A WORLD OF REGIONS
Trouble Times- Greenday
We are the World- MJ
Inequality Gap between poor and rich
nations, distribution of wealth
Zero-Sum Game- The gain of one is the
loss of another
-one side wins at the expense of another
-brain drain, loss natin
United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP)'s Human Development Index
Ranking
Based on Holistic Human Development:
Income, Health, Education
HDI Value
1/189- 0.957 Norway - 2015
107/189- 0.718 Philippines – (2015, 116th)
189/189- 0.394 Niger
Sustainable Development Goals Report
by UN
1. No poverty- 700 million people (10% of
world pop) live in extreme poverty line
(living on less than $1.90 a day). 2020.
slums of Tondo, Manila; sub-Saharan Africa
*100 million people pushed back to poverty
due to Covid-19 pandemic
“Globalization has failed to bridge the gap.
There is no shared prosperity. Many
countries are left behind. ”
Countries, Regions, and globalization
-Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V.
Milner- economic and political definitions of
regions vary
Regions
-a group of countries located in the same
geographically specified area
ex. NAFTA North American Free Trade
Agreement (Canada, USA, Mexico),
ASEAN (11 members) PM STI LBC MVEt
- an amalgamation (combination, unison) of
two regions or a combination of more than
two regions
ex. RCEP Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership- amalgamation
(ASEAN, East Asia, South Asia, Australia
and Oceania, New Zealand)
Regionalization vs Regionalism
Regionalization- regional concentration of
economic flows
- process of closer economic integration of
countries within a region
Regionalism- political process
characterized by economic policy
cooperation and coordination among
countries
4 Reasons for regional associations:
1. Military defense
 NATO (Europe, West, and US) and
 Warsaw Pact (Eastern Block)
 Established during Cold War 1945-
1991- ideological conflict between
the US (capitalism) and Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
or Soviet Union (communism) after
WW2]
  Eastern and Western Block, Berlin The Global Divides
Wall
Brandt Line- Willy Brandt in 1980-
2. Pool their resources and get better imaginary line, dividing countries
return for their export geographically
 Organization of the Petroleum  rich countries are commonly found
Exporting Countries (OPEC)- Oil in the north + (Australia, New
Embargo Zealand, Singapore)
 Cartel- an organization of a few  poor in the south
independent producers for the  outdated
purpose of improving the profitability
of the firms involved
Contemporary World: GDP> Geography
3. Protect their independence from the
pressures of superpower politics Global North
 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) –  Economically- rich and developed
neutral countries during Cold War, parts of the world
like PH  GDP per capita that is above the
World's GDP per Capita (12,000 US
4. Economic crises compel countries to
dollar)
come together.
 Politically- more powerful
 ASEAN- founded on 8 August 1967,
- 4 Asian Tigers HK SK ST (South Korea,
in Bangkok, Thailand with five
Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore)
founding fathers
 PM STI- PH, Ind, Malaysia, Thai, -Permanent 5 FURUC (US, France,
Singapore Russia, UK) x China
 PM STI LBC MVEt- Brunei,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, -Group of 8
Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Global South
 Economically- poor and developing
Countries respond economically and countries
politically in globalization in various ways  GDP per capital that is below the
- China (World's Factory)- strategy: low World's GDP per Capita
labor compensation, sweatshops- a  Politically- politically marginalized
crowded workplace with very poor, socially - Permanent 5 (China)
unacceptable or illegal working conditions
 work culture 996, hindi mahigpit ang
labor law (child labor, minimum
wage);
-Singapore land area is 728.6km2-
economic powerhouse, financial and
banking hubs, ports charges- large driver of
economy -Switzerland
THREE WORLDS Neocolonialism- indirect colonialism in
which a neo-colony is dominated by a more
First, Second, Third Worlds
powerful country
1945-1991 (46 yrs): Cold-war-related
1. First World- US, UK, Australia, New
Globalization and Regionalization in Asia
Zealand, Japan
Asia in forefront of the globalization and
 capitalist countries
regionalization due to several factors:
 free markets
 free from government intervention 1. China (2014) surpassed the US as the
 NATO world's biggest economy in term of GDP
2. Second World 2. Southeast Asia is among the world's
most vibrant economic zones with much
 socialist and communist countries
potential for further growth
 ruled by the government
 China and USSR 3. Still rich in essential natural resources
 Warsaw pact (Brunei- oil, Ph- minerals and crops)
3. Third World 4. Some Asian countries are among the
world leaders in innovation, another
 not socialist and capitalist, neutral
dynamic "driver of globalization" (Japan,
 PH, Africa, Latin America
China, India) technology, medicine, etc.
 NAM

Regional Trade Agreement

1&2- Global North, rich
-ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA)-
3- Global South, developing, less developed
2002
- biggest free trade area in terms of
South America (open veins that colonizers, population covered
bleed dry, exploit)
- duty-free- more than 7000 products- buy
- Chile, gold, silver, oil, inaangkat from here goods from its co-member without tax
to North America
-ASEAN Economic Community
- it exists because at the service of others
Asia is also the center of China's 900-
(North America)
billion-dollar Belt and Road initiative
South Africa
-Global Trade Routes- exchange of goods-
parang Silk Road

Dependency Theory- previous colonies of

the Western powers stay poor, less
developed, and developing because they
are dependent to developed countries
Confronting the Challenges of
Globalization
4. Favor only Industrialized Countries
1. Income Inequality and Wealth Gap-
-High interest loans
Forbes’s Billionaires List
-subsidizing agricultural sectors and
- Jeff Bezos- CEO of Amazon Top 1
industrialization
- Elon Musk-SpaceX 2
-Trade deficit- Imports > Exports (Imports-
- Bill Gates- Microsoft 4 Exports)
- Mark Zuckerberg- Facebook 5 *Brexit- Britain Exit sa EU
- Jack Ma- Alibaba *Greece
- Kim Dardashian- Austerity- cutting of budget for social
services to reduce budget deficit
 Tax Reform (De-development) -
solution
Income shares of the highest and lowest 5. Terrorism- 100 Marawi siege
deciles in the selected SEA Countries
- September 11 attack
-Malaysia- highest income share gap
- reported kinidnap

2. Brain Drain and Labor Shortages

 migration of health personnel in
search of the better standard of
living and quality of life, higher
salaries, access to advanced
technology and more stable political
conditions in different places
worldwide.
 OFW nurses
Brain Drain for specialized workers,
professionals
Brawn Drain- mekaniko, caretaker
-Japanese walang anak, busy sa trabaho
=China: one-child policy

3. Massive Environmental Destruction

-mining
-scarce resources

A WORLD OF IDEAS
Contemporary developments in technology
and transportation seem to have bridged
many worlds together into one Earth, may it
be languages, culture, films, religion, food
and politics.
The internet has facilitated the growth and
tendency towards cultural
homogenization of what Marshall
McLuhan (1960s) described as “global
village” where increasing interconnections
and strengthening linkages lead to the
formation of communities that have shared
experiences, despite geographical distance
and lack of physical interactions.
global media- corporations and entity
globally engaged in media production and
or distribution
-mainstream media channels (CNN, BBC,
etc.)
Global village- International community
formed by the constant interaction between
citizens of various country and bounded by
shared cultural experience, transcending
geographical distance and actual physical
contact. (e.g., songs, films/series,
intercontinental travel and tourism, global
trends)
imagined community- community formed
by like-minded individuals, bound by
common interest, etc.
Digital Divide- gap in technological skills
(ex. NK walang internet, tayo meron)
Internet
Media- make things very accessible
Gangnam Style- Korea
A WORLD OF IDEAS because of media
Media- social, videos, printed media,
tweets, pictures in Instagram
-bonds us together to have a global village
Global Media and Global Integration
Media drives various forms of global
integration through promoting capitalist
globalization, bringing countries closer to
Western ways of life and promoting cultural
exchanges through mediated cultural
experiences.
The media foster the conditions for global
capitalism. They fill or days with invitations
and exhortations for consumption from
ceaseless commercials on radio and on
televisions to product placement in films, to
digital billboards, to pop-up ads to
broadsheets in bathroom stalls.
There can be no globalization without
media:
1. huge transnational global corporations
that embody globalization as they celebrate
globalization
2. the epitome of economic globalization
Six companies that control nearly 75% of
global media
1. Disney
2. Time Warner
3. News Corp
4. Viacom
5. Vivendi
6. Bertlesmann
Media as glue that holds nation under pro-
globalization camp together
MS media channels from Western World
promotes dominant discourses on
globalization
Advertising- expense incurred by the
largest firms in the economy
-necessary transmission belt for business to
market their wares
-globalization could not exist without
advertising
Local elites are more attuned to First World
media channels; western ideas>local
ones. they watch that Westerners view and
they speak language of globalization,
fashioning themselves as the world’s
cosmopolitan and global-citizen.
Parallel to what the mainstream news
channels do, Hollywood also did a good
job- and still is doing a good one- in
fashioning the world according to the West’s
image and likeness. Mainstream American
and European films and TV series mostly in
English dominates theaters everywhere.
Hollywood still has world dominance in
terms of market share, especially that
Western cinema outfits do a good job in
adjusting some of their outputs to suit
the taste of non-Western citizens.
The availability of the internet accelerated
the spread of Western cultural production.
Google, Facebook and Youtube -all
Western companies with a global clout–
have facilitated the flowering of creative
expressions, media productions and
information dissemination.
All these factors lead to a homogenized
version of the globalization, a version that
favors and seemingly promotes the
mainstream American- European way of
life. They all form the basis for the creation
and expansion of the global village which
McLuhan only imagines in the 1960’s. All
media forms the was described- oral,
script, electronic and digital- enabled
people of the world.
Dynamics of local and global cultural
production
Globalization has also allowed local and
global cultural production to intersect. Local
and global entities engaged in cultural
production are both partners and rivals
under globalization.
Collaboration is necessitated by their
desire to expand their reach while being
sensitive to local sensibilities; on the other
hand, competition is assured by the
continuing relevance of the cultural
differences amid accelerated globalization.
Eat Bulaga, Teleserye adaptation, Kpop,
Pinoy superheros, The Voice PBB.
covers and parodies of pop songs, East-
West fil collaboration, Pinoy super hero
films inspired by Wester counterpart like
Captain Barbel and Captain America, etc.)
Cultural diversity and homogenization
through globalization
With the unparalleled acceleration of labor, through social media and other media
capital and information mobility in the age of platforms.
globalization, local cultures, language and
national identities either influence or
become influenced by the other The phenomenon has not only propelled
worldviews and expressive forms, resulting the spread of the scope of vast religious
in massive cultural homogenization beliefs such as Catholicism and Islam
(reduction in cultural diversity). but it has also hastened the emergence of
religious amalgamations.
 Cultural globalization
(transmission of ideas, meanings Ang Dating Daan, a religious TV and radio
and values around the world as seen show
infoods, lifestyle, etc.)
• cultural erosion (through television Jaime Bulatao- “split level Christianity”-
and social media platforms, replaced merging of ancestral beliefs, i.e. fertility
by western notions: beauty, sexuality dance
and individualism) INC and MCGI
Developing countries that are at the
receiving end of these global transactions
yield to cultural erosion. Because of the
youth’s exposure to the dominant cultures
through television and social media
platforms values that are highly regarded in,
their local culture corrodes and get
replaced by the Western notions: for
example, of beauty sexuality and
individualism. For instance, in dominantly
Malay-descent countries such as
Philippines, weight loss products, whitening
soaps and hair bleachers are ubiquitous
and often made very affordable. Citizens
are goaded to impersonate the slender,
blonde Caucasian Western counterparts
with false belief that these characteristics
are dominant and hence more “beautiful”.
This same “de-valuing” of one’s own
culture manifest also in the practice of
individualism and careerism.

Globalization of Religion
Globalization as a means of transporting
cultural items has also paved the way for
the mobilization of religious practices
from the Global South to the North from the
center to the peripheries and vice versa,