Last edited: 9/5/2021

10. THYROID OVERVIEW

Endocrinology | Thyroid Overview Medical Editor: Ilia-Presiyan Georgiev

OUTLINE

I) MAIN HEADING IN
II) CONTENT FORMATTING
III) APPENDIX
IV) REVIEW QUESTIONS
V) REFRENCES

I) SYNTHESYS
Figure 2 Regulation of TH.
(1) In the hypothalamus
III) EFFECTS ON TARGET ORGANS
there are specific neurons that form the paraventricular
nucleus (PVN) (1) Cells
o Those neurons release thyrotropin releasing
↑ basal metabolic rate
hormone (TRH)
o by ↑ sodium-potassium ATPase
TRH goes through the hypophyseal portal system
o The vascular connection between the hypothalamus
Stimulates
and the anterior pituitary
o Lipolysis
(2) In the anterior pituitary o Glycolysis
o Gluconeogenesis
TRH stimulates specific cells – thyrotropes
o Secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) ↑ the blood glucose levels
o TSH is secreted into the bloodstream and reaches o A hyperglycemic hormone
the thyroid gland ↑ uptake of low-density lipoproteins – LDL (bad
(3) In the thyroid gland cholesterol)
o In the liver
the overall effect is the production of T3 and T4
o Collectively form the thyroid hormone (TH) (2) Bones
TH is transported through the blood with the help of Promotes normal bone growth and maturation
thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)
(3) Muscles
o Protein produced by the liver
Promotes normal muscular function and development
(4) Heart
Promotes normal cardiac output
(5) Brain
Promotes normal nerve development
↑ the number of synapses
↑ myelination
↑ the number of dendrites
(6) GI tract
Promotes normal motility and secretion of the GI tract
Figure 1 Synthesis of TH. (7) Skin
Promotes normal hydration of the skin tissue

II) REGULATION

(1) High levels of TH

• exert a negative feedback mechanism
• Inhibits the paraventricular nucleus from making TRH

(2) Low levels of TH

exert a negative feedback mechanism
Stimulate the paraventricular nucleus to release
excessive amounts of TRH

Figure 3 Effects of TH on target organs.

Thyroid Overview ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY: Note #10. 1 of 2

 IV) REVIEW QUESTIONS V) REFRENCES
● APA citation guide. (2016). http://www.bibme.org/citation-
1) Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary
guide/apa/
gland? ● Lipson, C. (2011). Cite right: A quick guide to citation styles –
a) TRH MLA, APA, Chicago, the sciences, professions, and more (2nd ed).
b) TSH United States of America: The University of Chicago Press, Ltd.,
London.
c) TH ● Ferraro, A. (Photographer). (2014). Liberty enlightening the
d) TGB world [digital image]. Retrieved from
https://www.flickr.com/photos/afer92/ 14278571753/in/set-
72157644617030616
2) Which cells are stimulated by TRH?
a) Neurons in the PVN
b) Follicular cells
c) Thyrotropes
d) Hepatocytes

3) Which two substances collectively form the TH

a) Thyroglobulin colloid and iodine
b) Tyrosine and thyroid peroxidase
c) Diiodotyrosine and monoiodotyrosine
d) Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

4) Which substance binds TH in the bloodstream?

a) Albumin
b) Thyroxine binding globulin
c) Thyroglobulin
d) Iodide

5) What is NOT correct about the effects of T3 on the

cell?
a) ↑ number of sodium-potassium pumps
b) ↑ the cellular ATP levels
c) ↑ in burning fuel
d) ↑ heat production

6) What is WRONG about the effects of TH on the CNS?

a) ↑ quality of synapses
b) ↑ dendrite formation
c) ↑ the number of the neural connections
d) ↑ myelination

CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

2 of 2 ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY: Note #10. Thyroid Overview