key Operational Objectives
• Power Balance: Generation must remain balanced
with demand.
• Total Generation (t)= Total demand(t)+losses(t)
• System Security: Equipment power flows must not
exceed equipment ratings, under normal or a single
outage condition:

|Pij(t)| ≤ Pijmax

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 PS Operation/Control
• Types of Operation/Control
✓ Centralized (based on system-wide data)
▪ Slow events are often handled by central controls
✓ Decentralized (based on local data)
▪ Fast events are tackled by decentralized controls

• PS control has a hierarchical structure

▪ It uses both centralized and decentralized control strategies

• Centralized (slow) controls

✓ Dispatchers / Operators
▪ SCADA(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)
▪ EMS (Energy Management System)

• Decentralized (fast) controls are driven by local measurements

✓ Protection systems are mostly decentralized
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 PS Operation/Control (Contd.)
• Examples of centralized controls:
✓ Frequency control
✓ Generation Dispatch(control of generating units)
✓ System Security assessment and enhancement (both static and
dynamic)
✓ Unit Commitment( units ON/OFF status)
• Examples of decentralized controls:
✓ Equipment protection against over voltage and over current
✓ Generator speed control (governor action)
✓ Generator terminal voltage control (excitation system)

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 Typical control hierarchy in PS:
• Typical control hierarchy in PS includes:
✓Device
✓Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
✓Master Station (MS)
✓Utility Control Centre
✓Regional Control Centre
✓National Control Centre (NTDC)

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 Power Utility Structure
• Traditional E.g. NEPRA
• Restructured (Deregulated)
• Traditional utilities:
✓Operate as Monopolies (have ‘captive customers)
✓Government ‘Regulated’
✓Have to get regulations approval for rate increases
✓No incentive to increase generation efficiency
✓“Vertically integrated”(VI)
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 Regulated Power Utility
• Vertically integrated (VI)business structure
Production
Inputs

Production

Transportation

Distribution

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 Power Utility Structure (Contd.)
• Deregulated PS Structure:
Its legislated by governments, hoping that it results in:
➢ Increased Competition
➢ New technology utilization in Generation, Transmission and
Distribution
➢ Increased outside investment in PS infrastructure

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 Power Industry Deregulation
• Has necessitated break-up of traditional utility
VI structures into independent business units:
✓Gencos (Generating companies)
✓Power Marketers
✓Transco (Transmission Company Owner)
✓Independent system operator (operating the
transmission network)
✓Retail service providers
✓Discos(Distribution companies)

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 Characteristics of Future Power System

• Rapid growth in the demand of electricity.

• Due to increase in population, standard of living, development of townships.

• Power system components are being operated closer to their designed limits.

• More investment needed in the electrical infrastructure.

• High penetration of renewable energy sources

• Intermittency, relay coordination, power quality, system stability.

• Competitive electricity market.

• Needs real-time monitoring and strict regulation.

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 Smart Grids-A Future Grid
Definition by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA:

• A modernized grid that enables bidirectional flows of energy

and uses two-way communication and control capabilities that
will lead to an array of new functionalities and applications.

Definition by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE):

• Smart grid is a large ‘System of Systems’, where each functional

domain consists of three layers:
(i) the power and energy layer,
(ii) the communication layer,
(iii) the IT/computer layer.

• Layers (ii) and (iii) above are the enabling infrastructure that makes
the existing power and energy infrastructure ‘smarter’.

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 Smart Grids-A Future Grid (Contd.)
Generation
• Co-existence of various types of renewable and non-renewable
generating technologies, such as coal, hydro, nuclear, solar, biomass,
geothermal, etc.

• System operator has to coordinate the operation of the generation

plants, and ensure the stable and secure operation of the system.

• Wide-area measurement system (WAMS) enabled by communication

technologies need to be used to control the operation of generating
stations. WAMS based power system stabilizer is one such example.

• Communication infrastructure needs to be in place between the

generating facilities and the system operator, electricity market, and
the transmission system.

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 Smart Grids-A Future Grid (Contd.)
Transmission:
• Energy-efficient transmission network will carry the power from the
bulk generation facilities to the power distribution systems.

• Communication interface exists between the transmission network and

the bulk-generating stations, system operator, power market, and the
distribution system.

• The transmission network needs to be monitored in real-time, and

protected against any potential disturbance.

• The power flow and voltage on the lines need to be controlled in order
to maintain stable and secure operation of the system.

• An important task of the system operator is to ensure optimal

utilization of the transmission network, by minimizing the losses and
voltage deviations, and maximizing the reliability of the supply.

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 Smart Grids-A Future Grid (Contd.)
Distribution:
• Substation automation and distribution automation will be the key
enablers for the smart distribution systems.

• Increasing use of distributed energy resources (DERs) will be an

important feature of future distribution systems.

• Distribution system operator typically controls the distribution system

remotely.

• Communication infrastructure to exchange information between the

substations and a central distribution management system (DMS)
therefore should be in place.

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 Smart Grids-A Future Grid (Contd.)
Enablers:
• Sensing and measurement system is the backbone of a Smart Grid.

• Smart meters and the associated advanced metering infrastructure

(AMI) has to be in place to support monitoring, control, protection, and
decision making functions.

• High-resolution real- time measurements will enable optimal usage of

the available resources, avoid congestions, assist market operations,
and make demand side management possible.

• Emerging technologies, such as the synchrophasor technology is

already being used in modern power systems.

• Phasor measurement units (PMUs) can provide time-synchronized

measurements from distant locations, and make possible the design of
a wide area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) system.

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 Smart Grids-A Future Grid (Contd.)
Smart Grid Operation, Markets, Service Providers:
• Smart grid operations require communication interface with the bulk
generating facilities, transmission system, substation automation, distribution
automation, DMS, consumers, and the market.

• Metering, recording, and controlling operations come under the purview of

the smart grid operations.

• Real-time information exchange with the power market needs to be

established in order to implement power trading and scheduling.
• The operators need to interact with various service providers for ensuring
proper functioning of the smart grid.
• Information exchange with the consumers or prosumers is they key for the
operators to implement the so-called demand management system (DMS).
• Operational Issues: Control, Protection, Reliable Communication,
Cybersecurity

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