For instructional purposes only • 1st Semester SY 2020-2021 33

Lesson 3.2: Type II

Lesson Summary
The transformation that will be done on the second type of trigonometric
integral that will be discussed will also enable the use of the Power rule.
Power rule is defined in symbols as
𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

Learning Outcomes
Solve Type II trigonometric integrals.

Motivation Question
How solve to trigonometric integrals that do not fit the forms discussed in this
lesson?

Discussion
When the given indefinite integral has the following forms
tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
or
cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
and 𝑛, the exponent of sec 𝑥 (csc 𝑥), is an even positive number

𝑛 is an even positive number

it is recommended to
1. Isolate a sec 𝑥 (or a csc 𝑥).
2. The remaining powers of sec 𝑥 (or csc 𝑥) is rewritten as
(sec 𝑥)
or
(csc 𝑥)
Remember that sec 𝑥 (or a csc 𝑥) was isolated. This is so they can
be conveniently converted to powers of tan 𝑥 using the trigonometric
identity
sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 1
or
csc 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 + 1

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3. After the appropriate expansion of binomial

(tan 𝑥 + 1)
or
(cot 𝑥 +)
4. And distribution tan 𝑥 (or a cot 𝑥)
5. The indefinite integral now has the pattern
𝐹′(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐹(𝑢) + 𝐶
where

𝑢 = tan 𝑥 or cot 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 or −csc 𝑥

(with appropriate insertion of negative sign so to

not change the value of the indefinite integral)

6. The resulting form of the indefinite integral can be integrated using

the Power Rule.

It does not matter whether the exponent of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 or (𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥) is

an odd or even number or even zero.

Example 3.4
Evaluate the indefinite integral
tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Separate one sec 𝑥

tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The rest of the powers of sec 𝑥 will be transformed according to the

trigonometric identity
sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 1
It is advised to rewrite the rest of the powers of sec 𝑥 in this form
(sec 𝑥)

= tan 𝑥 (sec 𝑥) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= tan 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 + 1) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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If the student ever forgets that

sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 1

(like the author would at times), he/she can just derive it from

sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 1

When the student needs sec 𝑥, we know that sec 𝑥 is the reciprocal of cos 𝑥
and we have 1 on one side of the equation, then just divide both sides of
equation by cos 𝑥. That constant number 1 would become sec 𝑥 and the
other side is its definition.

The student can also divide both sides by sin 𝑥 when definition of csc 𝑥 is
needed.

It is also in this integration technique that the student’s skill in

expanding powers of binomials is needed. Pascal’s triangle is handy in this
situation.

Figure 1. Pascal’s Triangle. Adapted from “Precalculus, 7th Ed.,” by R. Hostetler and R.

Larson, 2007, New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. Copyright © 2007 by

Houghton Mifflin Company

= [(tan 𝑥) + 3(tan 𝑥) (1) + 3(tan 𝑥)(1 ) + 1] tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= (tan 𝑥 + 3 tan 𝑥 + 3 tan 𝑥 + 1) tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Distribute tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥, apply Sum Rule, and factor constants out of the
integrand integral at the same time

= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

+3 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

+ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 36 ESci 113: Calculus for Engineers II

= (tan 𝑥) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 (tan 𝑥) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

+ 3 (tan 𝑥) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

+ (tan 𝑥) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
We recognize here that in each term, for example
(tan 𝑥) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
there is the pattern
𝐹′(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐹(𝑢) + 𝐶
where
𝑢 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑
= tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Multiply both sides by 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substitute 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑢

= (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 + 3 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 + 3 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 + (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

Now we integrate in terms of 𝑢 using the Power Rule

𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
= +3 +3 + +𝐶
11 + 1 9+1 7+1 5+1
1 3 3 1
= 𝑢 + 𝑢 + 𝑢 + 𝑢 +𝐶
12 10 8 6
Substitute back the values of 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑢
1 3 3
= (tan 𝑥) + (tan 𝑥) + (tan 𝑥)
12 10 8
1
+ (tan 𝑥) + 𝐶
6
1 3 3 1
tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥+ tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
12 10 8 6

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Assessment
Find the integral using the technique discussed in this lesson.

1. sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2. csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Instructions on how to submit student output

Please see class policies for details.

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V0 07-15-2020
and innovative technologies for sustainable communities and environment.
No. CET.ESC SLG20-03