Experiment A1

AIM
Ta determine resistivity of two/three wires by plotting agraph forpotentisl
versus current.
difference

aPPARATUSREQUIRED and
Two/Three wires,W W, W, of unknown resistance
eliminator
Battery
Voltmeter

Ammeter
Plug key
.Rheostat

.Connectingwires
Sand paper
Meter scale
.Screw gauge
.Wirecutter

DESCRIPTION OP APPARATUS
cells and batteries. It
A battery elimipátor acts asa substitute for
accumylators,dry isarectifierlow voltage
in which AC of 20V is converted into DC of low yoltages of the desired value.

A
plug y
is used to open or close a
circuj
An gmeteris an instrument used topreasure current fowing in a circuit. It is alygays connected in series. It
shoud have low electrical resistance.

voltneter isan to measure of conduactor

A instrumentyaded potential differencebetweepdry two points a
circuit.It is always connected in parallel. It should electrical resistance
n any part of a
always kávehigh

THEORY/PRINCIPLE/FORMULA
Ohm's Law the temperature of a conductor is kept constant, the current flowing through the
states that if

onductor
is
directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends.

flowing through a conductor and V be the potential difference across its ends, then
If I denotes the current

according to Ohm's law,

 oV

=
I

or VoI
a constant =R
Its S.I. unit is ohm (2).
This constant is known as the resistance of the conductor.
the following factore.
For a wire of uniform the resistance of the wire depends upon
cross-section, ors

) Length of the wire

(i) Area of cross-section of wire

(ii) Nature of the material

(io) Temperatureof the conductor.

If L is the length and r the radius of the resistance wire S, then

where p is
S LTr2p Sn2
the resistivity of the material
TUr

of the wire
L

A graph plotted between I and V for a conductor will be a straight line. The slope of the graph is given b
by

Slope R
DIAGRAM
Voltmeter

Ammeter
A
ww
Conductor
(Resistance
wire W,WW)

wwwww-
B Rh
Battery Key Rheostat
 wire at the points where
theresistance it leaves the terminals. Measu the length I of the resistance
8.Cut a metre scale,
wire using
diameter of the wire using a screw
ameter of the wire in two mutually
c
9.
Measurethe gauge. Record the
roendicular directions at least at five different positions.
1 to 9 replacing wire W, by W, and W
10 Repeat steps

OBSERVATIONS
A. Unknown
1. Range of

Range of
Resistance
ammeter
voltmeter
=.
Q.
A to
V to
3S. A
V.
3.Least count of ammeter =.:0.5. A.
4. Least count of voltmeter=.0.:0.5. v.
5.Least count of meter scale = ..9:.0.0. m.
6.Length of the given wire W, = ,.4rCm.

TABLE
Table for Vand I
(a,)
.
S.No. Voltmeter

020
0-50
Reading, V (volt AmmeterReading

O 10
0-24
I (ampere)

070 035
120 O 60
.50 o-7S
B. Diameter of Wire
= mm

.
1. Pitch of screw gauge =l.M
on the circular scale
Total number of divisions
2 Pitch
3. Least count (LC)of the screw gauge Number of divisions
D:0mm
4. Zero error=.2..mm
5.
mm
Zero correction=

TABLE
Table for Diameter (for
W,)
Fraction Observed
No. of circular scale
S.No. Linear scale
to be added diameter
divisions
reading
a (mm) coinciding (n) b=nxLC (mm) d,=a+b(mm)
70X D01= D-70 0 70
1.(a) O 70
() O 71 D71
2.(a)
70 D-70 070
72 0.71 071
70 0-70
070
5.@)
(b)

Mean observed diameter, d, = .9mm

Mean corrected diameter, 4,-012. mm (=4, 7zero correction)

Radius, ,-5..mm
- O..035 cm

Length of the wire, L-14 cm

Repeat for díameters of W, and W,

CALCULATIONS

1.From the graph for

Resistivity
of
W
the material
R,

of the
-
given wire,
o
P L
 5-5x10
ohm-cm
S:5X.ohm-m
ande,for w,and
Caledlat Wasbove
Name of of wire
thematerial

3.Standard value of specific

resistancefrom table 55x1 m.
RESULT
Specific

Resistivity

Rechvity of

PRECAUTIONS
resistance/Resis

pf
the
P
material

the matorfál of W, = P,
of, of the material of the

=
m
cm m
Qm
given wire

=
W,
- 5
5SX16
Ohm-m.

1. Draw the circuit diagram before making the connections.

2 While making the connections, key should be open.

3. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sandpapér before making the connections

4. All the connections and the key should be tight.

5. Zero error in ammeter and voltmeter should be carefully recorded and taken into account

6. The ammeter should always be connected in series in the circuit while the voltmeter should be connected

in parallel with the resistance wire.

7. Plug in the key only while recording the observations.

the diameter of the wire should be measured in two mutually perpendicular directions
8. At each point,
should be observed.
9. All precautions in use of screw gauge carefully

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The wire used may not be of uniform area of cross-section.

2 The connections may be loose.

of current for longer time

3. The of V/I not be constant due to heating caused by passing
ratio may
interval